Rendering In AutoCAD Software - AUGI
November 30 – December 3, 2004 Las Vegas, NevadaRendering in AutoCAD SoftwareDavid CohnVI24-1Learn how to convert 3D drawings into finished, professional-looking renderings using the tools already built intoAutoCAD software. This session covers all AutoCAD lighting, materials, landscaping, and other rendering commands.We’ll take a typical architectural model and create finished photorealistic images of the building in both daylight andnight settings.Who Should AttendAutoCAD users of all skill levels interested in creating rendered imagesTopics Covered All about rendering processes, types, options, destinations Adding and controlling lights and shadows Working with materials Adding landscaping and people Using scenesAbout the Speaker:David has more than 20 years of hands-on experience with AutoCAD as a user, developer, author, and consultant.He is the publisher and editor-in-chief of Engineering Automation Report and CADCAMNet, the former senior editor ofCADalyst magazine, and the author of more than a dozen books about AutoCAD. A licensed architect, David has alsodeveloped numerous AutoCAD add-on programs and is a well-known speaker and industry consultant.david@dscohn.com
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareRendering in AutoCAD SoftwareAutoCAD’s rendering tools enable you to create photo-realistic images of your AutoCAD 3D models.Beginning with AutoCAD 2002, you can display models with realistic materials and lighting using AutoCAD’s3DORBIT command (you must first enable the Render options in the 3D Graphics Display properties by selectingTools Options System Properties). But this won’t provide the level of detail possible using AutoCAD’sRENDER command, because the following are not shown: Shadows3D texturesBump mapsReflectionRefractionTo create truly realistic images, you must render them.With AutoCAD’s rendering tools, you can add multiple light sources, assign materials to the objects in yourdrawing, and add people and landscaping to make your images look even more realistic.Rendering is often the most time-consuming aspect of a project. Because of the subtleties involved, you canspend a lot of time adjusting the lighting and materials. You may spend considerably more time creating arendering than you spend actually building the 3-D model. In addition, when you work with multiple light sources,each of which casts shadows, the computer calculations alone require a considerable amount of computerhorsepower. For that reason, AutoCAD’s rendering tools let you render just a portion of the image, to test yourchanges prior to creating a final, full-screen rendering.The process of creating a computerized rendering involves four steps: Create the actual model Place lights Attach materials to objects in the drawing Render the imageOther than creating the model, these procedures are conceptual rather than discrete sequential steps, and oftenare performed in an iterative process. For example, you may place some lights and create a test rendering. Then,after viewing the results of your test, you may change some of the lights and render the image again.Note: Renderings can be displayed in True Color by selecting the True Color Raster Images and Renderingcheck box on the Display tab of the Options dialog box. When selected, AutoCAD displays raster imagesand renderings at their optimum quality, as determined by the operating system. The Display PropertiesSettings in Windows must also be configured to True Color in order for AutoCAD to display True Colorimages and renderings. Note that increasing the number of system display colors can decrease displayperformance, while clearing the True Color setting in AutoCAD or reducing the color palette in the systemdisplay setting optimizes performance.Controlling RenderingYou control the actual rendering process by using the Render dialog box.The Render dialog box contains numerous controls that enable you to determine the rendering type, options,procedures, destination, and so on.Selecting the Rendering TypeAutoCAD actually produces one of three different types of renderings. In addition, independent developers cancreate other rendering processes that may be added to those provided by AutoCAD. You select the renderingtype by choosing it from the Rendering Type drop-down list:2
Rendering in AutoCAD Software Render Fastest. Produces a flat, shaded image quickly (thebasic AutoCAD rendering option). Surfaces are shaded basedon their AutoCAD color. Photo Real Produces photorealistic scanline images. Thisprocess is more time-consuming but can include 3D textures,opacity maps, and can simulate shadows cast by the variouslight sources. Photo Raytrace Produces the most realistic images. Raytracing calculates theoretical rays of light that extend from thecurrent viewpoint into the model. AutoCAD’s most timeconsuming rendering process, ray tracing can generaterealistic reflection, refraction, and more precise shadows.Choosing the SceneThe Scene to Render list contains the names of any previously saved scenes. When you create a rendering, youcan save the viewpoint and a list of lights as a scene, which enables you to use a single drawing file to producemany different renderings. To render a specific scene, you simply select it from the list. You create scenes byusing the SCENE command. You’ll learn more about creating scenes later.Selecting Rendering OptionsThe Rendering Options list contains numerous settings that let you fine-tune the rendering process: Smooth Shade Smoothes out the rough edges of multifaceted surfaces. AutoCAD then blends colorsacross two or more adjacent faces. You will almost always want to select this option. Apply Materials Applies materials attached to objects when producing the rendering. When this check boxis not selected, all objects are assigned the color and material values defined for the *GLOBAL* material. Thischeck box must be selected to see the materials that you attach to objects. Shadows Causes AutoCAD to generate shadows when using the Photo Real or Photo Raytrace renderingtypes. Calculating shadows is probably the most time-consuming part of generating a rendering. When you’rejust trying out different lights and materials, you can speed things along by turning off this option. Render Cache Causes AutoCAD to save rendering information to a cache file on the hard disk. As long asthe drawing geometry or view remains unchanged, the cache file will be used for subsequent renderings,eliminating the need for AutoCAD to recalculate the tessellation lines. Selecting this option can be quite atime-saver, particularly when rendering solid objects.Controlling FacesWhen you click the More Options button, AutoCAD displays a Render Options dialog box that is specific to therendering type currently selected. The controls in this dialog box can be used to fine-tune the actions of theselected rendering type. Although you generally don’t need to adjust these settings, depending on how your 3-Dmodel was created, the Face Controls settings can save a considerable amount of time when you createrenderings.A large portion of AutoCAD’s calculation involves removing surfaces hidden behind others. AutoCAD removesthese surfaces before rendering, because rendering the hidden surfaces would be a waste of time. In addition,surfaces have both a front and back side, and AutoCAD normally determines which is the front side of a surface,based on the direction in which its vertices are drawn. Depending on how you construct your model, you may notneed AutoCAD to consider the back sides of surfaces at all.3
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareWhen you select the Discard Back Faces check box, AutoCAD ignores the back faces of all 3-D solid objectswhen it calculates a rendering, thus speeding up the entire rendering process. You should select this option only ifyou know for sure that none of the back faces need to be included in the rendering.The Back Face Normal Is Negative check box is usually selected. This tells AutoCAD that the side of the facewhose vertices are drawn counterclockwise is to be considered the front face. If you clear this check box,AutoCAD reverses the side of the face considered to be the front face. Because AutoCAD, and most add-onprograms, create objects such that their vertices are drawn counterclockwise, you should normally leave thischeck box alone.Caution: You should always make sure to draw faces in a consistent manner. Mixing faces drawncounterclockwise and clockwise in the same model can produce displeasing renderings.Selecting Rendering ProceduresThe check boxes in the Rendering Procedures area of the Render dialog box enable you to control what happenswhen AutoCAD begins the actual rendering process: Query for Selections If selected, when you start the actual rendering procedure, AutoCAD prompts you toselect the objects to render. This lets you produce quick test renderings to see how a material looks on aparticular object. Crop Window If selected, when you start the actual rendering procedure, AutoCAD prompts you to specifythe corners of an area of the screen to be rendered. This lets you produce quick test renderings on a smallportion of the drawing. Skip Render Dialog If selected, the next time that you start the RENDER command, AutoCAD immediatelyrenders the current view without first displaying the Render dialog box.Tip: The preceding option seems to prevent you from ever turning off the option again, because you no longersee the Render dialog box when you use the RENDER command. However, the Render Preferencesdialog box contains all the same controls as the Render dialog box. When the Skip Render Dialog checkbox is selected, you can use the Render Preferences dialog box to turn off this option, so that the Renderdialog box again is displayed when using the RENDER command.Selecting the Rendering DestinationThis drop-down list enables you to control the destination of the rendering. It offers three options: Viewport Renders the image to the current AutoCAD viewport. Render Window File Saves the rendering to a file. When you select this option, you can then click the More Options button tocontrol the type of file, its resolution and color depth, and other settings.Renders the image to a separate window called the Render Window.Tip: To create high-resolution images, save your rendering to a file. In previous versions of AutoCAD, if youwanted to include an image of the rendering on a composite paper space drawing sheet, you first neededto save the rendering to a file and then attach that image file to the drawing. Beginning with AutoCAD2004, you can now have AutoCAD render a layout viewport during plotting or publishing (DWF filecreation), similar to removing hidden lines. But this adds time during plot creation. It’s faster to render to afile and then insert the resulting raster image into your layout ( 2 seconds vs. 17 seconds on a typical testdrawings).Controlling Sub SamplingThe Sub Sampling drop-down list enables you to reduce rendering time at the expense of image quality, whileretaining effects such as shadows. Sub Sampling renders only a fraction of all the pixels. A sub sampling ratio of1:1 renders all the pixels in the image, thus yielding the highest-quality results. A ratio of 8:1 yields the fastestrendering speed by rendering only 1 out of every 8 pixels.4
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareControlling Other Rendering OptionsThe Render dialog box contains several other controls, some of which you can usually ignore, and two of whichyou’ll learn more about later. The Background and Fog/Depth Cue buttons display the Background and Fog/DepthCue dialog boxes, respectively. These dialog boxes can also be displayed by using the BACKGROUND and FOGcommands.The Light Icon Scale setting simply determines the scale factor used to display the special light blocks that areinserted into the drawing when you add a light source. Although these blocks are visible in the drawing, they donot appear in renderings, and changing this value has no effect on the rendering at all.The Smoothing Angle sets the angle at which AutoCAD interprets an edge. If two surfaces meet at an angle lessthan this value, AutoCAD smoothes the transition between those surfaces. If the surfaces meet at an anglegreater than this value, AutoCAD considers the transition to be an edge. The default value is 45 degrees.Depending on the 3-D model being rendered, you may need to adjust this value.Tip: If you want to cancel a rendering in progress for any reason, press the ESC key.Working with LightsPlacing lights in your model begins to add a level of realism. Thecombination of carefully placed lighting and realistic materialsquickly turns a flat, shaded image into a close approximation ofreality. Controlling lights and materials is an iterative process, andyou are likely to jump back and forth between the two, firstadjusting the lighting, and then changing the way certain materialsare attached. Lighting is discussed first.AutoCAD uses three types of lights—distance lights, point lights,and spotlights—plus ambient light. The angle of the face of asurface to the light and, for point lights and spotlights, the distanceof the face from the light affect the way light strikes each surface in a model. Reflection of light from a surface isaffected by the reflective and roughness qualities you set for the surface’s material. There are two types ofreflection. Diffuse reflection, such as from a matte surface, scatters light in many directions. Specular reflection,from a shiny surface, reflects light in a narrow beam, or in just one direction, in the case of a mirror.The more a surface angles away from the light source, the darker the surface appears. Faces perpendicular to alight source appear the brightest. For point lights and spotlights, objects farther away from the light source appeardarker. Distance lights (such as the sun) are unaffected by distance. The phenomenon of light diminishing overdistance is called attenuation, and AutoCAD can use one of two different formulas for calculating attenuation. (Fora more complete overview of lighting in rendering, see the AutoCAD User Documentation.)You add and configure lights by using the Lights dialog box. This dialog box is divided into two sections. The leftside of the dialog box lets you control individual lights. The right side of the dialog box controls the ambient light,which is the light that provides a constant illumination to every surface in the model. Ambient light does not comefrom any particular source and has no direction.Note: The first time that you add a light to the model, AutoCAD adds a new layer called ASHADE. AutoCADstores all the lights on this layer as block objects.Controlling Ambient LightThe controls on the right side of the dialog box determine the level of intensity and the color of the backgroundlight that provides constant illumination to all surfaces of the model. Ambient light alone can’t produce a realisticimage. Since all surfaces receive equal lighting, individual surfaces become indistinguishable from one another.You can use ambient light, however, to add just enough fill lighting to distinguish surfaces that are not directlyilluminated by any of the individual light sources that you add to your model.5
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareYou can adjust the intensity of ambient light either by moving the slider or by typing a value in the adjacentIntensity edit box. Ambient light intensity ranges from 0 (no ambient light) to 1 (full brightness).The sliders and adjacent edit boxes in the Color area let you adjust the red, green, and blue components of theambient light. Click either the Select Color or Select Indexed button to display a Select Colors dialog box, in whichyou can select a color based on its AutoCAD Color Index (on the Index Color tab), adjust the color by using thehue, luminance, saturation (HLS) or red, green, blue (RGB) components (on the True Color tab), or select a colorfrom one of the available color books (on the Color Books tab).Tip: Keep ambient light levels as low as practical. Too high an intensity tends to give renderings a washed-outappearance.Controlling Individual LightsThe Lights area of the dialog box contains a list of lights already placed within the drawing, along with controls formodifying existing lights and creating new ones. Initially, the list is empty, because the model contains no lights.AutoCAD supports three different types of lights in addition to ambient light: Point Light Radiates light in all directions, and the intensity of the light diminishes over distance. A pointlight simulates the light from a light bulb. Distant Light Emits light that travels in parallel rays in a single direction and does not diminish overdistance. A distant light is used to simulate sunlight, and AutoCAD includes a built-in solar light calculator(which you will learn about shortly) that lets you position a solar distant light source based on your latitudeand longitude, time of day, and day of the year. Spotlight Emits a directional cone of light that diminishes over distance. Spotlights also mimic actualspotlights in that the light in the central portion of the cone is brighter than the light around the edges of thecone. You can adjust the angle that defines the central portion, or hotspot, and the rate at which the lightdiminishes, called the falloff.6
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareTo add a new light source, select the type of light from the drop-down list and then click the New button. Thedialog box displayed varies, depending on the type of light that you select.Note: When you modify an existing distant light, AutoCAD displays a Modify Distant Light dialog box, which isidentical to the New Distant Light dialog box, but already contains the settings for the selected light.You can control both the placement of the distant solar lightsource, based on a particular date and time, and the location,based on latitude and longitude. These settings automaticallycontrol the Azimuth and Altitude settings.If you don’t know the latitude and longitude, you can select thelocation of your model from a map or a list of major cities. Thedialog box initially shows a map of North America, but you candisplay a different map by choosing the geographic area fromthe drop-down list located above the map. You can choosefrom North America, Canada, Europe, South America, Asia,Australia, the Asian subcontinent, or Africa. After you selectthe geographic area, you can specify the exact location byclicking on the map or by selecting a major city from the Citylist. If the Nearest Big City check box is selected when youclick on the map, the location automatically jumps to thenearest city in the adjacent list. The Latitude and Longitudevalues are automatically filled in for the location that you select.Tip: You can add cities or locations by editing the SITENAME.TXT file in the Support folder. If you do not knowthe latitude and longitude for the location you are adding, you can use the Geographic Location dialogbox to establish a rough estimate, by clicking the location of the city or the location that you need. TheLatitude and Longitude fields are immediately updated. Make a note of these values and then use themwhen editing SITENAME.TXT.Adding ShadowsRemember that one of the controls in the New Distant Light dialog box lets you turn shadows on and off.Computing shadows adds a considerable amount of time to the rendering calculations. For that reason, you mustexplicitly turn on shadows for each individual light that you add to the drawing. In addition, when you generate therendering, you can still turn shadows on and off. When enabled, AutoCAD calculates shadows only for thoselights that also have their shadow selection enabled.Note: AutoCAD calculates shadows only when using the Photo Real or Photo Raytrace rendering options.In addition to enabling shadows, you can control the type of calculation that is used to compute those shadows ona light-by-light basis. AutoCAD supports three different types of shadows. You can control the type of calculationon a light-by-light basis by clicking the Shadow Options button in the New or Modify Light dialog box for theselected light, which displays the Shadow Options dialog box.When the Shadow Volumes/Ray Traced Shadows check box is selected, AutoCAD generates volumetricshadows or raytraced shadows, depending on whether you render using the Photo Real or Photo Raytracerenderer, respectively. When this check box is not selected, AutoCAD uses shadow maps to create shadows forboth renderers.When creating volumetric shadows (Photo Real renderer), AutoCAD computes the volume of space cast by theshadow of an object and generates a shadow based on this volume. Volumetric shadows are hard edged, buttheir outlines are approximate. Volumetric shadows cast by transparent or translucent objects are affected by thecolor of the object.7
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareWhen creating raytraced shadows (Photo Raytrace renderer), shadows are generated by tracing the path of thebeams of light from their light source. Raytraced shadows have hard edges and accurate outlines, and transmitcolor from transparent and translucent objects.When the Shadow Volumes/Ray Traced Shadows check box is not selected, AutoCAD uses shadow maps forboth Photo Real and Photo Raytrace rendering. Shadow maps provide the only method of creating soft-edgedshadows, but they don’t show the color that is cast by transparent or translucent objects. You can control the sizeof the shadow map generated for each individual light by selecting the size of the shadow map from the dropdown list. The larger the value, the greater the accuracy of the shadow map. You can also control the softness ofthe shadow’s edge by adjusting the number of pixels along the edge that are blended into the underlying image.Values of 1 to 10 are possible, but the best results are usually obtained with a setting between 2 and 4. Withspotlights, the relationship between the shadow map size and falloff area determines the final resolution of theshadow.Note: Shadows greatly increase rendering time. Volumetric shadows tend to be faster than raytraced shadows insimple models. In more complex models, however, raytraced shadows are quicker to calculate. Althoughfaster, shadow maps are also quite time-consuming to calculate, and AutoCAD must calculate eachshadow map individually. You can improve rendering time when using shadow maps, however, by handselecting just those objects that you want to cast shadows. To do this, click the Shadow BoundingObjects button in the Shadow Options dialog box, and then select just those objects in the drawing.Working with MaterialsAttaching realistic materials to the objects in your model truly brings those objects to life. By attaching materialsand adjusting the way that they appear on those objects, you make the flat surfaces appear to be made out of realbrick and mortar. As with applying lights, attaching materials is an iterative process. You not only attach thematerials, but you often must also adjust their scale and mapping. After each change, you will probably want torender the image. As the rendering times become longer, you’ll see why AutoCAD lets you selectively renderindividual objects or small areas of the drawing prior to rendering the entire image.You attach and manage materials by using the Materials dialog box.The Materials list contains the materials already available in the currentdrawing. The default material for objects with no other material attachedis *GLOBAL*. Before you can attach materials to objects in the drawing,you must either load predefined materials or create your own.AutoCAD comes with a materials library (RENDER.MLI), which islocated in the Support directory. By default, the program uses this libraryfile. You can also create and save your own materials library files andadd custom materials to these files. To load predefined materials, clickthe Materials Library button to display the Materials Library dialog box.The Materials Library dialog box is split into two sections. The CurrentDrawing list on the left side contains the materials already loaded in thecurrent drawing. The Current Library list on the right side contains thenames of all the materials in the current library. To add one or more materials from the library to the currentdrawing, select them in the Current Library list and then click the Import button. Other controls in this dialog boxlet you save, remove, or delete materials from the various lists, save materials library files, or open differentlibraries.Note: You can also display the Materials Library dialog box using the MATLIB command.When the Materials Library dialog box is started in this way, you can add materials to thelist of those available in the current drawing, but you can’t attach those materials toobjects in the drawing. You can attach materials only by using the Materials dialog box.8
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareThe Preview area is particularly handy. Until you become more familiar with the many predefinedmaterials, the only way you have of knowing what a particular material looks like is to preview it.This same Preview area occurs in all the other dialog boxes that deal with materials. To see what amaterial looks like, select it in either list and then clickthe Preview button. The material is mapped ontoeither a sphere or a cube, whichever you selectedfrom the drop-down list.AutoCAD provides three different methods for attachingmaterials to objects in your drawing: By selecting the objects By attaching materials to objects based on their AutoCADColor Index (ACI) number By attaching materials to objects based on the layer onwhich they are drawnThe method that you choose depends primarily on how you created your drawing. Obviously, in more complexdrawings, attaching materials based on ACI number or layer is easier than selecting objects individually.Tip: You can select more than one material at a time by pressing the CTRL key as you select the materials. Then,click Import to add the selected materials. You can also add consecutive groups of materials by holdingdown the SHIFT key while selecting the first and last material in the group.More About Attaching MaterialsIf you attach materials on a per-object basis, you need to be aware of the type of object to which you attach thematerial. If the object is a block and that block is subsequently exploded, the material that was attached will nolonger be attached to the individual objects. Materials that were attached to objects before being combined into ablock, however, retain their respective materials within the block, and also retain them if the block is subsequentlyexploded.When you copy an object that has a material attached, the material is copied as well. Unfortunately, materials arenot applied when objects are attached as external references. You must bind the xref to regain its materialproperties. In addition, if you insert a block that has attached materials, you also need to import any custommaterials from that drawing into the current drawing.Tip: You can use the SHOWMAT command to display the type of material attached to any object in an opendrawing except objects in attached xrefs. The command also displays the method used to attach thematerial to that object. To start the command, type SHOWMAT and then press ENTER. AutoCAD promptsyou to select an object. As soon as you select the object, AutoCAD displays the material name andattachment method.Adjusting MaterialsAutoCAD’s materials fall into two distinct categories: bitmaps and procedural materials. Materials such as SANDTEXTURE are based on bitmaps, scanned raster images of actual materials. In this case, AutoCAD uses a filecalled SAND.TGA. The size at which those materials appear in your drawing is determined by the size of thebitmap image.Procedural materials, such as granite, marble, and wood, are generated mathematically.You can adjust the bitmap, so that it is scaled more appropriately for your drawing, by selecting the material in theMaterials dialog box and then clicking the Modify button. AutoCAD displays the Modify Standard Material dialogbox for the selected materials.9
Rendering in AutoCAD SoftwareThis dialog box provides controls that enable you to change the appearance of the material in many ways. Theradio buttons in the Attributes area determine which aspect of the material is being changed. You can then adjustthe values for the selected attribute by using the controls in the other areas of the dialog box. In the case ofstandard materials (those based on bitmaps), these attributes are as follows: Color/Pattern Determines the color, bitmap blend, bitmap name, and bitmap scaling Ambient Determines the shadow color of the material Reflection Adjusts the reflective color of the material and lets you specify a reflection bitmap Roughness Adjusts the roughness or shininess of the material Transparency Adjusts the transparency of the material and lets you specify an opacity bitmap and areflection map Refraction Adjusts how refractive the material will be when rendering using the Photo Raytrace renderer Bump Map Lets you specify the name of a bitmap file to be used as a bumpmap; bumpmaps make amaterial appear to have more three-dimensional depthNote: When you modify the material, you change the parameters that affect the appearance of the materialwherever it is attached in the drawing. You can also adjust bitmaps on an object-by-object basis. Torevert back to the original material properties, you can reimport it by using the Materials Library dialogbox.Adjusting BitmapsYou can change the way a bitmap material is applied to an object. When fixed to a scale, the bitmap image isapplied at a given scale with a pattern tiled so that its pattern repeats across the surface of the object. When fit tothe object, the bitmap image is stretched or shrunk to fit
Rendering in AutoCAD Software AutoCAD’s rendering tools enable you to create photo-realistic images of your AutoCAD 3D models. Beginning with AutoCAD 2002, you can display models with realistic materials and lighting using AutoCAD’s 3DORBIT command (you must first enable the Render options in the 3D Graphics Display properties by .
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Build Your AutoCAD IQ! Webinar Landing Page Register for the series, or send to your colleagues Autodesk AutoCAD Community Forums Ask your peers and share your knowledge AutoCAD Customer Council Join the Beta to influence the future of AutoCAD! For AutoCAD: Autocad.beta@autodesk.com For AutoCAD LT: Autocad.lt .
Build Your AutoCAD IQ! Webinar Landing Page Register for the series, or send to your colleagues Autodesk AutoCAD Community Forums Ask your peers and share your knowledge AutoCAD Customer Council Join the Beta to influence the future of AutoCAD! For AutoCAD: Autocad.beta@autodesk.com For AutoCAD LT: Autocad.lt .
Build Your AutoCAD IQ! Webinar Landing Page Register for the series, or send to your colleagues Autodesk AutoCAD Community Forums Ask your peers and share your knowledge AutoCAD Customer Council Join the Beta to influence the future of AutoCAD! For AutoCAD: Autocad.beta@autodesk.com For AutoCAD LT: Autocad.lt.council .
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