WORLD MININGDATA 2018 IRON AND FERRO ALLOY METALS NON .

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WORLD MINING DATA 2018IRON AND FERRO ALLOY METALSNON-FERROUS METALSPRECIOUS METALSINDUSTRIAL MINERALSMINERAL FUELSBUNDESMINISTERIUMFÜR NACHHALTIGKEITUND TOURISMUSInternational OrganizingCommittee for theWorld Mining Congresses

IMPRESSUMMedia Owner and Publisher:FEDERAL MINISTRYOF SUSTAINABILITY AND TOURISMStubenring 1, 1010 Viennawww.bmnt.gv.atText and Editing: DI Christian ReichlDatabase Programming: Mag. Michael SchatzLayout of Statistical Tables: Alexandra MasopustGraphic Design: GrafikDesign Mag. Werner ReselDesign Concept: WIEN NORD WerbeagenturISBN 978-3-901074-44-8Alle Rechte vorbehalten.Wien, 02. 05. 2018

WORLD MINING DATAC. REICHL, M. SCHATZ, G. ZSAKVOLUME 33MINERALS PRODUCTION / VIENNA 2018International OrganizingCommittee for theWorld Mining Congresses

PREFACERAW MATERIALS ARE THE LIFEBLOOD of the economy. The sufficient supply of mineral rawmaterials under fair market conditions is an essential basis for a sustainable and well-functioning economy.Therefore, a detailed and objective analysis of regional and sectoral trends in global mining production iscrucial for a forward looking minerals policy. This can help to identify potential short or medium-term supplyrisks.Although the geological availability of minerals is relatively high, geopolitical and economic disorders can leadto a shortfall of mineral resources. In order to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of Europeanindustry, the European Union focuses on innovative solutions along the entire value chain. The main strategicthrust is the reduction of the import dependency on raw materials especially on critical metals needed for hightechnology applications. European Raw Materials Industry should come into frontrunner position. CircularEconomy will help to secure the supply of affordable resources in the long term.Detailed knowledge of mineral production, market concentrations and trends are important for foresight policyand decision-making. I am delighted that the annual publication "World Mining Data" serves since more than30 years as a valuable basis for renowned national and international institutions, contributing to commodityforecasts. In this way, the Federal Ministry of Sustainability and Tourism of Austria provides an importantcontribution to international resource policy.I would like to express my gratitude to Austrian representations abroad as well as to international institutionsfor their support and active participation regarding this publication.“Glück Auf!”ELISABETH KÖSTINGERFederal Minister for Sustainability andTourism

MINERALS ARETHE LIFEBLOODOF THE ECONOMYTotal mining production 1984-2016in Million metric tonsWorld mining production2016Non-Ferrous Metals0.6%Industrial MineralsIron,4.7%Ferro-Alloys9.5%18 000200013 500Million metr. tons16.9 Billion metric tons9 0004 500Mineral FuelsPrecious MetalsIron, Ferro-AlloysIndustrial MineralsDecline in 2016 due to decrease in Coal production.Total production 2016by continentsIn 2016 only Oceania shows apositive growth rateΔ 2015 / 2016 Δ 2000 / 2016 Δ 2015 / 2016 Δ 2000 / 2016 LatinAmerica6.9%NorthAmerica14.1%-7.2% 4.3%2016Non-Ferrous Metals9.7 Billion metric 19961994199219901988198519860198411.3 Billion metric tonsOceania6.9%Total production 2016by groups of mineralsMineral Fuels85.2%China, USA, Russia and Australiaare the 4 biggest mining nations-2.7%-17.7%China24.0%Δ 2015 / 2016 -1.6%Δ 2000 / 2016 94.6%Other48.1%Asia58.2%Europe8.5%USA11.5%Δ 2015 / 2016 -0.8%Δ 2000 / 2016 28.8%Δ 2015 / 2016 2.9%Δ 2000 / 2016 126.5%Australia7.3%Δ 2015 / 2016 -2.7%Δ 2000 / 2016 19.2%China is World s largestProducer of 28 different MineralRaw Materials: 3 Iron and Ferro Alloy Metals:Mo, W, V 13 Non-Ferrous Metals:Stable0.2%Least Developed tries59.3%Russia9.1%Extreme Unstable4.4%Fair33.4%Al, Sb, As, Bi, Cd, Ga, Ge, Pb,Hg,REE, Se, Sn, Zn 1 Precious Metal: Au 9 Industrial Minerals:Baryte, Fluorspar, Graphite,Gypsum, Kaolin, Magnesite,Phosphates, Salt, TalcTransitionCountries12.7%Unstable62.0% 2 Mineral Fuels:Steam coal, Coking coalDeveloping countries share around 60 % of global production.2/3 of global production is mined in politically unstable countries.

THE SUFFICIENT SUPPLY of mineral raw materials under fair market conditions is an essential basis for asustainable and well-functioning economy. Detailed and objective analysis of data is the fundament of a forward looking mineralspolicy.The charts give an overview on major current developments in global mining production based on World Mining Data 2018.Key mineral raw material Iron OreSouthAfrica2.7%Ukraine2.6%Ratio of Iron Ore to all otherFerro-Alloy Metals isOther10.4%Australia33.7%Russia3.5%900Growth rate of total Iron Oreproduction 2000/2016 is300AustraliaChina162.0 8199619941992199019881986Brazil17.2%198497.6 % to 2.4 %India7.9%6004 countries share more than 80 %.BrazilRatio of major base metalsAl, Cu, Zn, Pb to all otherNon-Ferrous Metals isKey commodities for battery technology:Cobalt, Lithium, GraphiteCobaltOther22.8%99.2 % to 0.8 %Growth rate of totalNon-Ferrous production2000/2016 isOther13.5%Congo NewCaledonia4.5%Canada5.5%95.0 %China69.3%China8.3%Since decades Congo D.R. isdominating primary Cobalt production.China leads Natural Graphiteproduction since the early 1990's.20 000Other6.5%Million metr. tonsMillion metr. tonsDevelopment ofindustrialization goes handin hand with the productionof Iron Ore1 200China9.5%15 000LithiumChile39.8%10 000Argentina15.6%5 000019852000Low IncomeUpper Middle Income2016Lower Middle IncomeHigh IncomeMineral production contributes to wealth.Australia28.6%Largest 4 producer countriesshare 93.5 %LithiumLi2O-ratio ofbrines to hard rockore is around62.0 % to 38.0 %

CONTENTCONTENTPREFACECONTENT1MINERAL RAW MATERIALS12DEFINITIONS23DETAILS ON CONTENTS, WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND VALUES54REGIONAL AND SECTORAL GROUPS84.1 DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES84.2 REGIONAL GROUPS OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES954.3 ECONOMIC BLOCKS OR CARTEL-LIKE ASSOCIATIONS104.4 POLITICAL STABILITY OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES124.5 MINERALS PRODUCTION BY GNI (GROSS NATIONAL INCOME)OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES124.6 CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES13DATA CAPTURE14CHARTS15DATA196WORLD PRODUCTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS196.1 TOTAL WORLD PRODUCTION196.1.1 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION,BY CONTINENTS196.1.2 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION,BY WORLD REGIONS (ACCORDING TO IIASA)216.1.3 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION,BY DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES236.1.4 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION,BY COUNTRY GROUPS AND ECONOMIC BLOCKS246.1.5 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION,BY POLITICAL STABILITY OF PRODUCER COUNTRIES266.1.6 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION,BY GROUPS OF COMMODITIES276.1.7 MINERAL FUELS296.1.7.129TOTAL PRODUCTION IN METR. T

CONTENT6.1.7.2TOTAL PRODUCTION IN TONS COAL EQUIVALENTS (CE)306.1.8 TOTAL MINERALS PRODUCTION 2016,BY COUNTRY326.1.8.1BY PRODUCTION IN METR. T326.1.8.2BY VALUE IN MILLION USD (NOT INCLUDED DIAMONDS)356.2 WORLD PRODUCTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS,BY MINERAL RAW MATERIALS396.2.1 IRON AND FERRO-ALLOY METALS396.2.2 NON-FERROUS METALS396.2.3 PRECIOUS METALS406.2.4 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS406.2.5 MINERAL FUELS416.3 WORLD PRODUCTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS,BY DEVELOPMENT STATUS, INCOME, POLITICAL STABILITY OF THEPRODUCER COUNTRIES (ACCORDING TO WORLD BANK), COUNTRYGROUPS AND ECONOMIC BLOCKS436.3.1 IRON AND FERRO-ALLOY METALS436.3.2 NON-FERROUS METALS516.3.3 PRECIOUS METALS656.3.4 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS686.3.5 MINERAL FUELS846.4 PRODUCTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS OF INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES,BY MINERALS916.4.1 IRON AND FERRO-ALLOY METALS916.4.2 NON-FERROUS METALS976.4.3 PRECIOUS METALS1076.4.4 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS1116.4.5 MINERAL FUELS1276.5 SHARE OF WORLD MINERAL PRODUCTION 2016,BY COUNTRIES1356.5.1 IRON AND FERRO-ALLOY METALS1356.5.2 NON-FERROUS METALS1416.5.3 PRECIOUS METALS150

CONTENT6.5.4 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS1556.5.5 MINERAL FUELS1716.6 PRODUCTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS OF INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES,BY COUNTRIES179

EXPLANATION1 MINERAL RAW MATERIALSTHE MINERAL MATERIALS included in this report are arranged in five groups: Iron and Ferro-Alloy Metals Non-Ferrous Metals Precious Metals Industrial Minerals Mineral FuelsIRON AND FERRO-ALLOY METALS:Iron, Chromium, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Niobium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten,VanadiumNON-FERROUS METALS:Aluminium, Antimony, Arsenic, Bauxite, Bismuth, Cadmium, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Lead, Lithium,Mercury, Rare Earth Minerals, Rhenium, Selenium, Tellurium, Tin, ZincPRECIOUS METALS:Gold, Platinum-Group Metals (Palladium, Platinum, Rhodium), SilverINDUSTRIAL MINERALS:Asbestos, Baryte, Bentonite, Boron Minerals, Diamond (Gem/Industrial), Diatomite, Feldspar, Fluorspar,Graphite, Gypsum and Anhydrite, Kaolin (China-Clay), Magnesite, Perlite, Phosphates (incl. Guano), Potash,Salt, Sulfur, Talc (incl. Steatite and Pyrophyllite), Vermiculite, ZirconMINERAL FUELS:Steam Coal (incl. Anthracite and Sub-Bituminous Coal), Coking Coal, Lignite, Natural Gas, Crude Petroleum,Oil Sands, Oil Shales, Uranium--1--

EXPLANATION2 DEFINITIONSMINERAL RAW MATERIALS are mineral constituents of the earth's crust which are of economicvalue. In the most comprehensive sense this includes the so-called "mine output" as well as the output fromprocessing at or near the mines (for instance, the up-grading of ores to concentrates).Primary Materials are marketable products obtained by processing crude minerals (usually up to the firstprocessing stage only).Contents of output are mostly calculated empirically (see Chapter 3).WEIGHTS AND MEASURES:1 metric ton (metr. t)1 short ton (short t)1 long ton (long t)1 pound (lb)1 troy ounce (oz)1 carat (ct) 1 000 kg907.2 kg1 016.047 kg0.4536 kg31.1035 g200 mg Cubic meter (m3)*0.028317Cubic foot (ft3)*35.3146742 liquid US gallons 158.98 l76 lb 34.5 kgCONVERSION TABLE:Volume units:1 Cubic foot (ft3)1 Cubic meter (m3)1 US ( petroleum) barrel (bbl)1 flask MercuryConversion for salt brine:1 m3 x 0.3 1 metr. tConversion factor natural gas:1 m3 0.8 kg 0.0008 metr. tConversion for crude petroleum (approximate method):7.33 bbl (barrel) 1 bbl 1 bbl/d 1 metr. t0.1364 metr. t49.8 metr. t/aPakistan's official conversion of domestic crude oil is 7.6 bbl 1 metr. tConversion factor lignite (metr. t to t CE coal equivalents):Greece, Macedonia0.19Germany0.29Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belarus, Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, Burundi, CentralAfrican Republic, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,Ethiopia, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, Finland, Georgia, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel,--2--

EXPLANATIONJamaica, Kazakhstan, Korea North, Korea South, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia,Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Niger, Norway, Oman, Poland, Rwanda, SierraLeone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent/Grenadine, Swaziland, Sweden, Taiwan,Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Remaining Eastern Asia (SWL), Remaining Eastern Europe, formerUSSR/CIS, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe0.30Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, former Yugoslavia0.32Australia, Cambodia, Denmark, India, Japan, Laos, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru,Philippines, Romania, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam0.33Italy0.36China, France, Hungary0.40Russia 0.45Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, New Zealand, United States of America0.50Portugal0.58Conversion factor hard coal (steam coal, coking coal) (metr. t to t CE coal equivalents):Czech Republic0.60Indonesia0.65Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan0.66Cameroon, Chile, Ecuador, Pakistan, St. Vincent/Grenadines, Sweden0.70India 0.71China, Remaining Eastern Asia0.72Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, former Yugoslavia0.76Spain 0.77Japan, Nigeria0.78Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic,Egypt, Ethiopia, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, Finland, Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel,Italy, Jamaica, Korea North, Korea South, Laos, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Moldova,Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman,Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Remaining Asia, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Swaziland,Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe0.80United Kingdom0.82France, Poland, Remaining Africa, South Africa0.85Belgium, United States of America0.86Australia0.90Turkey 0.91Germany, Colombia0.94Canada 0.95--3--

EXPLANATIONSOURCES AND ACCURACY OF DATA (SEE CHAPTER 6.4):123reported figureestimated figureprovisional figureabcdefghjmnopqrsQuestionnaireUS Geological Survey (USGS)Kimberley Process Certification SchemeWorld Nuclear AssociationNational statisticsMetallgesellschaft (until 1998)World Mineral Statistics (until 2006)Mining Annual Review (until 2002)World Oil (until 1996)OECD and ECEOthers (Company reports etc.)Oil & Gas JournalIEAInternational Consultative GroupBP plcBritish Geological Survey--4--

EXPLANATION3 DETAILS ON CONTENTS,WEIGHTS, MEASURES ANDVALUESMINERAL RAW MATERIALS and ore bodies with significant variations in valuable mineralcontent have been calculated to obtain the actually useable mineral content, e.g. highly variable Fe-contents ofiron carbonates and iron oxides. Production figures throughout this report do not (unless otherwise specified)refer to crude ore (ROM/Run of mine) or concentrate produced from it, but indicate the content of recoverablevaluable elements and compounds.Total world production figures (chapter 6.1) do not include Bauxite production as Bauxite is the base rawmaterial in Aluminium production. Production figures for Bauxite can be found in commodity and countrystatistics (chapter 6.2 ff.).IRON AND FERRO-ALLOY MoNiNb2O5Ta2O5TiO2WV2O5metr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tAl, smelter prod.SbAs2O3crude oreBiCd, smelter prod.CuGaGePbLi2OHgREOReSeTemetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tkgmetr. tmetr. tNON-FERROUS umCopperGalliumGermaniumLeadLithiumMercuryRare Earth MineralsRheniumSeleniumTellurium--5--

EXPLANATIONTinZincSnZnmetr. tmetr. tAuPdPtRhAgkgkgkgkgkgP2O5K2Ometr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tcaratscaratsmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tPRECIOUS L MINERALS:AsbestosBaryteBentoniteBoron mineralsDiamonds (Gem)Diamonds (Ind)DiatomiteFeldsparFluorsparGraphiteGypsum and AnhydriteKaolin (China-Clay)MagnesitePerlitePhosphatesPotashSalt (rock salt, brines,marine salt)Sulfur (elementar andindustrial sulfur)Talc, Steatite andPyrophylliteVermiculiteZirconmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tConc.MINERAL FUELS:Steam coal(incl. anthracite,bituminous andsub-bituminous coal)Coking coalLigniteNatural GasOil SandsOil ShalesPetroleumUraniummetr. tmetr. tmetr. tMio m3metr. tmetr. tmetr. tmetr. tcrudecrudeU3O8--6--

EXPLANATIONCOMMODITY PRICES:Sources of annual averages: Metall Bulletin Industrial Minerals BGR-Rohstoffdatenbank, 2017; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Deutschland U.S. Geological Survey Kitco Metals Inc. Metal-Pages Cameco Corporation IEA: Coal Information U.S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy--7--

EXPLANATION4 REGIONAL AND SECTORALGROUPS4.1DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF PRODUCER COUNTRIESAN ATTEMPT WAS MADE to identify the development status of all countries that produce mineralraw materials. The different producer countries were classified according to international standards consideringin particular UNCTAD and IIASA classifications. The classification has been adopted for statisticalconvenience only (see fig. 5).Important note: The designations "developed", "in transition" and "developing" are intended for statisticalconvenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or areain the development process. Where the designations "economy" or "country” appear in tables, they covercountries, territories, cities and areas.DEVELOPED, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:According to OECD GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL TERMSThere is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in theUnited Nations system. In common practice, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in northern America,Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. In internationaltrade statistics, the Southern African Customs Union is also treated as developed region and Israel as adeveloped country; countries emerging from the former Yugoslavia are treated as developing countries; andcountries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR countries in Europe are not included under either developedor developing regions (see economies in transition).For detailed list of developing countries see m.Source: United Nations. Standard country or Area Codes for Statistical Use. Series M, No. 49, Rev. 4 (UnitedNations publication, Sales No. M.98.XVII.9).LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES:According to OECD GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL TERMSAccording to the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy,countries listed below are included in the list of the least developed countries (year in brackets indicates theinclusion in the group):Africa: Angola (1994), Benin (1971), Burkina Faso (1971), Burundi (1971), Central African Republic (1975),Chad (1971), Comoros (1977), Congo, D.R. (1991), Djibouti (1982), Equatorial Guinea (1982), Eritrea (1994),Ethiopia (1971), Gambia (1975), Guinea (1971), Guinea-Bissau (1981), Lesotho (1971), Liberia (1990),Madagascar (1991), Malawi (1971), Mali (1971), Mauritania (1986), Mozambique (1988), Niger (1971),Rwanda (1971), Sao Tome and Principe (1982), Senegal (2000), Sierra Leone (1982), Somalia (1971), SouthSudan (2012), Sudan (1971), Tanzania (1971), Togo (1982), Uganda (1971), Zambia (1991)--8--

EXPLANATIONAsia and the Pacific: Afghanistan (1971), Bangladesh (1975), Bhutan (1971), Cambodia (1991), Kiribati(1986), Laos P.D.R. (1971), Myanmar (1987), Nepal (1971), Solomon Islands (1991), East Timor (2003),Tuvalu (1986), Vanuatu (1985), Yemen (1971)Latin America and the Caribbean: Haiti (1971)Source: United Nations. Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, LandlockedDeveloping Countries and Small Island Developing States (OHRLLS).United Nations Internet site www.un.orgECONOMIES IN TRANSITION:According to UNCTAD HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS (2017)Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanEurope: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Macedonia,Ukraine4.2REGIONAL GROUPS OF PRODUCER COUNTRIESCPE: (CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES)China, Cuba, Korea North, Mongolia, VietnamWORLD REGIONS: (ACCORDING TO IIASA)CAS - Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanCPA - China & CPA: Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Korea North, Laos, Mongolia, Taiwan, VietnamEEU - Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo,Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, former YugoslaviaFSU - Former Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Total mining production 1984-2016 in Million metric tons Decline in 2016 due to decrease in Coal production. 0 4 500 9 000 13 500 18 000 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Million metr. tons Mineral Fuels Iron, Ferro-Alloys Non-Ferrous Metals Precious Metals Industrial Minerals Industrial .

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