Dum Ka Biryani, Make For Each Other

Dum Ka Biryani,Make for each otherVersion 1.0February 2011GNU Free Documentation LicenseShakthi com()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other1/1

Dum Ka Biryani()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other2/1

2.1 What a Rule Looks LikeMakefiletarget : prerequisites .recipe.Tab before recipe!()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other3/1

2.2 A Simple MakefileMakefilebiryani : masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.occ -o biryani masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.omasala.o : masala.c masala.h defs.hcc -c masala.crice.o : rice.c rice.h defs.hcc -c rice.conion.o : onion.c defs.hcc -c onion.ccurd.o : curd.c defs.hcc -c curd.ccoriander.o : coriander.c defs.hcc -c coriander.cmeat.o : meat.c defs.hcc -c meat.cclean:rm biryani \masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.o()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other4/1

2.4 Variables Make Makefiles SimplerMakefileobjects masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.obiryani : (objects)cc -o biryani (objects)masala.o : masala.c masala.h defs.hcc -c masala.crice.o : rice.c rice.h defs.hcc -c rice.conion.o : onion.c defs.hcc -c onion.ccurd.o : curd.c defs.hcc -c curd.ccoriander.o : coriander.c defs.hcc -c coriander.cmeat.o : meat.c defs.hcc -c meat.cclean:rm biryani (objects)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other5/1

2.5 Letting make Deduce the RecipesMakefileobjects masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.obiryani : (objects)cc -o biryani (objects)masala.o : masala.h defs.hrice.o : rice.h defs.honion.o : defs.hcurd.o : defs.hcoriander.o : defs.hmeat.o : defs.hclean:rm biryani (objects)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other6/1

2.6 Another Style of MakefileMakefileobjects masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.obiryani : (objects)cc -o biryani (objects) (objects) : defs.hmasala.o : masala.hrice.o : rice.hclean:rm biryani (objects)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other7/1

2.7 Rules for Cleaning the DirectoryMakefileobjects masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.obiryani : (objects)cc -o biryani (objects) (objects) : defs.hmasala.o : masala.hrice.o : rice.h.PHONY : cleanclean:-rm biryani (objects)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other8/1

3.1 What Makefiles Contain* Explicit ruleonion.o : onion.c defs.hcc -c onion.c* Implicit rulemasala.o : masala.h* Variable definitionobjects masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o coriander.o meat.o* Directiveifeq ( (CC), gcc)libs (libs for gcc)elselibs (normal libs)endif* Comments# This is a comment()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other9/1

3.2 What Name to Give Your MakefileDefault* GNUMakefile* makefile* Makefile()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other10 / 1

3.2 What Name to Give Your MakefileDefault* GNUMakefile* makefile* Makefile make make -f myMakefile make --file myMakefile()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other10 / 1

3.3 Including Other Makefiles* Syntaxinclude filenames.* Regex and variables allowedinclude foo *.mk (bar)* To ignore Makefile if not found-include filenames.()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other11 / 1

3.3 Including Other Makefiles* Syntaxinclude filenames.* Regex and variables allowedinclude foo *.mk (bar)* To ignore Makefile if not found-include filenames. make make -I make --include-dir()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other11 / 1

3.6 Overriding Part of Another MakefileGNUmakefilemeat:cc -c vegetables.c%: force@ (MAKE) -f Makefile @force: ;()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other12 / 1

3.6 Overriding Part of Another MakefileGNUmakefilemeat:cc -c vegetables.c%: force@ (MAKE) -f Makefile @force: ; make make meat()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other12 / 1

3.7 How make Reads a MakefileFirst phase* Reads all makefiles* Reads included makefiles* Internalize variables, values, implicit and explicit rules* Constructs dependency graph of targets and pre-requisites* immediate: expansion in phase oneSecond phase* Determines which targets need to be re-built* Invokes the necessary rules* deferred: expansion in phase two()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other13 / 1

3.7 How make Reads a MakefileVariable assignment* immediate deferred* immediate ? deferred* immediate : immediate* immediate deferred or immediateimmediate, if variable was previously set as a simple variable (: )deferred, otherwiseSecond phase* Determines which targets need to be re-built* Invokes the necessary rules* deferred: expansion in phase two()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other14 / 1

3.7 How make Reads a MakefileConditional Directives* immediateRule DefinitionMakefiletarget : prerequisites .recipe.Makefileimmediate : immediate ; deferreddeferred()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other15 / 1

4.2 Rule Syntax* First target as default, if not specified.* A rule tells make two things: when the targets are out of date(prerequisites), and how to update them (recipe) when necessary.Makefiletarget : prerequisites .recipe.Makefiletarget : prerequisites ; reciperecipe.()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other16 / 1

4.4 Using Wildcard Characters in File NamesMakefileclean :rm -f *.oWildcard expansion does not happen in variable definitionMakefileobjects *.oUse Wildcard function!Makefileobjects (wildcard *.o)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other17 / 1

4.5 Searching Directories for PrerequisitesVPATH make variableVPATH src:./headersvpath DirectiveMakefilevpath pattern directoriesvpath %.h ./headersTo clear search paths:Makefilevpath patternvpath %.hvpath()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other18 / 1

4.5.4 Writing Recipes with Directory SearchAutomatic variables ˆall prerequisites @ target first prerequisiteMakefilecoriander.o : coriander.ccc -c (CFLAGS) -o @Makefilemasala.o : masala.c masala.h defs.hcc -c (CFLAGS) -o @()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other19 / 1

4.6 Phony TargetsError in submake ignored:MakefileSUBDIRS masala rice onionsubdirs :for dir in (SUBDIRS); do \ (MAKE) -C dir; \doneMakefileSUBDIRS masala rice onion.PHONY : subdirs (SUBDIRS)subdirs: (SUBDIRS) (SUBDIRS): (MAKE) -C @()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other20 / 1

4.12 Static Pattern Rules* Override implicit rule.* No uncertainity.Makefiletargets . : target-pattern: prereq-patterns .recipe.Makefileobjects curd.o coriander.o masala.oall: (objects) (objects): %.o: %.c (CC) -c (CFLAGS) -o @()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other21 / 1

5.1 Recipe Syntax* Follows shell syntax.* Backslash-newline pairs are preserved and passed to the shell.Makefileall :@echo In a cooking vessel\add a layer of semi-cooked Basmati rice@echo Add meat on this\rice layer@echo Add another layer \of rice@echo Sprinkle the ingredients with water and cook()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other22 / 1

5.1 Recipe Syntax* Follows shell syntax.* Backslash-newline pairs are preserved and passed to the shell.Makefileall :@echo In a cooking vessel\add a layer of semi-cooked Basmati rice@echo Add meat on this\rice layer@echo Add another layer \of rice@echo Sprinkle the ingredients with water and cook makeIn a cooking vessel add a layer of semi-cooked Basmati riceAdd meat on this rice layerAdd another layer of riceSprinkle the ingredients with water and cook()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other22 / 1

5.1.2 Using Variables in RecipesMakefileLIST masala rice onionall:for i in (LIST); do \echo i; \done()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other23 / 1

5.1.2 Using Variables in RecipesMakefileLIST masala rice onionall:for i in (LIST); do \echo i; \done makemasalariceonion()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other23 / 1

5.4 Parallel Execution* -j number, number of recipies to execute in parallel.* -l number, number (limit) of jobs to run in parallel.()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other24 / 1

5.4 Parallel Execution* -j number, number of recipies to execute in parallel.* -l number, number (limit) of jobs to run in parallel. make make -j make --jobs make -l make --max-load()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other24 / 1

5.5 Errors in Recipes* Ignore errors in a recipe line.Makefileclean :-rm -f *.o()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other25 / 1

5.7 Recursive Use of make* Recursive make commands should always use the variable MAKE.Makefilesubsystem :cd subdir && (MAKE)Makefilesubsystem : (MAKE) -C subdir()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other26 / 1

5.7.2 Communicating Variables to Sub-makeMakefilevariable valueexport variable .unexport variable .Makefileexport variable valueexport variable : valueexport variable value()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other27 / 1

5.8 Defining Canned RecipesMakefiledefine mix-masala @echo "Adding green chillies"@echo "Adding ginger garlic paste"@echo "Adding cinnamon, cardamom"@echo "Adding fried onions"@echo "Adding coriander and mint leaves"endefmix: (mix-masala)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other28 / 1

5.8 Defining Canned RecipesMakefiledefine mix-masala @echo "Adding green chillies"@echo "Adding ginger garlic paste"@echo "Adding cinnamon, cardamom"@echo "Adding fried onions"@echo "Adding coriander and mint leaves"endefmix: (mix-masala) make makeAddingAddingAddingAddingAddingmixgreen chilliesginger garlic pastecinnamon, cardamomfried onionscoriander and mint leaves()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other28 / 1

6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables* Recursively Expanded variableMakefilespice (chillies)chillies (both)both green chillies and red chillie powderall: ; echo (spice)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other29 / 1

6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables* Recursively Expanded variableMakefilespice (chillies)chillies (both)both green chillies and red chillie powderall: ; echo (spice) makegreen chillies and red chillie powder()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other29 / 1

6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables* Simply Expanded variableMakefilechillie : red chilliespice : (chillie) powder, green chillieschillie : green chilliesall:echo (spice)echo (chillie)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other30 / 1

6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables* Simply Expanded variableMakefilechillie : red chilliespice : (chillie) powder, green chillieschillie : green chilliesall:echo (spice)echo (chillie) makered chillie powder, green chilliesgreen chillies()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other30 / 1

6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables* Conditional Variable assignment operatorMakefileifeq ( (origin RICE), undefined)RICE Basmati riceendifMakefileRICE ? Basmati rice()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other31 / 1

6.3.1 Substitution ReferencesMakefilemasala : chillies.o onions.o garlic.o ginger.obiryani : (masala:.o .c)Makefilemasala : chillies.o onions.o garlic.o ginger.obiryani : (masala:%.o %.c)* ’biryani’ is set to ’chillies.c onions.c garlic.c ginger.c’()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other32 / 1

6.3.2 Computed Variable NamesMakefilegreeny coriandercoriander green coriander leavesleaves : ( (greeny))all:@echo (leaves)()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other33 / 1

6.3.2 Computed Variable NamesMakefilegreeny coriandercoriander green coriander leavesleaves : ( (greeny))all:@echo (leaves) makegreen coriander leaves()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other33 / 1

6.6 Appending More Text to VariablesMakefileobjects masala.o rice.o onion.o curd.o.objects coriander.oMakefileCFLAGS (includes) -O.CFLAGS -pg()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other34 / 1

6.7 The override DirectiveMakefileoverride variable valueoverride variable : valueoverride variable more textMakefileoverride CFLAGS -goverride define masala more-masalaendef()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other35 / 1

6.9 Undefining VariablesMakefilewater : saffron waterleaves mint leavesundefine waterundefine leavesMakefileoverride undefine CFLAGS()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other36 / 1

6.11 Target-specific Variable ValuesMakefiletarget . : variable-assignmentMakefileprog : CFLAGS -gprog : masala.o rice.o onion.o()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other37 / 1

6.12 Pattern-specific Variable ValuesMakefilepattern . : variable-assignmentMakefile%.o : CFLAGS -OMakefile%.o: %.c (CC) -c (CFLAGS) (CPPFLAGS) -o @lib/%.o: CFLAGS : -fPIC -g%.o: CFLAGS : -gall: rice.o lib/masala.o()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other38 / 1

7.1 Example of a ConditionalMakefilelibs for gcc -lgnunormal libs biryani : (objects)ifeq ( (CC), gcc)libs (libs for gcc)elselibs (normal libs)endif()Dum Ka Biryani, Make for each other39 / 1