The Lynching Of Benjamin Thomas, August 8, 1899 Alexandria .
The Lynching of Benjamin Thomas, August 8, 1899Alexandria Community Remembrance ProjectReport by the Alexandria Community Remembrance Project Research Committee, July 2020Warning: The following article contains graphic descriptions of the lynching of a Black teenagerin 1899.IntroductionAround midnight on August 8, 1899, a 16-year-old African American teenager named Benjamin Thomaswas lynched in Alexandria, Virginia. A white mob comprised of Alexandria citizens attacked the city jailon St. Asaph Street, and Benjamin Thomas was dragged half a mile to the southwest corner of King andFairfax streets, opposite Market Square:He was dragged, with a rope around his neck, three squares over cobble stones and over theroughest streets of that rough old town, surrounded by a mob of 2,000 whites, who pelted himwith stones, brickbats, pieces of iron, pocket knives, and sent bullets through his body for everyinch of that distance.1Benjamin Thomas was hanged from a lamppost and the medical doctor who testified at the coroner’sinquest stated that he died from a bullet wound to the heart.2Two years before, on April 23, 1897, another African American teenager, Joseph McCoy, was lynched inAlexandria. A white mob attacked the city’s police station and pulled McCoy from his cell, dragged himwith a rope around his neck, and then hanged him on the corner of Cameron and Lee Streets, only threeblocks from where Benjamin Thomas would be murdered.3Some things had changed in Alexandria since 1897.4 A different mayor and governor were in office, andmembers of the Alexandria Light Infantry had left to fight in the Spanish American War. However, thereare striking commonalities between these two lynchings. They illustrate a much larger and wider historyof systemic racism, injustice, and violence that persists in Alexandria, and America, to the present day.This narrative highlights the inconsistencies, biases, sensationalism, and falsehoods in official statementsand the white press’ reporting about the lynching. In both Alexandria lynchings, the white authoritieswere deliberately complicit in their refusal to name and bring to justice members of the white mob.In the case of Benjamin Thomas, the officers defending the jail were not prepared to do everything intheir power to protect the prisoner. In fact, city officials and law enforcement officers obstructed andpunished members of the Black community who were willing to stand up to white violence.1Cleveland Gazette (Cleveland, OH.), August 26, 1899, page 1. The Richmond Planet says the mob was comprisedof “thousands,” Richmond Planet (Richmond, VA), August 12, 1899, page 2.2 Alexandria Gazette, August 9, 1899, page 3.3 Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3.4 In the late 1890s Alexandria was a city of some 14,500 persons; 31% or about 4,500 were African American.https://www.academia.edu/25968918/The African American Housing Crisis in Alexandria Virginia 1930s1960s, page 34.1 City of Alexandria
A Note on Race Relations in Alexandria at the Turn of the Twentieth CenturyAlthough Alexandria had experienced radical changes in race relations as a result of the Civil War andReconstruction, the departure of federal authorities from the U.S. South by 1876 allowed governmentsto pursue segregationist policies, also described as “slavery by another name,” on a massive scale.Southern politicians, with the support of the white electorate, passed numerous race-based restrictions,popularly known as Jim Crow laws, that circumscribed every aspect of African American life—marriage,transportation, housing, schools, libraries, etc. The U.S. Supreme Court’s rulings in Plessy v. Ferguson(1896), which legalized the idea of “separate but equal,” and Williams v. Mississippi (1898), whichpermitted voter disenfranchisement, meant that, for the time being, African Americans had no legalrecourse to fight against these policies.5In Virginia, segregation laws were passed at particular historical moments related to popular attitudesabout race relations in the state. Virginia’s post-Civil War Constitution, also known as the UnderwoodConstitution (1868), included the 13th and 14th Amendments but also segregated the state’s newlyestablished public-school system. A few years later, the short-lived Readjuster Party (1877-1883)assembled a coalition of Black and white voters who worked together to curtail racist legislation inVirginia, which the General Assembly had begun to pass. The collapse of the Readjuster Party, however,created a political vacuum that gave rise to the Democratic Party, which dominated Virginia politics untilthe 1960s and instituted Jim Crow policies. The 1902 Constitutional Convention codified the use ofliteracy tests and poll taxes, which adversely affected African American access to the ballot box. By the1920s, eugenics, a pseudoscience used to promote selective breeding among humans, appeared inVirginia’s laws, most notably the Racial Integrity Act (1924), the strictest one-drop legislation in thecountry.6For many white residents, these laws were not enough. Lynching became another vehicle to ensuredomination in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A form of extra-legal violence used toterrorize African American communities, lynching was never made a federal crime. The most commonexcuse for a lynching was an alleged sexual assault by a Black man against a white woman.7The Accusation, Arrest, and Murder of Benjamin Thomas (Monday, August 7, 1899)"It is now generally admitted that he was not guilty." --Reverend R.E. HartOn Monday, August 7, 1899, the Alexandria police arrested Benjamin Thomas on the charge ofattempted criminal assault on Lillian Kloch, the daughter of Edward and Julia Kloch, who lived at 702Patrick Street. Benjamin Thomas was a 16-year-old African American Alexandrian. Lillian Kloch was an5Moon, Dr. Krystyn. “Navigating Everyday Life in Jim Crow Alexandria.” Alexandria's Equal Justice Initiative.Presentation. November 16, 2019.6 Ibid.7 Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. New York: The Modern Library,2003, n.d., page x. During the period between the Civil War and World War II, thousands of African Americanswere lynched in the United States. Between 1882 and 1968, 100 Virginians, including at least 11 in NorthernVirginia, were lynched. The lynchings were among 4,743 reported nationwide during the same period ["Lynching,Whites and Negroes, 1882–1968", Tuskegee University.] In 1897, more than two documented lynchings occurredevery week in the United States [Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America.New York: The Modern Library, 2003, n.d., page x.]2 City of Alexandria
eight-year-old white girl who lived next door. The arresting officers were Herbert Knight and WilliamWilkinson. Thomas asserted his innocence at the time of his arrest.8Mayor George L. Simpson directed Knight to confine Thomas in the police Station House until the nextmorning. The Alexandria Gazette reported that he had directed Knight to do this “quietly,” but the samearticle states that Thomas’ arrest and alleged crime had “caused some excitement in the community.”9The next morning, Tuesday August 8, at 9 a.m., Thomas appeared before the Mayor’s Court at City Hall.Lillian Kloch testified. The accusation varied in telling both before the court and in the press. Lillian waseither sent next door to borrow10 or retrieve an ax,11 or she was walking by Thomas’ house.12 She waseither alone or with her younger brother.13 She was “seized” in the house or, as Lillian herself stated incourt, she was “passing by Thomas’ house, when the latter dragged her indoors ”14 The accusedallegedly “seized her” and/or “attempted to take liberties with her.”15 Lillian was either rescuedimmediately16 or Thomas “fled when she made an outcry”17 or “she had only escaped by running awayand screaming.”18 It does not appear that anyone testified on Benjamin Thomas’ behalf, includingThomas himself.On the evening of Tuesday August 8, an armed white terror mob pulled Thomas from the jail. Theyplaced a rope around his neck, dragged him half a mile through the streets of Alexandria, and lynchedhim.The Baltimore Sun later wrote that: "The offense for which the negro Ben Thomas suffered did notinclude any violence to the person of the child, but on her complaint of the way Thomas had treatedher, her father spoke to some of the white residents of the neighborhood and on their advice swore outthe warrant upon which Thomas was arrested and committed to the police station."19Discrepancies in witnesses’ reports and newspaper accounts are reflected in the comments of ReverendR.E. Hart, of Israel Christian Methodist Church in Washington, D.C. Hart visited Alexandria the day afterthe lynching as part of an investigation on behalf of the National Organized Brotherhood of AfroAmericans. The Cleveland Gazette interviewed Reverend Hart and reported:8Newspapers at the time misidentified Benjamin Thomas’ age as 20 or 21: Evening Star, August 8, 1899, page 8.Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3; Lillian was born in April 1892 according to the 1900 census;Newspapers at the time identify Lillian Kloch’s age as 7 or 8: Sun and New York Press, August 9, 1899; Evening Star(Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, p. 8. The arresting officers were reported in Richmond Planet (Richmond, VA),August 12, 1899, page 2, and Times (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 7; Thomas protested his innocence tothe officers: Times (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 7.9 Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3.10 Wilkes-Barre Times (Wilkes-Barre, PA), August 9, 1899, page 1.11 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 7; Richmond Planet (Richmond, VA), August 12, 1899, page 2.12 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2; Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), August 13, 1899, page 11.13 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.14 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.15 Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3.16 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), August 13, 1899, page 11.17 Wilkes-Barre Times (Wilkes-Barre, PA), August 9, 1899, page 1.18 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2; Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.19 Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), August 11, 1899, page 5.3 City of Alexandria
It is now generally admitted that he was not guilty. The mother of the girl, I learn, told him wheninterviewed that the young man was not guilty and that she had known him from a youth to bea good boy.20Benjamin Thomas was born around 1883 in Alexandria.21 His parents were George Thomas, a laborer,and Elizabeth Washington, a laundress. They were married in Washington, D.C. on March 3, 1864.22Although newspaper articles at the time reported his age as 20 or 21 years old, Benjamin Thomas wasonly 16 at the time of his murder.23 Two years earlier at Shiloh Baptist Church, he had been baptized and“received the right hand of fellowship” at age 14.24 Prior to his death, Thomas resided with his mother,Elizabeth, at 700 North Patrick Street, next-door to the Kloch Family.25Lillian Kloch was the daughter of Edward and Julia Kloch, who lived at 702 Patrick Street on the westernedge of the African American neighborhood referred to as Petersburg, or “The Berg.” African Americanfamilies lived on either side of them.26 The family made their living “by selling milk and doing odd20Cleveland Gazette (Cleveland, OH), August 26, 1899, page 1.Washington Times (Washington, D.C.), August 29, 1899, page 4.22 Ancestry.com. District of Columbia, Marriage Records, 1810-1953 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA:Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016; Original data: Marriage Records. District of Columbia Marriages. Clerk of theSuperior Court, Records Office, Washington D.C.; 1880 United States Federal Census, Ancestry.com, Year: 1880;Census Place: Alexandria, Alexandria, Virginia; Roll: 1351; Page: 355B; Enumeration District: 004. Record forGeorge Thomas; 1870 United States Federal Census Place: Alexandria Ward 3, Alexandria (Independent City),Virginia; Roll: M593 1632; Page: 99A; Record for Elizzie Washington.23 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8; Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3.24 Lillian Patterson, Historian, Shiloh Baptist Church, Alexandria, Virginia, Personal Communication, June 26, 2020;Benjamin Thomas did not appear on the 1880 Federal Census with the rest of his family, suggesting he had notbeen born yet [1880 United States Federal Census, Ancestry.com, Year: 1880; Census Place: Alexandria, Alexandria,Virginia; Roll: 1351, page 355B; Enumeration District: 004. Record for George Thomas].25 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2. Elizabeth Washington was the daughter of Violet Washington.The Washington family members were all born in Virginia, while George Thomas and his parents were all born inMaryland. All of the Thomas and Washington family members were likely enslaved before the Civil War as noneappeared as free people of color on either the 1850 or 1860 Federal Census. Virginia; Roll: M593 1632; Page: 99A;Record for Violet Washington; 1880 United States Federal Census, Ancestry.com, Year: 1880; Census Place:Alexandria, Alexandria, Virginia; Roll: 1351; Page: 355B; Enumeration District: 004. Record for George Thomas.Benjamin Thomas’s siblings included James H., Ella, and Julia. [1880 United States Federal Census, Ancestry.com,Year: 1880; Census Place: Alexandria, Alexandria, Virginia; Roll: 1351; Page: 355B; Enumeration District: 004.Record for George Thomas]. Julia died at the age of two from ‘spasms.’ [Wesley E. Pippenger, Alexandria, VirginiaDeath Records, 1863-1868 (The Gladwin Record) and 1869-1896 (Westminster, MD, Willow Bend Books, 2000).26 1900 Federal Census, Place: Alexandria Ward 3, Alexandria City, Virginia; Page: 6; Enumeration District: 0096;Record for Edward Kloch. The last name is often misspelled as Clarke, Clocke, or Klock. Edward Kloch was born inMarch 1858 in New York and died in 1917. He is buried in Bethel Cemetery in Alexandria. He married Julia Brooks,a Virginian. The family rented their home at 702 N. Patrick St from 1897 to 1920. He had various occupations;dairyman [1899 Alexandria City Directory], vendor [1906 Alexandria City Directory], salesman [1910 Alexandria CityDirectory], confectionary salesman [1910 Federal Census], helper [1913 Alexandria City Directory], candymaker(1911-1912, 1914-1917 Alexandria City Directory]. In the 1910 Census, all his sons were at home, mostly workingas laborers. His children were: Dunwood [or Deerwood?], born 1890, age 10 in 1900; Lillie, born 1892, age 8 in1900; Henry, born 1895, age 5 in 1900; Roland, born 1897, age 3 in 1900; Francis, born 1899, age 1 in 1900. [1900Federal Census, Place: Alexandria Ward 3, Alexandria City, Virginia; Page: 6; Enumeration District: 0096; Record forEdward Kloch].214 City of Alexandria
jobs."27 The pronunciation of the family name was very much like Clark, and the newspapers initiallyreported the name as Clark or Clarke.28Protecting Benjamin Thomas After His Arrest,Monday Night, August 7 to Tuesday Morning, August 8, 1899They "proposed to offer their lives in his defence." -- Times (Washington, D.C.) August 9, 1899After his arrest on Monday, Benjamin Thomas was detained at the Alexandria Station House at 126 N.Fairfax Street, on the east side of City Hall by Market Square.29Alexandria’s African American community soon became aware of the arrest and the nature of theaccusations against Thomas. Neighborhood conversations revolved around the potential threat of arecurrence of the 1897 lynching of Joseph McCoy. As concerns grew, some Black men organizedthemselves, intending to aid the police in defending the accused.30While Black citizens grew concerned, Mayor George Simpson walked the streets until after midnight,conversing with groups of presumably white Alexandrians. He later stated that he perceived no threat.Lt. James Smith also conducted patrols and reported no danger to the prisoner.31Simpson and Smith’s statements contrasted with the experience of African American resident JamesTurley, who was returning home from work when he was confronted by a group of white men, whowere loudly threatening to lynch the accused man in the station cell. Turley returned to the streets tofind out the identity of the prisoner and to organize men in the prisoner’s defense.32As midnight neared, another Black man, Albert Green, also organized and led a group of men. The Timesdescribed the group as “a mob of several hundred colored people, headed by Albert Green, [who]paraded the principal streets of the city, and several times passed the police station.”33 Lieutenant Smithobserved the men and activity on the streets around the Station House, including several men passingback and forth in front of the Station House doors. Reports of the crowds outside the station varieddramatically, ranging from several to several hundred.3427Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), August 11, 1899, page 5.Times (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 7; Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8;Alexandria Gazette, August 9, 1899, page 4.29 The location of the Station House is listed in the 1899 City Directory, Alexandria.30 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 7; Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3; Times(Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.31 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2; Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8;Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3.32 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.33 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.34 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.285 City of Alexandria
Throughout the city, the Black community demanded protection for Thomas, adamantly stating theirwillingness to help in his defense. This desire to aid both the accused and officers is repeatedlyportrayed in newspaper articles as an affront to the white community and a threat of direct violenceagainst white residents of Alexandria.35Nearby, Mayor Simpson was at his home at 126 N. Columbus Street when a delegation of Black menarrived slightly after midnight. The men pleaded with the mayor to provide extra protection for Thomasdue to fears of his threatened lynching. They reiterated the community’s fear of another act of violencelike the 1897 killing. The mayor denied their requests and instead threatened the men with arrest forbeing on the street.36At one point during the evening, Bob Arnold, white, arrived at the Station House to complain about thegroups of Black men he had seen on the streets.37 Officers on the streets of The Berg also reportedincreased concern about Black residents congregating in streets and alleys, discussing their fears aboutan attempt on Thomas’ life.38Around 1 a.m., Lieutenant Smith made his way to the mayor’s home. He did not come to report any ofthe concerns voiced by the Black community. Instead, Smith expressed concerns about the growingnumbers of Black men “parading” and forming groups in the vicinity of the Station House.39In response, Simpson ordered Smith to direct officers to report to the Station House and begin clearingthe streets and arresting Black residents. He dismissed the residents’ desire to help, instead of seeing itas aggressive behavior that he needed to suppress.40Following the mayor’s orders, Smith directed eight officers--Jefferson Beach, Benjamin Bettis, JamesDeane, James Hall, James Howson, William Lyles, Frank Spinks, and Banner Young--to the streets aroundthe Station House.41 Officers Lyles, Howson, and Spinks were then dispatched to the lumber yards bythe waterfront, but returned quickly with no unusual activity to report.4235Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3; Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2; Times(Washington, D.C.), August 10, 1899, page 3; Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), August 11, 1899, page 5.36 Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3. The address of the mayor’s house was listed in the 1899 AlexandriaCity Directory.37 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.38 Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3.39 Ibid. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.40 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.41 During the April 1897 lynching of Joseph McCoy, Frank Spinks was not yet a police officer. At that time, Spinkswas in the vanguard of the white mob that assaulted the Station House. He was one of four men arrested by policeofficers when the mob broke open the station doors during the first attack. He would later be released withoutcharges. The following year, 1898, Mayor Simpson appointed him as a police officer. Alexandria Gazette,November 18, 1898, page 3; Washington Post. April 23, 1897, page 1.42 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8; 1899 Alexandria City Directory.6 City of Alexandria
In later testimony, Lieutenant Smith declared that no actions of the white citizens justified the Blackcommunity’s fears Monday evening. Reports also stated that white citizens on the streets weredetermined to assist the police in subduing Black men who organized to defend Thomas. Police officerslater enlisted a number of these white men to help detain Black citizens.43Upon returning to the vicinity of the Station House after 1 on Tuesday morning, Lieutenant Smithconfronted a group of Black men at the corner of Cameron and Fairfax streets. Led by Albert Green, themen once again tried to impress upon the officer their fears about an impending lynching. Green statedthe men’s intent to put their lives between Thomas and white mob violence. They “proposed to offertheir lives in his defence.”44Lieutenant Smith rebuffed the men, discounted their fears, and ordered them to disperse. Hethreatened arrest in response to their pleas, just as Mayor Simpson had done earlier. When the mencontinued to protest, Smith arrested Albert Green for being “very insolent.” Green was then taken tothe Station House by Officer Weston Atkinson.45This detention of Black leadership forced the rest of the group to move.46 The men walked north, butLieutenant Smith and his officers continued to harass and move them along until they reached thecorner of Fairfax and Princess street, known as “Hard Corner.”47 Here, the men continued to talkamongst themselves.Officer Smith again accosted the group and ordered them to get off the streets and return home. At thispoint, Smith rushed the group and arrested two more men, Alfred Mason and Harry MacDonald, bothBlack.48 Smith turned them over to Officer Spinks and Harry Fisher, a white bystander. Fisher and otherwhite men had apparently followed the police into the predominantly Black neighborhood and aidedthe officers in harassing and detaining the men who advocated for Thomas’s protection.49Elsewhere in Alexandria, Officer Atkinson and a group of white men accosted other Black citizens whowere also trying to protect Thomas. One group they confronted was led by James Turley—the Blackcitizen who had previously overheard the threats to lynch Thomas. When confronted, Turley and43Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8; Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3. Thisinformal deputizing of white citizens reinforced the assumption that they had extrajudicial power over Blackbodies.44 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8; Times (Washington, D.C.) August 9, 1899, page 2; Times(Washington, D.C.), August 10, 1899, page 3.45 Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.46 Ibid.47 "Hard Corner" was the northeast corner of North Fairfax and Princess Streets in the Berg neighborhood.[Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Alexandria, Independent Cities, Virginia, page 16; Sanborn Map Company, Aug.1896; Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C.].48 Ibid; Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8.49 Ibid.7 City of Alexandria
Richard Washington spoke for the group of Black men, expressing their desire to help protect theprisoner.50Atkinson and three white men arrested Turley and Washington. The white men, David Makely, WilliamSchoeni, and a third unnamed individual, were not police officers but were empowered and encouragedby the police officers to detain Black residents.51Throughout the night, police and white citizens patrolled the African American neighborhoods lookingfor Black men who were congregating. Seven additional Black men were arrested. It is unclear if thesemen were part of the groups organizing in defense of Benjamin Thomas or if they were simply goingabout their business on the streets of their own neighborhoods. These men, Edward Gibson, RobertBuckner, Allen Carter, John Haskins, James Alexander, Edward Payne, and Thomas Elzie (also spelledElsey), appeared in the Mayor’s Court the following morning. They, as well as Green, Mason,MacDonald, Turley, and Washington, were brought forward on various charges, including carryingconcealed weapons, disorderly conduct, and inciting a riot.52Only James Turley was reported to possess a firearm, but others among the arrested men were carryingweapons like cobblestones and bricks in order to defend the Station House from the threat of whiteviolence. In contrast to reports of uncontrolled gunfire from the white mob at the lynching the nextnight, none of the Black men used their weapons in any way. Although armed, they went with thepolice, without incident, at the time of their arrests.53The white press portrayed the actions of the Black community in a purely negative light. Newspaperarticles depicted their attempt to defend the Station House and aid the police as “demonstrations50Ibid.Ibid.52 Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3; Richmond Planet (Richmond, VA), August 12, 1899, page 2; Many ofthe African American men arrested for attempting to protect Benjamin Thomas and aid in the defense of theStation House were active leaders and organizers in Alexandria’s African American community. Albert Green,William Washington, John Nelson, and Turley were all involved in republican party organizing and leadership[Evening Star, September 15, 1888, page 5; Alexandria Gazette, June 12, 1896, page 3; Evening Star, August 9,1898, page 7; Alexandria Gazette, April 6, 1900, page 3]. Green, Washington, and Robert Buckner helped to planand marshal major events like Emancipation Celebrations and agricultural & industrial parades [Washington Times,August 22, 1902, page 3; Alexandria Gazette, August 6, 1896, page 3]. Green and Washington helped create thePallbearers Union [Alexandria Gazette, October 18, 1907, page 3]. Buckner helped organize the Alexandria Ex SlavePension Club [Alexandria Gazette July 3, 1912, page 2]. These men were part of the fabric of the city. James Turleyand his family had been free in Alexandria since before the Civil War [1850 Federal Census, Place: Alexandria,Virginia; Roll: 932; Page: 399A]. Some, like John Haskins, owned their homes and had for generations [1900 FederalCensus; Place: Alexandria Ward 2, Alexandria City, Virginia; Page: 19; Enumeration District: 0093; FHL microfilm:1241733; 1910 Federal Census; Place: Alexandria Ward 2, Alexandria (Independent City), Virginia; Roll: T624 1620;Page: 21B; Enumeration District: 0004]. These were native Alexandrians who advocated for, worked for, and livedamongst their neighbors. They refused to stand by and allow another lynching to occur. They gathered men andspoke out against Alexandria’s white power structure. They were arrested, fined, and reported as sent to the chaingang, effectively removing their leadership just when it was needed [Alexandria Gazette, August 8, 1899, page 3].53 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), August 8, 1899, page 8; Times (Washington, D.C.), August 10, 1899, page 3.518 City of Alexandria
against the whites.”54 The Times of Washington, D.C. claimed Black organizers said they would “kill everywhite man in the city” if needed.55The African American Richmond Planet presented a different perspective:We are pleased to notice the attitude of the colored men of Alexandria in organizing to preventa lynching. Our only regret is that they did not go further, and be more combative. Oh, what apity that the colored men dispersed and failed to re-assemble again! However, they actedmanfully. Let colored men in other sections do likewise. Let them defend colored menthreatened with lynching even if they have to sacrifice a dozen lives in so doing.56In the following days, white newspapers would celebrate the “prompt action of Lieutenant Smith and hismen” in dispersing the Black crowd and returning the city to its “normal state.” This normal state wouldinclude a brutal murder the following night by the city’s white residents.57The African American Activists Appear Before the Mayor's CourtTuesday Morning, August 8, 1899"Was there ever a greater parody upon justice.?" --Richmond Planet. August 12, 1899On Tuesday morning, following the Black community’s successful protection of Benjamin Thomas, whiteAlexandria was in an uproar. Newspapers and word-of-mouth inflamed sentiment through exaggeration,falsehoods, and distortion. Wild stories told of hundreds of armed Black men attempting to break theaccused free, of cries to lynch a white man, and of willingness to kill white residents. Edward Klocharrived at the mayor’s office with a box of stones, claiming they had been used to attack his home.While the Black community defended their intent to aid in protecting Thomas, authorities andjournalists blamed them for roiling the white residents. Articles steadfastly claimed that no whiteresident knew of the case prior to the organized effort at defense. On the street, affronted whiteAlexandrians spoke of lynching.5854Evening Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.Times (Washington, D.C.), August 9, 1899, page 2.56 Richmond Planet, August 12
On Monday, August 7, 1899, the Alexandria police arrested Benjamin Thomas on the charge of attempted criminal assault on Lillian Kloch, the daughter of Edward and Julia Kloch, who lived at 702 Patrick Street. Benjamin Thomas was a 16-year-old African American Alexandrian. Lillian Kloch was an 5 Moon, Dr. Krystyn.
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