NIOSH Reports! Studies On Heavy Equipment Blind Spots And .

NIOSH Reports! Studies on Heavy EquipmentBlind Spots and Internal Traffic ControlPresented byDavid E. FosbrokeNIOSH, Division of SafetyResearch2004 Roadway Work Zone Safety & Health ConferenceBaltimore, MarylandNovember 4, 2004

Outline¾Background NIOSHResearch Worker Deaths¾¾Blind Area DiagramsInternal Traffic Control Plans

Evaluating Roadway Construction WorkZone InterventionsDoug Ammons, Steve Berardinelli, Jennifer Beaupre,Dave Fosbroke, Chris Griffin, Robert Hammer, MatHause, Scott Hendricks, Gary Mowrey, BradNewbraugh, Kara Perritt, John Powers, StephaniePratt, Justin Tolpa, Todd Ruff, Bill Schiffbauer

Project OrganizationRoadway Work Zone Intervention EvaluationsMorgantown, WVPittsburgh, PASpokane, WAWorker Exposure MeasurementHASARDProximity Warning DevicesBlind Area DeterminationWork Zone Analysis SystemDetection ZonesInternal Traffic Control PlansState Transportation DepartmentsSite Access / PartneringConstruction CompaniesCase DefinitionHSRB/OMB/Photo ReleaseResearch Staff SafetyEngineering ConsultantsLabor UnionsConstruction Trade AssociationsEquipment ManufacturersFHWA, OSHA

The Problem¾Preventing workers frombeing run over byconstruction trucks andequipment.

The Project Goals¾¾Limit exposure of workers-on-foot toconstruction traffic.Focus on blind areas aroundconstruction vehicles and equipment. Developexposure monitoring system(s) Evaluate injury prevention measures

The Interventions¾¾Proximity Warning SystemsInternal Traffic Control Plans

Proximity Warning Systems¾Evaluate off-theshelf technologyincluding: Radar Sonar Cameras Tag-basedsystems

Camera Systems

RadarSonarSensors

Camera and RadarCameraRadar

Proximity Warning Systems: Datacollection methods Video Alarm overlay Alarm dataWarning system alarms

HASARD

INTERNAL TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANSPaving Model Plan – Site #1

Field TrialsDirect Observation¾ GPS¾ Video¾

¾GPS Installed on Equipment including:Asphalt Trucks Paver Rollers ¾GPS receivers worn by workers

Vermont GPS Data Overlaid in Map Point

Vermont GPS Data Paving Around a Rest Area

Background: Worker Deaths in Work Zones¾¾910 worker deaths inwork zones from 19922000826 (91%) were vehicleor equipment-related(traffic vehicle,construction vehicle, orboth)

Worker Fatalities in Roadway ConstructionTrend from 1992-2000(n 97YearSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries,special research file (excludes NYC)199819992000

Worker Fatalities in Roadway Work Zones,by Vehicle Type and Year, 1992-2000 (n 797)8070Deaths6050Construction vehicle40Traffic ce: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries,special research file (excludes NYC)199819992000

Workers on Foot – ConstructionVehicle OnlyDeaths by Construction Vehicle Type, 1992-2000 (n 258)Dump truck41%VehicleSemi-truck6%Grading/surfacing machine14.3%Excavating machine6.5%Other/unspec truck14%Other machine10.4%Other vehicle/other source7.7%0204060DeathsSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries,special research file (excludes NYC)80100120

Blind Areas

Definition of Blind Area¾A blind area is the area around a vehicleor piece of construction equipment that isnot visible to the operators, either bydirect line-of-sight or indirectly by use ofinternal and external mirrors.

Vehicle Blind Spots¾Running over people¾Running over materials¾Striking other equipment and vehicles¾Rollovers¾Contact with utilities

Area of fullyobstructed view

Non-Construction Vehicle Blind SpotMeasurements

Methods¾¾International Organizationfor Standardization (ISO)5006Manual methods LightBar Operator¾Computer methods DesignDrawings Laser Scans Photographs

Manual Light Bar Method

Dump Truck (Manufacturerand Model)GVWSerial #Machine DimensionsOperator EnclosureAttachmentsOther InformationMeasurement TechniqueFord 88054,000 lbV001317' 10" wide 23' 2" longClosed ROPSNoneNonePhysical

Blind Area Diagrams - Ford 880GroundConstruction BarrelWorker 3ftpartially bent over 5ft

Manual Operator Method

Marking Blind Areas Within a Polar Grid

Caterpillar 672CH Blind Area at 900mmabove Ground Plane

Blind Area Diagram Ford 880 Dump TruckNot Visible toOperatorVisible in mirrorsonly

Comparison of Manual MethodsField CrewLight Bar

Virtual Reality Method

Blind Area Diagrams¾Photo GeneratedBlind Areas

Contract DeliverableCenter for Disease Control and PreventionContract 200-2002-00563“Construction Vehicle and EquipmentBlind Area Diagrams”Final Report

Blind Area Diagrams¾Caterpillar Contract Shadow Methodand ComputerGenerated BlindAreas

Web Page of Blind Area Diagrams

Internal Traffic Control Plans

Why Develop an Internal TrafficControl Plan?¾¾¾Coordinatevehicle/equipmentmovement inside thework zoneLimit exposure ofworkers on foot toconstruction trafficReduce hazards forequipment operators

Definition of Internal Traffic ControlPlans (ITCP)“STRATEGIES TO CONTROL THE FLOW OFCONSTRUCTION WORKERS, VEHICLES ANDEQUIPMENT INSIDE THE WORKZONE”

TrafficControlPlans

TCP – ITCP PARALLELSTCPITCPTYPICAL MODELRESPONSIBLEPERSON COMPETENTPERSONREQUIRED BYMUTCD CONCEPT

PRINCIPLES OF SAFE CONSTRUCTIONTRAFFIC CONTROL¾¾¾¾Reducing the need to back upequipmentLimiting access points to work zonesEstablishing pedestrian-free areaswhere possibleEstablishing work zone layoutscommensurate with type of equipment

PRINCIPLES OF SAFE CONSTRUCTIONTRAFFIC CONTROL¾¾Providing signs within the work zone to giveguidance to pedestrians, equipment andtrucksDesigning buffer spaces to protectpedestrians from errant vehicles or work zoneequipment

ITCP COMPONENTS¾NOTES PAGE¾LEGEND¾WORK AREADIAGRAMS

SAFETY POINTS1. Truck spotter stays at paver2. Stage trucks to minimize backing3. No walking behind backingtrucks, in front of pavingmachine, across hot mat, orover trailer tongue.PERSONNELTruck DriversTruck SpotterNOTES PAGESAFETY POINTSPERSONNELPaver OperatorRoller OperatorsInspectorSuperintendentTest PersonnelEQUIPMENTOiler TrucksDump TrucksPaversRollersEQUIPMENT

DetailedNotes

Safety Points¾ No workers in traffic zone¾ Spotter uses hands free radio to talk totrucks¾ No workers on foot between a backingtruck and the paver¾ Truck spotter remains at paver until truckstops¾ Inspectors remain away from paving trainand notify spotter before obtainingsamples

LIGHT(S)CHANNELING DEVICE(S)BARRIERDIRECTION OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC OR DETOURDIRECTION OF TRAFFICTRUCK MOVEMENTSIGN (SHOWN FACING RIGHT)PORTABLE LAVATORY- On foot personnel classes PPEDESTRIAN EDESTRIAN-FREE ZONEOTHER CLASS

- Vehicle Types -OILROLLERPAVING MACHINEGRADERFRONT LOADERBACKHOEDUMP TRUCK (EMPTY)DOZERDUMP TRUCK (FULL)OIL TRUCKWATERWATER TRUCKCRANEFORKLIFTSWEEPERBOTTOM DUMPPICKUP TRUCKMILLING MACHINE

Paving Model Plan – Traffic Adjacent

Paving Model Plan –Site #1

Paving Model Plan – Site #2Ingress

Paving Model Plan – Site #2Egress

STEPS IN PREPARATION OF ITCPS¾¾¾¾¾¾Review TCP and other contractdocumentsDetermine site-specific ITCP needsDraw work spaceAdd pedestrian and equipment pathsLocate staging areasPrepare notes and plan

Internal Traffic Control Plans – Questions¾¾¾¾¾Can the need for backing be reduced oreliminated?Can the number of vehicle access pointsinto the work space be reduced?Can pedestrian-free zones beestablished?Can the work space accommodate theequipment being used?Do any physical features of the site placeoperators at risk?

Internal Traffic Control Plan: How-To GuideRevised Internal Traffic Control PlanSite 2Internal Traffic Control PlanDraft Development GuideInternal Traffic Control Plans forAsphalt Paving OperationsOn Freeway SegmentsTask 7.1Internal Traffic Control Plans forAsphalt Paving OperationsOn Freeway SegmentsTask 8.1Contract No. 200200-20022002-00596Contract No. 200200-20022002-00596Submitted to theSubmitted to theCENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROLand PREVENTIONCENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROLand PREVENTIONCONTRACTS MANAGEMENT BRANCHCONTRACTS MANAGEMENT BRANCHSubmitted bySubmitted byC.L. Williams Consulting, Inc.4720 W. Maverick Lane, Suite #103Lakeside, Arizona 85929C.L. Williams Consulting, Inc.4720 W. Maverick Lane, Suite #103Lakeside, Arizona 85929May 16, 2003June 19, 2003

ITCP Concrete Plans

Fatality b.html

Participating FACE States

Example Fatality CasesCase 1:45-year-old boom truck driver runover by dump truck that was backingduring a repositioning maneuver.Case 2: 31-year-old worker run over byfront-end loader at the site of a crushingmachine.Case 3: 35-year-old laborer run over bydump truck at roadway resurfacingoperation.

Case 1Minnesota Face Program(MN9207)

Concrete Paving Operation LayoutPaverTurn-aroundTruck Line

Truck Queue RepositioningTurn-aroundNewTruckLastTruckXTruck Line

Case 2Minnesota FACE Program (98MN030)

Original Site Layout

Redesigned Site Layout

Case 3Two-lane County Road -- Four-lane StateHighway

FlaggerTruckRollerVictimVictim’s WorkAreaPavingMachineTwolaneCountyRoad

View from theStreet

View from Inside the CabBugShieldFanMirrorStickersAir Cleaner and DoorPost

Evaluating Roadway Construction WorkZone Interventions¾Highway paving operations (probably majorrecon or new const)¾Separated from traffic by more than conesand barrels¾Asphalt paving

¾¾¾¾¾Daytime operationControl and treatment sites beingpaved by different crewsRoom for research trailerThree weeks of paving at siteContractor and DOT cooperation

David E. FosbrokeNIOSHDivision of SafetyResearch Morgantown,WV(304) 285-6010dFosbroke@cdc.gov

Manual Light Bar Method. Dump Truck (Manufacturer and Model) Ford 880 GVW 54,000 lb Serial # V00131 Machine Dimensions 7' 10" wide 23' 2" long Operator Enclosure Closed ROPS Attachments None Other Information None Measurement Technique Physical. Blind Area Diagrams - Ford 880 Ground Construction Barrel Worker