Fundamentals Of Lubrication - Infineum Insight
Performance you can rely on.Fundamentals of lubricationInfineumInsight.com/Learn INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Introduction to Tribology INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.OutlineAt the end of this presentation you will be able to:– State what the word Tribology means– List the main regimes of lubrication and state theconditions under which each tends to occur– Understand our approach to lubricant performancetesting INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Tribology historyTribology is study of friction, wear and lubrication betweensurfaces sliding against each otherSource: WSJWhile direct application of tribology by Ancient Egyptians is well documented,Leonardo Da Vinci was the first to enunciate the laws of frictionThe word ‘Tribology’ came later and was first coined by David Tabor and PeterJost in 1964 INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Tribology solving real world problemsTribology is about understanding, analysing, predicting and controllinginteractions between moving surfaces INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Why does tribology matter?EnergySafetyEnvironment INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Reliability
Performance you can rely on.Multi-disciplinary aspect of tribologyo Rheologyo Fluids dynamico Stresso Deformationo alchemistry INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Materialscienceo Metallurgyo Coatingso Crystallographyo Fluids structure interactionso Surface chemistryo Thermochemistry
Performance you can rely on.Stribeck curve and lubrication regimes INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Stribeck curveStribeck curve is used to represent friction response of a tribologicalcontact across different lubrication regimesh/σ 11 h/σ 3Log INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Boundary lubricationh/σ 3Minimum film thickness (h)Coefficient of friction (µ)h/σ 1Viscosity x speedLoadMixed lubricationElastrohydrodynamicHydrodynamicσ compositesurface roughness
Performance you can rely on.Hydrodynamic lubrication (HD)The contact is designed such that their relative motion drags (or entrains)lubricant in between them, forcing the lubricant to high pressures of up to200 MPa (30,000 psi), large enough to support external loads.Lube oilsupply (2 6 bar)Pressurised filmcreating a 'lift' ofthe top surfaceBearingBearing loadLubricationgapOil FlowJournalMoving SurfaceOil film thickness typically 1 to 100μmMinimum oilfilm thickness INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Hydrodynamicoil film pressureprofile
Performance you can rely on.Hydrodynamic lubrication - examplesPlain journal bearings INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL)When all the loading is concentrated over a small contact area. High localised stresses cause elastic deformation of the surfaces An exponential rise in viscosity of the lubricant as it is squeezedthrough the contact Thin fluid film is formed due to surface deformation and viscosityincrease INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Oil film thickness typically 0.1 to 1μm
Performance you can rely on.EHL - examplesToyota 1HZ timing gearValve train – cam and lifter experience EHL at cam noseExample of a component experiencingelastohydrodynamic lubrication INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Mixed lubricationEnough film to separatemost of the rubbing surfacesSome contact between theasperities reacted filmOil film thickness typically 1 to 100 nm (roughness dependent) INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Boundary lubricationInsufficient film toseparate the surfacesTribo-reacted film on thecontacting asperitiesOil film thickness typically 20 to 100 nm (roughness dependent) INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Mixed and boundary lubrication examplesTop Dead Center (TDC)Piston rings experience all lubricationregimes as piston slides from TDC to BDCMixed/boundary to EHLBottom Dead Center (BDC) INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Applied tribology and key properties INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Functional Requirements of Lubricants Keep surfaces separate under all loads, temperaturesand speeds, thus minimising friction and wear. Act as a cooling fluid removing the heat produced byfriction or from external sources Remain adequately stable in order to guaranteeconstant behavior over the forecasted useful life Protect surfaces from the attack of aggressiveproducts formed during operation Fulfil detersive and dispersive functions in order toremove residue and debris that may form duringoperation INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Parameters to consider in tribology Material– Roughness– Metallurgy– Hardness Fluid properties– Viscosity– Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian– Pressure viscosity coefficient Contact conditions– Pressure– Temperature– Rubbing part entrainment speed Surface active additives INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Material properties - examplesRoughnessReal exampleof top ringroughnessdiscrepancyMetallurgyChilledcast ironGrey cast iron INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Hardness
Performance you can rely on.Fluids Properties - Viscosity Dynamic viscosity: resistance to shearing flow Kinematic viscosity: flow response to gravity𝑁𝜂 𝜗 𝜂 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ��𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦Viscosity Index: VI is an empirical parameter that compares kinematicviscosity of a given oil to the viscosities of two reference oils that haveappreciable difference in sensitivity of viscosity to temperature.Kinematic Viscosity, mm2/s 𝜏 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑚2 )[Pa.s]𝛾 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑠 1 )300250VI 65200150100500VI 2503040 INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.50607080Temperature, C90100110[𝑚2 /𝑠]
Performance you can rely on.Fluids Properties – High pressure Viscosity pressure relationship: lubricant viscosity increases withpressure and this effect is generally greater than the effect of temperature.– Barus equation is most commonly used to show the relationship:𝜂𝑝 𝜂0 𝑒 𝛼𝑝𝜂𝑝 viscosity at pressure ‘p’ [Pa.s]𝜂0 viscosity at atmospheric pressure [Pa.s]𝛼 is the pressure viscosity coefficient [m2/N] INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Physical Properties of LubricantsViscosity-shear rate relationship: Almost all lubricants behave as nonNewtonian under high shear rates ( 106 s-1 and above), i.e., shear stressand shear rate are not directly proportional– Pseudoplastic behavior: during the shearing process the randomly orientedlong molecules tend to align resulting in reduction in apparent viscosity. This isalso referred to as shear thinning.– Thixotropic behavior: is associated with a loss of consistency of the fluid as theduration of shear increases. This is also known as shear duration thinning.Thixotropic behaviorNewtonianShear rate INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Shear ratePseudoplastic behaviorViscosity Shear stress
Performance you can rely on.Tribology and Infineum INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Why study friction and wear in an engine? Combustion engine contains many moving metal parts Movement between parts can lead to surfaces wearingaway Affect durability Certain engines are more prone to wear As such these troublesome engines tend to be used forthe qualification of a formulated oil INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Tribology of an internal combustion engineCamshaftValvesTappetPistonConrodCrankshaft INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Big end bearing
Performance you can rely on.Levels of tribo-testing Level A. Vehicle on- and/or off-road testsLevel B. Full-size dynamometer test stand (entire vehicle)Level C. Full-scale engine tests (engine test cells)Level D. Sub-assembly tests (full-scale mating parts)Level E. Coupon tests (sub-scale tests, part sections or simplecoupons) The complexity and the cost of testing goes up as the testing movesfrom Level E to Level A Control of operating variables and fundamental learnings increaseas the testing moves from Level A to Level E INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Factors determining design of a tribo-testDesigning a tribo-test a correlate performance of materials (metalsand/or lubricants) across various levels of testing requiresconsideration of several factorsMechanical factorsMaterial factorssurface geometry, design,relative motion, contact stress,vibrationscomposition, processing,surface treatmentsThermal factorslubricant chemistry, tribochemistry, oxidation, corrosionheat generation anddissipation rateThird bodieswear debris, contaminants INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Chemical factorsLubrication factorslubrication regime, fluid flow,film thickness
Performance you can rely on.Bench test rigs (Level E)Examples of Level E tribo-testingSRV-5 reciprocating test rig INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.Block-on-ring test rig
Performance you can rely on.Sub-system testing (Level D)Examples of sub-assembly test rigsValve-train test rigs developed by Infineum used for formulationdevelopment and fundamental understanding INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Engine testing (Level C)Examples of engine test installation used for evaluation andvalidation of lubricant performance INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Vehicle testing (Level B)Examples of vehicle testing on a dynamometer to evaluate lubricant performance inreal driving condition in a very control and repeatable environment INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Vehicle testing (Level A)Examples of field testing to validate lubricant performance in a veryvariable but representative of the end-user utilisation environment INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Surface examination tools5x to 100x INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.25x to1000x
Performance you can rely on.Surface examination tools: Optical interferometer Zemetrics Ze-scope 5x to 50x objective Max field of view 3.35mm x 2.58mm 1nm vertical resolution HD imaging camera Fully motorised Greater vertical resolutionExample – HD resolution measurement of a linerhoning marks (HDD engine) INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.Surface examination tools: Scanning electronmicroscopeRange of magnification: 10x – 1000,000x INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.SummaryThis presentation should have helped you to understandmore about:– What Tribology is and how we use it in developingnew lubricants– The main lubrication regimes and conditions underwhich they occur– Different levels of tribo-testing– Understand our approach to lubricant performancetesting and surface analysis techniques INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved.
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Tribology is study of friction, wear and lubrication between surfaces sliding against each other While direct application of tribology by Ancient Egyptians is well documented, Leonardo Da Vinci was the first to enunciate the laws of friction The word ‘Tribology’ came later and was first coined by David Tabor and Peter Jost in 1964
Infineum Marine Fuel Quality Survey 2016 - Introduction There are two basic types of marine fuels - distillate and residual. Distillate fuel, also known as MGO, is composed of petroleum fractions that are separated from crude oil in a refinery with a 'distillation' process.
and an LCD unit. The oil mist lubrication sensor IP receives data input from eight oil mist lubrication sensors. The communication IP transmits oil mist lubrication sensor data and pump control data to the master computer. C. Oil Mist Lubrication Sensor . In An ATMEGA8 [6] was used as a processor for the oil mist lubrication sensor.Author: Cheol-Hong Moon
protect against bearing contamination or lubrication loss. Yoke Roller Lubrication Hole with Annular groove McGill CAMROL Yoke roller bearings include a lubrication hole to provide a passage for lubrication to the rolling elements from the yoke roller bore. The customer supplied shaft must provide axial lubrication path to supply bearing.
Notes on lubrication All specifications on lubrication are based on experimental values and field experience are recommendations by Bosch Rexroth. The service life of the ball rail system crucially depends on the lubrication. For this purpose, the documentation, especially the chapter on lubrication, must be read and understood completely.
4 Buy a Robot and Save America 2 shifts per day material handling for 20 years (80,000 hours) 30 Kg Size – 5.4 kVA rating Electric rates 0.11 KwH 0.594 cents per hour Maintenance Costs for 80,000 hours 10,000 hour Lubrication – Lube 6 times Year 3 about 500 in lubrication costs Year 6 another 500 in Lubrication costs Year 9 another 500 in Lubrication costs
LubRicaTiOn funDaMenTaLS Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor This primer will help you understand the basics—and prepare for the CLS exam. . Plain Sleeve Bearings In addition to these designs, there are also plain spherical bearings and plain angular contact bearings.
Introduction Safety Moment What a Lubricant is Expected to do What is Friction (causes) Lubrication Regimens Lubrication Intervals One Minute Inspections. Mike Hitchcock, CLS, OMA-1 Engineer 719-338-8436 mhitchcock@acornpetroleuminc.com Certified Lubrication Specialist (STLE)
Abstract . The aim of this paper is to build on the Pragmatic Stochastic Reserving Working Party’s first paper (Carrato, et al., 2016) and present an overview of stochastic reserving used with a one-year view of
