Prenatal Care Guideline Prenatal Care - Michigan Medicine
Quality DepartmentGuidelines for Clinical CareAmbulatoryPrenatal CarePrenatal Care GuidelineTeamTeam LeaderPatient population: Women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and their fetuses.Mark C. Chames, MDObstetrics / GynecologyObjectives: (1) Promote maternal and infant health.Team MembersJoanne M. Bailey, CNM,PhDObstetrics / GynecologyGrant M. Greenberg, MD,MA, MHSAFamily MedicineR. Van Harrison, PhDMedical EducationJocelyn H. Schiller, MDPediatricsConsultantChrista B. Williams, MDFamily MedicineInitial ReleaseDecember 2013Interim/Minor RevisionOctober 2015January 2019UMHS GuidelinesOversight TeamKarl T. Rew, MDR. Van Harrison, PhDLiterature search serviceTaubman Health SciencesLibraryFor more r/clinical-care-guidelines Regents of theUniversity of MichiganThese guidelines should not beconstrued as including all propermethods of care or excludingother acceptable methods of carereasonably directed to obtainingthe same results. The ultimatejudgment regarding any specificclinical procedure or treatmentmust be made by the physician inlight of the circumstancespresented by the patient.Key Points:(2) Reduce maternal mortality and morbidity and fetal loss.(3) Reduce preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, andfailure to thrive.Prenatal care summary. Table 1 summarizes the main aspects of prenatal care from preconceptionthrough delivery (history and examination; testing and treatment; education and planning).Fetal surveillance. Table 2 shows the common indications for antepartum fetal surveillance withnonstress testing and amniotic fluid index (AFI), the gestational ages at which to initiate testing, andthe frequency of testing.Referral. Table 3 summarizes the indications for referral.Important care aspects:Assess risk factors. For all women, perform a history and physical that includes a risk assessment with agoal of identifying risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome [I-D]. Review the patient’s medicalhistory and any prior pregnancy and delivery records. Clearly document risk factors and add them tothe patient’s problem list.-Screen for tuberculosis in pregnant women at high risk for TB.-Refer hepatitis B carriers to hepatology due to their long term risk for cancer and cirrhosis.-Screen all patients for depression during the third trimester.-Provide contraceptive counseling during the third trimester teaching.-Review future chronic disease risks with patients during pregnancy and at the postpartum visit.Progesterone therapy. Progesterone should be offered to patients who have a history of prior spontaneouspreterm birth or who are found to have a shortened cervix on ultrasound [I-A].STI testing. Test all women for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Patients at risk for STIsduring pregnancy should be retested in the third trimester [I-A].Estimated date of delivery (EDD). Establish a patient’s EDD prior to 20 weeks, with consideration givento menstrual history, mode of conception, and sonographic findings using standardized criteria (seepage 14) [I-C].Tdap vaccination. Offer Tdap vaccination to all women. Administering Tdap at 27-36 weeks facilitatespassive pertussis immunization of newborns [I-D], and administering it around 32 weeks mayoptimize maternal antibody formation peaking at normal time of delivery.No non-medically-indicated delivery 39 weeks. Non-medically-indicated planned delivery before 39weeks’ gestation is contraindicated [III-B].* Strength of recommendation:I generally should be performed; II may be reasonable to perform; III generally should not be performed.Level of evidence supporting a diagnostic method or an intervention:A randomized controlled trials; B controlled trials, no randomization; C observational trials; D opinion of expert panelClinical BackgroundManagement IssuesWomen who receive prenatal care during the first (1) Early and continuing risk assessmenttrimester have better pregnancy outcomes than (2) Health promotionwomen who have little or no prenatal care. Expert (3) Medical and psychosocial interventions andfollow-uppanels on the content of prenatal care haveEachofthese three components is reflected in thisidentified the following three basic components:guideline. (Continued on page 5)1
Table 1. Guidelines for Prenatal Care*GestationalAgeHistory and ExaminationPreconception Medical history including menstrual,sexual, immunization, infectious- 12 weeksexposure and riskObstetrical historyFamily and genetic historyPsychosocial history includingtobacco, alcohol, drugs,employment, and nutritionDepression screenIntimate partner violence (IPV)screenCurrent pregnancy symptomsComplete physical exam includingheight, weight, BMI, bloodpressure, and pelvic examination †Testing and TreatmentEducation and PlanningBlood type and Antibody ScreenHemoglobin / Hematocrit / PlateletcountRubella titer (vaccinate beforeconception †)Hepatitis B Surface AntigenHIVSTI screening (Gonorrhea,Chlamydia, Syphilis)Urine culture at first prenatal visitCervical cancer screening †Cystic fibrosis (CF) carrierscreeningScreening for spinal muscularatrophy (SMA)Hemoglobin electrophoresis †Other genetic screening (TaySachs, etc.) †Diabetes testing †Varicella titer (vaccinate beforeconception) †Hepatitis C testing †Tuberculosis testing †Aneuploidy screening†Influenza vaccination †Counsel on significant positivefindings elicited by history,physical, or test resultsReview test results if availableReview dating criteria †Screen for aneuploidyDiscuss:-Nutrition in pregnancy (includingrecommendations for folate andcalcium, and cautions regardingmercury in fish and pathogens inuncooked or unpasteurized foods)-Weight gain in pregnancy-Work related exposures or risks-Recent or planned travel withregard to Zika and other infectiousdisease risks or exposures-Breastfeeding-VBAC/TOLAC †Provide obesity counseling †Refer for genetic counseling †Refer to a high-risk provider †12-16 weeksCurrent pregnancy symptomsInterim medical, psychosocial, andnutritional evaluationWeight and blood pressureFetal heart rateAneuploidy screen †Diabetes screening at 12 weeks †Influenza vaccination †Review test resultsDiscuss:-Physical changes-Safe sex and sexuality duringpregnancy-Exercise and fitness duringpregnancy-Managing work during pregnancy-Seatbelt use in pregnancy16-22 weeksCurrent pregnancy symptomsInterim medical, psychosocial, andnutritional evaluationWeight and blood pressureFetal assessment including fetal heartrate and growthUltrasoundProgesterone for prevention ofrecurrent preterm birth †Influenza vaccination †Review test resultsReview dating criteriaDiscuss-Signs of complications, includingpreterm labor and preeclampsia-Childbirth classes-Common discomforts inpregnancy-Emotional changes in pregnancy-Trauma protocol in pregnancyProvide directions to the BirthCenter2UMHS Prenatal Care Guideline, September 2018
Table 1. Guidelines for Prenatal Care* (Continued)GestationalAgeHistory and ExaminationTesting and TreatmentPlanning and Education22-28 weeksCurrent pregnancy symptomsInterim medical, psychosocial, andnutritional evaluationWeight and blood pressureFetal assessment including fetal heartrate and growthDiabetes screening at 24-28 weeksHemoglobin / Hematocrit / Plateletcount at 24-28 weeks †Antibody Screen at 24-28 weeks inRh negative women †Influenza vaccination †Review test resultsDiscuss:-Signs of complications includingpreterm labor and preeclampsia-Parenting, infant classes-Breastfeeding classes-Contraception and familyplanning-Family adjustment-Work plans-Diet and nutrition in pregnancy-VBAC/TOLAC †28-34 weeksCurrent pregnancy symptomsInterim medical, psychosocial, andnutritional evaluationDepression screenIPV screenWeight and blood pressureFetal assessment including fetal heartrate and growthTdap vaccination at 27-36 weeksRhoD Immune Globulin (Rhogam)given at 28-29 weeks in Rhnegative women †Influenza vaccination †Nonstress testing after 32 weeks †Review test resultsDiscuss fetal movement monitoringProvide anticipatory guidanceregarding labor and deliveryDiscuss contraception and familyplanningIdentify a newborn care providerProvide car seat information34-38 weeksCurrent pregnancy symptomsInterim medical, psychosocial, andnutritional evaluationWeight and blood pressureFetal assessment including fetal heartrate, growth, and lie (use ofultrasound to document lie isindicated if uncertain by Leopold'smaneuvers or sterile vaginal exam)Anogenital culture for Group BStreptococcus (GBS) at 35-37weeks (unless already GBSpositive in urine during currentpregnancy or prior history of aGBS-affected infant)Nonstress testing †HIV and STI screening(Gonorrhea, Chlamydia,Syphilis) repeated in high-riskpatients †Acyclovir for women with HSV †Influenza vaccination †Review test resultsReview signs of laborDiscuss:-Infant safety after birth-Caring for self and infant afterdelivery-Parenting issues including returnto work, breastmilk collection andstorage, childcare38 weeks deliveryCurrent pregnancy symptomsInterim medical, psychosocial, andnutritional evaluationWeight and blood pressureFetal assessment including fetal heartrate, growth, and lieOffer membrane sweepingDelivery by 41-42 weeks (electivedelivery prior to 39 weeks iscontraindicated)Nonstress testing †Influenza vaccination †Review test resultsReview dating criteriaReview signs of laborInfluenza vaccination †MMR and varicella vaccinations †Cervical cancer screening †Diabetes test †Discuss:-Contraceptive initiation-Future pregnancy planning†-Future chronic disease risk†-Healthy lifestylePostpartum Blood pressureDepression screenvisit (at 4to 8 weeks) IPV screenBreastfeedingBleedingLaceration healingPelvic floor recovery* The items listed comprise a broad list of general topics to be covered, and may be based on evidence of varying quality, includingexpert opinion. Some topics may not be relevant for some individuals, while some clinical scenarios may prompt additional evaluationor education that is not listed here. Emphasize items that are most relevant for your patient.† These items should be performed when indicated by the clinical scenario.3UMHS Prenatal Care Guideline, September 2018
Table 2. Common Indications for Fetal Surveillance with Nonstress Test and Amniotic Fluid IndexDiagnosisAdvanced maternal age ( 35 years at delivery)Amniotic fluid volume and amniotic fluid index (AFI)Mildly decreased (AFI 8 cm)Oligohydramnios (AFI 5 cm)Cholestasis of PregnancyDiabetesGestational, diet controlledGestational, requiring medicationPregestationalFetal Growth RestrictionFetal weight 6th to 10th percentile, normal DopplerstudiesFetal weight 5th percentile or abnormal DopplerstudiesHypertensionChronic, not requiring medicationChronic, requiring medicationGestationalPreeclampsiaObesity, BMI 40Post-dates (past 40 weeks) pregnancyPrevious Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)Gestational Age toInitiate Testing36 weeksFrequency of Testing(NST and AFI)Once a weekTime of diagnosisTime of diagnosis32 weeksOnce a weekPer high-risk providerTwice a week (AFI once a week)40 weeks32 weeks32 weeksOnce a weekTwice a week (AFI once a week)Twice a week (AFI once a week)Time of diagnosisOnce a weekTime of diagnosisPer high-risk provider32 weeks32 weeksTime of diagnosisTime of diagnosis36 weeksOnce a weekTwice a week (AFI once a week)Twice a week (AFI once a week)Twice a week (AFI once a week)Once a week41 weeks42 weeksTwo weeks prior toearliest IUFDTwice a weekEvery other dayTwice a week (AFI once a week)Note: These guidelines may be based on data of variable quality, and in some cases represent expert opinion. This list isnot intended to be comprehensive, as numerous other indications for testing are accepted in complicated pregnancies.4UMHS Prenatal Care Guideline, September 2018
Table 3. Selected Indications for Consultation and/or Referral to High-Risk Pregnancy CareMedical ComplicationsCarcinomaGestational diabetes mellitus requiring medicationPregestational diabetes mellitus (with or without need for medication)Severe chronic medical diseaseThrombocytopenia, moderate or severePast OB/Gyn HistoryPrevious fetal or neonatal demise with continuing causePrevious major operations to the uterus and cervix, including classical (vertical incision) cesarean delivery,cerclage, resection of uterine septum, fibroid removal or myomectomy (but not including LTCS)Prior preterm birth 34 weeksRecurrent spontaneous abortion (3 or more)Current Pregnancy ComplicationsDocumented serious fetal anomaly (eg, diaphragmatic hernia)Hyperemesis unresponsive to outpatient therapyAlloimmunizationMultiple gestationSecond- or third-trimester fetal demisePreeclampsia with severe features or eclampsiaShortened cervix 20 mm identified on ultrasoundThird trimester bleeding due to placenta previa or placental abruptionVasa previaRationale for Recommendations Cultural sensitivityPreconception CareWhen to Deliver CarePreconception VisitEvidence is limited as to what represents an adequate numberof prenatal care visits. Studies have shown that some prenatalcare is better than no prenatal care, and that a visit during thefirst trimester is especially important. This guideline presentsa chronological sequence of prenatal care that is based onscientific evidence, recommendations of the US PublicHealth Service, clinical judgment regarding effectiveness ofidentifying and modifying risk, and the success of medicaland psychosocial interventions.A preconception visit is recommended for all womenplanning to become pregnant in order to minimize risk beforepregnancy. Elements of care are summarized in Table 1 anddetailed below. When a patient expresses a desire forpregnancy, consider the following: History: Perform and document maternal medical historyand risk assessment. Physical exam: Perform and document a completephysical examination. Laboratory tests: Assess infectious disease risk and immunizationstatus for rubella, tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B,varicella, herpes, hepatitis C, and Zika. Vaccinate asindicated (eg, if rubella titer is negative, then providepreconception vaccination and advise that pregnancyshould be avoided for 4 weeks). Perform the tests recommended in Table 1. Type andscreen, HIV, Hepatitis B, RPR, gonorrhea andchlamydia should be retested in pregnancy. Genetic counseling: Offer screening to couples for cysticfibrosis carrier status and for spinal muscular atrophy.Provide genetic counseling and testing as indicated basedThe sequence of prenatal care, including History,Examination, Testing, Treatment, Planning, and Education issummarized in Table 1.Detailed recommendations and the rationale for care areorganized into four major time frames: Preconception care Prenatal visits Delivery planning Postpartum assessmentThese divisions are followed by additional sections on topicsthat may be relevant at any time: Indications for referral to a high-risk provider5UMHS Prenatal Care Guideline, September 2018
on family history and race/ethnicity probabilities (eg,sickle cell, Tay-Sachs).least 15 minutes. A group model of prenatal care is also anacceptable alternative to individual appointments.History Health promotion: Encouragehealthybehaviors(eg,weightmanagement, exercise, folate supplementation) Discuss risk factor reduction: smoking, alcohol,substance use, and environmental exposures. Review fetal health risks (eg, optimal blood sugarcontrol in patients with diabetes). Counsel patients that Zika virus infection duringpregnancy can cause serious birth defects. Zikainfection is mainly caused by a bite from a mosquitoinfected with Zika, but can also occur through sexwith a person infected with Zika. Pregnant womenshould not travel to areas with documented or likelyZika virus transmission. Couples should wait 3months after possible Zika exposure before trying forpregnancy.Taking and documenting a thorough history is recommendedat the first pregnancy visit if a preconception visit has nottaken place. Review the patient’s medical history and anyprior pregnancy and delivery records. Clearly document allrisk factors in the visit note and add them to the patient’sproblem list. Key elements of the history are identified inTable 1, including:Tobacco use/avoidance. Screening for tobacco use isrecommended at the initial visit. Tobacco use duringpregnancy has well known risks including miscarriage,placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, pretermdelivery, and sudden infant death syndrome. Cessation oftobacco use is highly recommended. The UMHS clinicalguideline “Tobacco Treatment” provides information onassisting patients to quit tobacco use. Non-pharmacologicalmeasures are addressed. Nicotine gum, lozenges, and patchescan be considered; while use of these during pregnancy hasbeen associated with low birth weight, the risk of tobacco useitself is still greater. Electronic cigarettes should not berecommended or endorsed for smoking cessation.Overlap of Preconception and Prenatal CareGiven that half of all pregnancies are unplanned, in mostcases a preconception visit will not have taken place, so allof the content of the preconception visit must be addressedat the first prenatal visit. This limits the opportunity forprimary prevention (eg, some vaccinations will no longer befeasible). The elements of preconception visits are discussedin more detail below in the section on prenatal visits.Alcohol and substance use/abuse. Alcohol is a knownteratogen, and use of alcohol in pregnancy incurs a risk forfetal alcohol syndrome. Similarly, use of narcotics and othercontrolled or illicit substances can adversely affect fetal wellbeing. Screen all patients for alcohol and substance use at theinitial visit by asking the Four P’s (Table 4). These are easyto employ and are potentially effective in detecting problemswith substance or alcohol use.Prenatal VisitsGeneral consideration of the initial prenatal visit andfrequency of visits is followed by information on eachcategory of care to be provided during prenatal visits:history, physical examination, laboratory and other tests, andhealth promotion and education. Within each category,specific aspects of care are listed in the general chronologicsequence in which they are performed, with the timing forspecific care activities noted in italics.Table 4. Alcohol and Drug Use Screening QuestionsThe Four P’s. Yes on 1 indicates potential risk.1. Have you ever used drugs or alcohol during thisPregnancy?2. Have you had a problem with drugs or alcohol in thePast?3. Does your Partner have a problem with drugs oralcohol?Initial Prenatal Visit and Visit FrequencyInitial prenatal visit. We recommend that the initialencounter of the pregnancy should consist of an intake visitat 6-8 weeks, followed by an office visit at 8-12 weeks.4. Do you consider one of your Parents to be an addict oralcoholic?Frequency of visits. For average risk women visits shouldoccur: Every 4-6 weeks through 34 weeks’ gestation Every 2 weeks through 37 weeks’ gestation Every week after 38 weeks’ gestationPatients who screen positive using a standardizedmethodology should be further evaluated. Consider referralto a trained alcohol or substance abuse counselor or programas well as consultation with a high-risk provider.For patients requiring additional surveillance, visit frequencycan be tailored individually.Depression. Depression is common in women ofchildbearing age and during pregnancy. Identifying andtreating depression can benefit both the mother in terms ofsocial function during pregnancy and the fetus by decreasingrisk for preterm birth and low birth weight.Prenatal care visits should be allotted enough time tofacilitate maternal and fetal health assessment as well asoffer education and anticipatory guidance; we suggest at6UMHS Prenatal Care Guideline, September 2018
medication beginning at 36 weeks’ gestation has been shownto reduce the rate of cesarean delivery, although it has nobenefit in
a chronological sequence of prenatal care that is based on scientific evidence, recommendations of the US Public Health Service, clinical judgment regarding effectiveness of identifying and modifying risk, and the success of medical and psychosocial interventions. The sequence of prenatal care, including History,
This booklet explains prenatal screening offered through the California Prenatal Screening Program. Prenatal screening is a way to check on your fetus during pregnancy for birth defects. You decide if you want prenatal screening. Your prenatal care provider should discuss this information and your choice with you early in your pregnancy.
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Basic Prenatal Yoga Sequence By Kim MacDonald-Heilandt and Shannon Crow both Certified Prenatal Yoga Teachers and cofounders of the MamaNurture 100-hour prenatal yoga teacher training. _ This is the most common "take-home" flow that we give to prenatal students. The poses are ones that we use often within class.
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prenatal yoga correlated to mindfulness and prenatal mother-fetus attachment. The . 5 information was gathered through quantitative surveys and a focus group. The surveys were administered longitudinally at three different periods throughout the 10 week program. There is limited information about mindfulness based prenatal yoga in
Prenatal genetic testing is a personal decision. No one can tell you how to choose the best option for YOU. But the risks and benefits of each prenatal testing option can, and should, be easy to understand. We firmly believe this--it's why we wrote this e-book. We want to help new parents understand prenatal genetic testing, to help them parse
researchers agree that something important is missing from modern AIs (e.g., Hofs-tadter 2006). While this subfield of Artificial Intelligence is only just coalescing, “Artificial Gen-eral Intelligence” (hereafter, AGI) is the emerging term of art used to denote “real” AI (see, e.g., the edited volume Goertzel and Pennachin [2007]). As .
