On The Writing Of The Insane : With Illustrations
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ON THEWRITING OF THE INSANE,PFITH ILLUSTRATIONS.(}.MACKENZIE BACON,M.D.,Medical Stiperiniendent of the Cambridgeshire County Asylum.'An experienceof wasted energiesandbaffled thoughts."LotlioJlf.LONDON:JOHN CHURCHILL ANDNEW BURLINGTON1870.SONS,STREET.
[G. p.bacon, LEWES.]
PREFACE.Thefollowing pages are intended merely to furnish illustra and not to support anytions of the writing of the insane,particular views.Thesubject of insanityone thatisfrom the observation of themedical profession, andIit isthink that any simplespecialitymust have apublic,isorpractically excludedForso of necessity.recital of factsbulk of theof thethis reasonconnected with thiscertain value, even if not leading todirect practical issue.Ithas beenmyendeavour to place be-fore the reader a series of pictures of insane minds,by themselves, anditisfrom the study of them.ofsomeyears'mements, andIthattoIpainteddraw what lessons he mayLooking back myself, with thewhowrote theaidthe insane, on theletters Ihave given,itcan recognise each case in these docu-hope, therefore, that othersuseful impressionsfromto speak for themselves,withhimfamiliar experience ofhistories of the patientsseems toforanytheir perusal.andImany comments. TheremayThederivecases aresomemeanthave avoided encumbering themisnoparticular novelty in them.
thoughIampublished,toanynot aware that any suchand thereiscannot find that anyonelay claimelsehas be-to the alteration the handwriting under-goes in this disease, andfirstIthe diagnostic value of the handwritingIfore called attentiondemandhas been beforeonly one point on whichoriginality, viz.in general paralysis.seriesitstrikesmeas so distinctive as toconsideration in the observation of such cases.Inoticed this subject in a few remarks in the Lancet of Julya4th, 1869, in which paper the figures in Plate IV. appeared.In thefirstplaceand exhibitedroomithad the writing photographed onIglass,with an ordinary magic lantern in a darkto the medicalstudents of the University.Bythisplan the irregularities in the writing, being magnified, showmoreclearlystill.Ihave no wish to attribute undue im-portance to this matter;butitseems tomeof some valuein the early stages of a disease so difficult to recognise at thatperiod.Withjudgment ofthese explanationsothers.County Asylum,Fulhourji, near Cambridge.Ileave the matter to the
0 THE WRITIM OF THEOf the three modeshuman beings possess,lastcommunicatingoftelling,isleast notice.more connectedscientific investigation;mind with fortune-superstition or deception,yet thereismuchto learnthe study of even such a common-place phenomenon.of writing,when oncethatideasIndeed, the study ofin one sand other forms of popularthan withtheirspeech, gesture, and writing, theviz.,one has received thehand-writingIMMKbyThe actthe habit has been acquired, seems soeasy as to be almost intuitive, andcombinations are necessary toset inweare apt to forgetwhatmotion the pen which runsand what complicated processes aresimple an act.Without dwelling on theso glibly over the paper,involved insomechanism of the hand,itthe other requisites for thiswillbe enough tomodetocallof expression.mental conception, then the volitional impulse andmindFirst,itsmission along the proper track, and then the muscularthetranseffort.All this implies a brain capable of originating the idea, and asound nervous system to carryitout:and anyfailureone or the other mars the execution of the purpose.instance, certainchanges in the brain wouldalter thein theFormodesof expression, showing an incoherency or perversion of idea,or disease intrack might debar a person fromformed and substitute another, orthe nervousexpressing the ideareallycertain muscular defectsmight impair the execution of the
making thepurpose So much&c. nyreflection,written words shaky or badly formed,self-evident toisany one giving the subjectand these considerations tend to show that themaywriting of a persondeserve a two-fold studypoint of view the writing may, then, havevalue,—as to theFrommethod of execution.subject-matter, and theeitherpsychologicalitswhether a person be sane or insane, and serve as anMostindication of character, of health, or of disease.far better interpreters ofitpeoplethough some areare sensible of the force of this indication,than others. Writingof course,is,the direct reflection of a person s mind, except in cases wheretherea deliberate purpose to mislead or conceal, and fromispermanenceitsissometimes more valuable than the fleetingimpression produced by actions or spoken language.Mypresentobjectismerely to speak of the value of thestudy of the writing of the insane, and that in a two-foldthe subject-matter and theaspect; viz.,isconveyed, thatThereisinwhichclass,amountand require to be approached with alivearesupportedand caution,of suspiciontheir motives or evenwhoin order tobyfathomdiscover their weaknesses; but thoseamongst the insane know well howThefacts.vastlittlesuch notionsmajority of the insane,what way theyindeed, are unconscious indifferfrom theof the world, and have, therefore, nothing to conceal.ofthem indeed would bedeception.devices,ita popular notion that the insane are a very wilyand cunningcertainmannerto say, the hand-writing.isStill,there arewhen theywords and concealable to carry outwillsome whowillrestFewany system ofresort tosuchput a certain constraint on theirtheir real thoughts;but thisisa difficultpart to play, and one that they seldom perform with success.Indeed, most of suchpositionbypatientsescape from thisrelieving their feelings in writing,unnaturaland then the
Drydenproductions of their pen have an unusual value.relates ofNathaniel Lee that thesome badlatter, in reply towho observed that it was very easy to write like a" It is very difficult tomadman, made this shrewd remarkwrite like a madman, hut it is very easy to write like a fool."poet,:It isnot necessary thatI—' should here definethe insane/ wantas I only refer to a class recognised as such, and do noton any disputedto dwellsomewhere between theThecases.lineand insanesanepublic convenience, but such a boundaryvalue to medical men,and nervous systemsanideal standard ofwho havemust be drawnpurposes offormark has butas they are, withoutmuchintodividedassane and insane, more orlessreference toIndeed, themental health or capacity.habit of regarding societylittlelook at people's mindstotwo camps, theopposed to one another,isavery mischievous one, as well as being founded in error, forit isthosewho occupythe neutralthe physician to know,ticketed as insane.among women,cularlynervousunstablemore thanstillThereground thatisita large class of persons, parti-of limited mentalpower,concernsitdoes those alreadywhoseailmentsrelated to the condition called insanity,and ofcapacity,arevery closelyand who ought to bestudied clinically in that category; yet to call such peoplemadisposed of peoplesunk inpatientsiswill,indementia;easily recognisedmanyany large public Asylumwho have permanentor lessa goodTheto unsettle all existing systems of nomenclature.great majority of casesand without anycondition hardlydiffersand the mentaland definedothers of feeblespecialdelusions,;iscom-or aremorestate ofsuchbut there are alwaysmind and withlittlepowerperversion of intellect,from the''orwhosenervous' and hysterical orsusceptible people that exist free in the world.This inter-mediate class deserves especial study, and forms, asitwere.
mentala connecting link between those of vigoroushealthand those whose minds are obviously off the line. But suchare just the persons who are the most wearisome patients,Theand who feed the numerous forms of quackery.wayto understand such casesof a permanentAttreatment.and not objectsstate,allto think ofisthemproperas victimsfor pharmaceuticalmore aggra-events, the experience of thevated forms of such a state, as seen in the insane, throws theonbest lightThisIistheir interpretation.well illustratedby the following extract from afrom theof areceivedsisterman who wasletterconvalescing froman attack of mania, and wrote to her saying that he wishedThisto see her.hadyearshe was;manhad been on good terms with her, butwanderingled aand had not seen herlife,and wrote her aquiet,In replysensible letter.she excused herself from doing anything for him, sayingprincipal reason beingIfrom extreme nervoussufferdailymy ownmywhichdebility,severallife (ormybut an interview withitmaywhich rendersImymeneminent medicalworse,myitcannecessary.reason)unfortunate brother.everifIIprayIthadGodbe averted, for only the reading of his letter has com-pletely prostrated me.'' " thelamentable state of health.and are willing to confirm, should you thinkwould endanger—no one but myself can form theduties a trial thatfaintest idea of, butsomeformustanswer toleavemyittoThe inevitableP. S.wasas follows:your kind consideration to frame anpoor brother forme;it isnot inmypower toanswer him."This woman, married, and able to attend to her family,partly earned her living by teaching music,letter itthough from hermight be supposed she was incapable of any exertion.Now, sucha state of mindthan anythingelse,isand somemore nearlylight isallied to insanitythrown onitsnature
The mereby the fact of her brother being insane.insanitynot enoughistodeprive awriting usefully and serviceably asknown''lifeproved byfact ofpower ofmanywell-wrote theinterrupted three or four times bywork behind him which remainsattacks of insanity, butleftof considerable value,Cowper, the poet,aof theCruden, whoFor instance, A.cases.Concordance/-" had hisismantoo,another caseisin point.Clare, the peasant poet of Northamptonshire,J.sane formanyAsylum.Hedepict withCharlesI.,isexecutionaccuracy theofwhich he professed to have been an eye-ofhe was one oflife.and wrote very good verses while in themost minutethewould alsodescribe,innautical phrase,theand the death of Nelson, and used to saybattle of the Nilein hisin-had, at that time, various delusions, and wouldHewitness.years,washissailors,though he had never seen the seaThese instances show how, even when the mindpermanentlyaffected,mencanwriteon many subjectswithout giving signs of their infirmities.Itis,however, the exception for thosewhoare permanentlyinsane to be able to carry on any sustained labour in composition.Thelettersof the insane are worth studyreliable evidence—of the state of the patient sasthe mostmindfor thetime being ; they are a sort of involuntary photograph, andfor this reasonit isas to converse withIitoften useful tothem whenmakepatients write, as wellinvestigating cases of lunacy.propose to give a few examples of such compositions, andmayheadsbe convenient to consider them under the following:Asillustrating chronic insanity.2.Asillustratins;3.As(rarely) the sole evidence.1.acute attacks.
10As a sign of convalescence.As indicating an on-coming attack.As illustrating the phases of cases of ordinary mania.As showing the changes the handwriting undergoes in4'5.6.7.general paralysis.The(i)following letter was written by aunderseveral yearsHemyman who wasand had permanent delusions.care,workman, and quiet and well-behaved, butwas indignant at what he considered his unjust detention.Before admission to the Asylum, he went to the police towas askilfulcomplain of shrieks he thought he heard from aDuketime telegraphed to theafter ato his being placed under certificates.letter describing his arrest,hereaboutlast threeCatholics.months by a set ofThey are about 2they watchedmeladies oftenallover thelittledevilswhofeet 6 inches to;4they parade theIIthis place, IIsufferassure youit isexist.betray;erroneous tnis—would go to London andhave written thus toletifIcould gettellyou moreifyou know thatthey allow this After a time thisas delusions,ora factthe working classes will lose their libertytyranny tojmartyrdom from hunger andHowever fabulous.fiends.areand tortureappear to some,about theseHousethey attemptTheir Highnessesaway fromfieldshave heard screamsifthem.themselvesfeet in heightthese tyrannesses they stopaway fromSec.callthe Princesses of the Royalto getmayhe wrote ahave beenobliged to wander about these fields frequentlyfatigue."have been tyrannizedabout London and C.—after,Iadjoining this building day and night.fromSoonand went on to sayweeks, andsixandcellar,of Cambridge, which ledman foundout that his ideas were treatedand was chary of expressing them, but wouldthem when writing arecital of his hardships.Ionly
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IIquote this as a sample of a case of chronic mania andithasotherwise no special value.woman who wasIn another case afitto be at liberty wrote thus"am happyIbut one thingto say thatIthought by her friends:amin a sound state ofhave to state to you that theremindisseveralwicthes conceiled in this Asiliam , and dockter Backenknowsnothing aboutIIitthey have been playing on;—from my toe to—andknow toung canhave been heresuffered,,tellmyIhead.me everWhat Isincehavehave had a great deal of—money sent on here from Weymouth 50 millions thousandmore and a Hat Box and Box of clothes, and 4 Thousandpounds besides this, the Queen 50 million Pounds, and theThe woman that wrotewicked witch here have got \t," &c.this, I may add, had had two husbands, both of whom com-—;mitted suicide, andafter this two-foldmatrimony she became madcares ofIn caseslike thetwolast,diagnosisfrom theliberationherself.is easy,but no descripmindstion can convey so good an idea of the patients theirownasexpression of their thoughts.Plate I represents a portion of a letter written by a(2)The incoherency ofmanduring an attack of acute mania.idea,broken purpose, and want of consequence in the words,isshownin theodd scrawl and fantasticbetter picture of his mental state thancould.Thisletterwas addressedfigures.It givesany verbal description"To HerMajestiesHumble Hannah B., or Mrs. Benja., High St.,Clare, Suffolk C, East L.E.C. By Six Mile Bottom.to return unpaid.aMostIpswich,. This patient was admitted in a state of considerable excitement, and remained for two or three months talkative, unsettled,and incoherent, and with a good deal of emotionalexcitement.The aboveletterwas written duringthis stage.
12Bymonths he had got much calmer, and wasthe end of sixworkingand gotat his trade,better by keeping to a regularemployment.The(3)cases are rare inwhich patients give no evidencetheir insanity, except in writing, but theyhowever, thisthe case,isWhen do occur.only for a timeit isfor, as;of-the symp-toms get more confirmed, the mental perversion becomes moreintense,and masters the previous resolutionNotto conceal.mylong ago a woman, whose husband was undercare formental symptoms due to a blow on the head, called to see him,andwas asked to give an opinion as to herIdoneIn talking to her,lately.whatwrong withandIhad beentold, and, indeed,thoughher,Ialtered in appearance.ing letter from her" SinceThe next dayIhave made upthatIgracefully connected withanymanwillbut;whatmyIamcan todelusions,with her.To myletter,TcientI willright."set itreceived the follow-my mind—Igo toseesurpriseIas followsthatmyitthat he have hisIdis-These expressionsfew daysknowshownthen dowillreferred to herinconversationlater,entirely.asecond:sorry— why waswayscarcelyyou again soon, andreceived, aIS.can clear mvself, andhad not touched on themItonever was in anyShe could not, however, conceal themwas veryaffair, soItruly thankful for the kindnessI feelafter.butcould find nothingso completely stunned thatfeelpoor husband.all I"will believeIfrom her corrobora-thought her haggard, and anxious,mehope youand:saw youIsaidtook great care to avoid ex-Iciting her suspicions, but could get nothingtive ofhavingsanity,been furnished with an account of what she hadIwas not made acquainted withthispoor husband might have had foodnot stated topropermemeals, andin a rightwhatisway?suffi-Irequiredbegfor
3himnot right that he should be treated hkeit s:had no ideaafter thiswhat purposeforshe was placed in the Asylum andhad a notion that peopleand scandalizingisan earlyan opinionknowledge,Whenchurchinperiod ,but ofasa powerfuliswherecourse,under daily observation, and her sayings andcan be noticeddoingsfound sheIhertalki ng ofIn such case the writingaid in diagnosis atShortlyand interpreted everything she sawher directed at herself.the patientwereIthis.was taken there/'Idelusionsarebyabout her without herthosemuch moreisandactiveenterbeing so as to form a part of his dailyhe cannot conceal them long; heeasilymay doarrivedtheintoat.patient'sand thoughts,lifefrom the many,sobut in the end he chooses some confidant.knew a gentleman who was for many yearswho mixed daily with a numberIin a privateasylum, andwould confide to one of the proprietorshadwhoand whohis thoughts,positive delusions of a distressing character.I(4)wasof personsthe smallest degree, butwithout betraying himself inmentioned before that the character of the writingin addition,progress a patientshownisthatitoften serves tomaking towardsin the following letters,who was under mysixteen,andcases of acute mania,indicative of the stage inwould observe,recovery.Ishow theThisiswhich were written by awellgirlofcare last year for a rather sharpmonths beforeattack of acute mania, lasting eightentire re-covery.Thesion,first letterand wasuneducated"Mywas written aboutas follows, butfivemonthsafteradmis-badly spelt, &c., as she was:dear Father and Mother,you, hoping to find youpresent time, asIall—Iwrite these few lines toquite well, asam happyto sayititleavesleavesme.meat thisTellAunt
14M.Iwant a newdress for Sunday.not forget theshallIspree we had in the bed-roomwe must be sillywe was going to leave home for a few weeks, soto think that;mya good long letter fromIthinkwasIknow wherecameto seeMothermea few days back.fireburn sofellow-servants.and getforget thethemlove tome,I suppose, The next"Iandallwait table for Mr. B.,wantItoof us.Icatsgoup theMyto.loft.kindestTellleave off working;thinkI shallall friends.Iitisall well,you before becausecome home.Sister Mary toIThego to D. withsame yourself; you knowdidn't write toIIt is:asitwasIvery cold in themeplease to write totime to have awork to-morrow,letterso please givedid not think of seeingfrommykindAunt O.;was dead and buried," &c.was written two months before hersoin to see, shethird letterThereisa very nicedis-—charge from the Asylum, thus" I write these few lines,'' &c., &c.:cold.toshe wrote, to her parents also, was thisyou.comingoldme, uncle, for waitingand feed thereceive thebeforelove toand dear&c.lettertime.well,saddling ready for hunting, butwaiting to get well, tosummerJ.from B.write these few lines, hoping to find youleavesBrothermywhip and horse-rugall,tothehome andmeisIMaryTellwill forgivefor a ride in the dog-cart,Don tme whensisterI am so happy to seemy love to all myyou must not forget Mary and me.youmypetticoatGivefierce.of you, so you must gosquire at Hall,Tellhope heIexpecthe will write to me.did frightenthings, ashope youImywantIme mydear uncle to sendifbe glad to hear from her.I shallas well, &c.parlourYouam.Inot forget you.a-bed , so I shallwrite to me, fordear uncle,I shallfire' It isvery wet andhere this afternoon.been expecting some of you to seemeThavefor this last fortnight.
15Igo to the dance every time;amgetting quite well now,Theyagain.myallareallenjoy myself very much.II shallsoon bemevery kind tohere.fittoGivemylove tobrothers and sisters/ &c.Theseletters,though simple, deserveshowing the variationsin Yorkshire,and thementalin thebeen staying with an uncle,who wasfirst letter isconsideration,Thisstate.her uncle, and the details of herThe nexta great improvement, but theresomeisSuch a(5)series of lettersis stillletterin a case,Anisuseful, asandassistsanxiety to writeAandflightiness;showing the gradual im-one in forming an opiniononset of an attack.sentences.frequently the sign of an ap-mania, always takes to her pen at theShe writesup every corner of theunintelligible,iswoman, who has been some time undercare, for recurrentletters,paper, and,andcrosseswhen finished,and consist mostly of aisisas sane,fillssamesuperfluous for aconcerned, butituseful in convincing others, as loquacious females,no absurdthem,they are quiterepetition of theIn such a case the writingmedical man, so far as diagnosis(6)showsprogress.proaching attack.myvisit toquite sensible in tone.provementitshomethere, such as the stables,the cats, and the ride in the dog-cart.the lasthadgirla curious jumble oflifeasservant to a gentlemanimpressions and feelings, with reminiscences of heronIcome homemight bewho havedelusions, are very apt to be regarded by the publicand only injured and misunderstoodcreatures.In ordinary cases of mania the patients letters are oddand grotesque, exhibiting the same want of balance that theiractions do.These productions are of little value in diagnosis,but are curious illustrations of the topsy-tur\ condition ofthe writer's mind.case:This—The patient wasiswell illustratedin the following-a respectable artisan of considerable
i6and was sentintelligence to the CambridgeshireAsylum afterAs thisbeing nearly three years in a melancholy mood.passedofF he showed a good deal of pride and self-esteem,and gradually recovered,two years he spent much ofverses, at otherslongend of two years moreso that at thehe was able to be discharged.lettersDuring thehisgreater part of thesetime in writing— sometimesof the most rambling character, anddrawing extraordinary diagrams, of which the colouredintrations (the frontispiece and PlateTheystances.firstappear,maybeworkare not quite so incomprehensible as they atonformadeillus-III.) present striking in-closeAfter heout.at his trade, and,leftmanya goodinspectionideasAsylum he wentthetoby steady application, succeeded inbut some two orarriving at a certain degree of prosperity,three years later he began to write very strangely again, andhad some ofhisodd productions printed;yetall thistime hekept at work, earned plenty of money, conducted his businessvery sensibly, and would converse reasonably.Thisisone of thefrom a medicalin thiswaylettersman, whohe wrote atthis time, after a visithim from writingtried to dissuade:" Dear Doctor," tisTowrite or not to write, thatnobler inbourn with'the mindto follow thethe question.visitwhen he waswereso little prepared to receive him,here) that, as the Fatesdo honour to hisvisit.would haveand to evinceMyFulbourninstant seen, like a meteor's flash, a blank"Ful-'drapery togreetit,wemy humblestar,but anwhen gone.The dust of ages covering my little sanctumthe availableWhetherof the greatchronic melancholy expressions of regret (with-helddesire toisthe Doctor,parlour room,stowed awaythrough the midst of the regenerating (water and scrubbing—cleanliness next to godliness, politicalandspiritual)cleans-
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17ing of adimmed byTheworld.littlethe'GreatPhysicianwalked, be-dark ages/ the long passage of WesternEnterprise, leading to the curvatures of rising Eastern morn.The roundedconfiguration ofLunar(tics)garden's lives ano'ershadowment on Britannia's vortex/' &c.Thecoloured illustration facing the Title-pageof his strange productions.Itwould require noisanotherlittleinge-nuity to conceive, and perseverance to execute, such a dia-gram, and the curious feature in the caseis,such disordered ideas should concentrate hisfor suchan undertaking.that amanwithefforts sufficientlyHis industry in composition andthe odd illustrations by whichhe accompanied his writings,were marvellous, and on the wholewas a very extra-his caseordinary one.Thepieceand that forming the frontisdrawn on both sides of thesheet of paper, and the patient, as thoughillustration in Plate III.were,insame small halftheoriginal,makeanxious, in the exuberance of his fancy, touse of his opportunities, hadsurfaceOn——notto the very edgelooking atitPope's Essay on"althoughonefilledleaving anstrikinglyisatom of margin.reminded of thelinesinManA mighty maze but not without a plan,A wild, where weeds and flowers promiscuousitthe fullestup every morsel of the!mayshoot ;"not be easy to find the key to this plan,might have been, nor to distinguish which are thewhichthe flowers in so tangled a " wild."weeds andwhateverInitcourse of another year hethetroubles,which upset him a gooddrowning himself one dayhe wasinincoherent nonsense.hisleisuredomesticand he ended byin a public spot.was, that he could work well, andtion, whilehad somedeal,Thepeculiaritynot attract public atten-moments writingthe most
Another casehad underImycare recently,Thestrange peculiarities in this direction.showed somepatient had beenof unsteady habits, and reduced himself to poverty, and wassent to theAsylum withan army he hadownedbutsimile.and refusedwrote thelaterThatcommand.at hiswife,hisAfter a time he dis-communicatewhich Platewith her,a fac-II. isin printed capitals he called the Italian version,eleven months, but hisleft,andin capitals,Heit.recovered completely insymptoms underwentseveralthem.his letters varied withletter just referred to,wordtoofletterand the other the Key tobefore heandcertain delusions as to the Jews,changesAfter thehe wrote one with every second or thirdthe subject-matter being quite incoherent*Shortly afterwards he wrote two more, composed wholly ofunmeaning marks andation.andhisWhenstrokes, ofwhich he gave no explan-he approached recovery he wrote very sensiblyaffectionately to his wife,bad habits, and was alsoshowing genuine remorse forof good intentions which Ifullbelieve were carried out.Thecaseswhich the public cannot understand, and whichoften furnish sensational instances, are chiefly those in whichno obvious delusionssimple questionscorrectly,detained in an Asylum,has no''Whenexist.andmanymanatalk of his beinginsanity" about him, butsary to direct the actions, that heownthree years had underwell.Thepatientisthe while heallmayenergy thatisquite unfit toIbe soneces-managehave for thelastcare a case which illustrates thisa youngbrought up, and had someisin the world.myunjustlypeople are apt to say that hedeficient in will or self-control, or thehimself or hold hiscan answer a fewman wholittleproperty.has been respectablyHe hadtriedsomeoccupation, and was for a few weeks a clerk in a bank, butleftit.Hethen lived with an aunt, and had no employment.In consequence ofsome extravagancies of conduct he was
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19downplaced in the Asylum and soon settledHis hours were spentas if his time were sothing: he had alsowritinggratis,letters,comfortably thoiigh hein fussy idleness,talkedup he could not undertake any-filledseveralHe wasprojects.sillyalwayssending for catalogues which were advertisedalmanacks, shilling books,&cc.,and orderingvariousthingswithout any idea of paying for them, but was quite unaware ofAfter a time he wanted anthe inconsistency of his conduct.estate,was very anxiousa church onversationLundyand proposedto get married,NowIsland.thisshowed none of the absurdto buildman s ordinary con-ideas that are expectedas signs of insanity, but his conduct, taken as a whole,proof of themadeof his mind.real stateHadhe beenrich,wasandLunacy Commission, probably thejury which found Mr. Windham not insane would have giventhisthe subject of amanHisa similar verdict.letters, generally,were veryOnamusing, and showed the condition of his mind.occasion he wrote to adiesand paper, &c., andintelligible." F.M.ItwasLondon tradesmanhis letteras followsonefor specimens ofwas sent back tomeas un-:R. returns his best thanks and desires to acknow-ledge the safe receipt of the letter containing the monographicdevices,style,willandifMessrs. P. will have the die cut, in nice, exactand 500 medium envelopes, half ream of paper, &c.muchentire order at once,thisyou need notthe event ofIf inoblige.youmyImuch wishshire coast, '" P. S."on the Channelcredit,andin the centre ofthe seal to have a light-house represented, asto be enabled erecting onemewill obligingly givefear to do.itnot paying theIwish soside of themuchDevon-&c.Should a G. use blackOne incident, whichtranspired yesterday.IIwax ? "may termthe second striking one,was just intending tosealthe letter;
20Ihad no vesta matches by me, consequentlymyleftwritingdesk and proceeded into the next ward, where, quite unexpectedly toWithAnme, a patient had departedrespect to the seal, letit be, thislife,aiidwaslaid out.&c., &c.ordinary stranger might converse for some time withsuch a patient as this without getting any answer whichwould be inconsistent withsanity, but theaboveletterwouldconvince anybody.(7)There is one conditionwhich the character of the hand-inmay be of great assistancecommonly known as "generalparalysis/ term the disease characterisedchieflywritingin diagnosis, viz., the diseasemean bythisby the existencedelusions of an extravagant nature atparalysisIofand followed byfirst,and general enfeeblement of the limbs and completedementia, running an average course of three or four years,and always endingfatallyasylum, but not atInthisdisease,the;knowna disease wellin every publicclearly recognised out of doors.soallsymptomsearlyoncreepinsidiously,and are often only an exaggeration of the ordinary habits ofthought and action of certain over-confident and pushingindividualswhatis;mostso that inreallygoing on.Itcases, people are deceived asis,that the recognition of this-diseasewhencertain period,selves,the diagnosisof the malady thatfrom which theisitisricherisimportant, for after asymptomsthe physicaleasyenough and;it isneedful to interfere.classes,toho
0 THEWRITIMOFTHEIMMK Ofthethreemodesofcommunicatingtheirideasthat humanbeingspossess,viz.,speech,gesture,a
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
