VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION FOR LIGHTING AND

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VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION FORLIGHTING AND CONVENIENCE SOCKETCIRCUITSBy: V. IDOS, REEJGC Philippines, Inc.43RD IIEE ANNUAL NATIONAL CONVENTIONSMX CONVENTION CENTER, PASAY CITY, METRO MANILA

CONTENTSEffect of Voltage Variation Definition of Terms Philippine Electrical Code Provisions Formula for Voltage Drop Calculation Sample Calculations VPCM Calculation Software Q&A

EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATIONINDUCTION MOTORSReference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATIONLIGHTING FIXTURESFLUORESCENT LAMPSLight output is directlyproportional to the appliedvoltage for magnetic ballast.Light output for electronicballast may be more or lessdependent on input voltage.High Intensity Discharge(HID) LampsMercury lamps with typicalreactor ballast will have a12% change in light outputfor a 5% change in voltageinputHID lamps may extinguish ifinput voltage drops below75% of rated voltage.Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATIONRESISTANCE HEATING DEVICESooHeat output of resistance heatersvaries approximately as the squareof the impressed voltage.A 10% drop in voltage will cause adrop of approximately 19% in heatoutput.Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATIONCAPACITORSooThe reactive power of the capacitorvaries as the square of theimpressed voltage.A 10% drop in voltage will cause adrop of approximately 19% inreactive power output.Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

TO SUMMARIZE:ooThe voltage impressed in anequipment has an effect on theperformance of a device orequipment.Excessive voltage drop can causeheating of equipment. Thus,degradation of insulation ispossible.Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

DEFINITION OF TERMSooSystem Voltage- the root-meansquare phase-to-phase voltage of aportion of an ac electric system.Nominal System Voltage – thevoltage by which a portion of thesystem is designated and to whichcertain operating characteristicsof the system are related.Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

DEFINITION OF TERMSoVoltage Drop- is the amount ofvoltage loss that occurs throughall or part of the circuit due toimpedance.% VD VD/VN x 100%Where:VD – Voltage drop (volts)VN – nominal system voltage (volts)SOURCE: Novec

PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODEPROVISIONS Accordingto PEC (Article 2.15.1.2 (A)FPN No. 2)“Conductors for feeders as defined in Article 1.1sized to prevent a voltage drop exceeding 3percent at the farthest outlet of power, heatingand lighting loads, or combinations of such loads,and where the maximum total voltage drop onboth feeders and branch circuit to the farthestoutlet does not exceed 5 percent, providereasonable efficiency of operation.”

PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODEPROVISIONS Accordingto PEC (Article 2.10.2.2 (A)FPN No. 4)“Conductors for branch circuits as defined inArticle 1.1 sized to prevent a voltage dropexceeding 3 percent at the farthest outlet ofpower, heating and lighting loads, or combinationsof such loads, and where the maximum totalvoltage drop on both feeders and branch circuitto the farthest outlet does not exceed 5 percent,provide reasonable efficiency of operation.”

PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODEPROVISIONSSOURCEFEEDER% VD(FDR) 3%[Art. 2.15.1.2 (A)]Dist. Panel% VD(FDR) % VD (BRANCH) 5%BRANCHCIRCUITFarthestLoad% VD (BRANCH) 3%[Art. 2.10.2.2 (A)][Art. 2.10.2.2 (A)& 2.15.1.2 (A)]

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE DROPCALCULATIONPhasor Diagram of Voltage RelationsFor Voltage Drop CalculationsReference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE DROPCALCULATIONApproximate Formula for Voltage Drop:VD KI (R cos ф X sin ф )Equation 1Where:VD – Voltage drop (volts)K – multiplying constant (2 for single phase, 𝟑 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞)I – current flowing in conductor (amperes)R – line resistance of conductor (ohms)X – line reactance of conductor (ohms)ф – angle whose cosine is the load power factorcos ф – load power factor in decimalssin ф – load reactive factor in decimalsReference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE DROPCALCULATIONo Formula for resistance of a copper conductor withreference to cross-sectional area and length of aconductor:R ρL/ AEquation 2Where:R – Resistance (ohms)ρ – material resistivity (ohm-m)For copperρCu@20C 1.7241 x 10-8 ohm-m @ 20 CFor aluminum ρAl@20C 2.65 x 10-8 ohm-m @ 20 CL – length of the conductor (m)A – cross-sectional area of the conductor (m2)Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE DROPCALCULATIONo For correction of resistivity according to ambienttemperatureρT-AMB ρ20 C [ 1 α (TAMB – 20 C)]Equation 3Where:α –temperature coefficient of resistivity (/ C)αCu 3.93 x 10-3 / C for copperTAMB – ambient temperature ( C)o Substituting equation 3 to equation 2, the resistance of aconductor with reference to ambient temperature,length and cross-sectional area is:R ρ20 C [ 1 α (TAMB – 20 C)]L/AEquation 4

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE DROPCALCULATIONo For lighting and small power, the power factor is high(more than 0.90). Hence, we can consider a pf 1.0, andф 0 degrees.o Solving voltage drop for single-phase lighting loadsusing equations 1 and 4:ρ20 C [ 1 α (TAMB – 20 C)]L/A210VD KI (R cos ф X sin ф )VD 2I ρ20 C [ 1 α (TAMB – 20 C)]L/AReference: IEEE Std. 141-1993Eq. 5

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE DROPCALCULATIONo Solving single phase voltage drop for using copperconductor, and ambient temperature of 40 C:3.93 x 10-3 / C1.7241 x 10-8 ohm-m40 CVD 2I ρCu@20 C [ 1 αCu (TAMB – 20 C)]L/AVD 3.719x10-8 I L/AEquation 6Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993

SAMPLE CALCULATION NO. 1Given:System Voltage, VN 230V, 1 phaseAllowable Voltage Drop (%), %VD 3%Allowable Voltage Drop (V), VD 6.9 VProblem:Two- 250W flood lights will be installed 300m fromthe lighting panel. What will be the minimumcopper conductor size required to meet theallowable voltage drop at ambient temperature of40 C and 1.30A load for each flood light?

Solution:USING EQUATION 6:LightingPanel(230V,1ph)% VD [3.719x10-8 I L/A]/VN x 100%I 2 x 1.3 Amp 2.6 AmpA 3.719x10-8 I L/ VDSUBSTITUTING:L 300mA ? forVD 6.9V%VD 3%A 3.719x10-8 (2.6 Amp) (300m)/ 6.9VA 4.2x10-6 m2CONVERT TO mm2:A 4.2x10-6 m2 x (1000mm/1m)2A 4.2 mm2USE NEXT SIZE, SAY 6mm2FLOOD LIGHT2 x (250W,1.3Amp)CALCULATE % VD USING 6 mm2:% VD [3.719x10-8 I L/A]/VN x 100%% VD [3.719x10-8 (2.6Amp) (300m)/(6 x10-6m2)]/230V x 100%% VD 2.10 %

SAMPLE CALCULATION NO. 2Problem:Two- additional 250W flood lights, 50m apart, will beconnected to the junction box of the flood lights inSample Calculation No. 1. The first flood light is200m from the junction box. What will be theminimum copper conductor size required to meet theallowable voltage drop assuming all conductor sizesare same?

VDTOTAL 6.9 VSolution:LightingPanel(230V,1ph)VD2 3.719x10-8 (1.3 1.3 Amp)(200m)/A22 x 1.3Amp1VD 6.9V%VD 3%L 200m2L 50m1.3AmpVD1 3.719x10-8 (2.6 1.3 1.3 Amp)(300m)/A1VD1 5.80164x10-5 /A1L 300m1.3AmpVDTOTAL VD1 VD2 VD33VD2 1.93388x10-5 /A2VD3 3.719x10-8 (1.3 Amp)(50m)/A3VD3 2.41735x10-6 /A2A A1 A2 A3VDTOTAL (5.80164x10-5 /A) (1.93388x10-5 /A) (2.41735x10-6 /A)A 1.156 x 10-5 m2 (1000mm/1m)2

VDTOTAL (5.80164x10-5 /A) (1.93388x10-5 /A) (2.41735x10-6 /A)A 1.156 x 10-5 m2 (1000mm/1m)2A 11.56 mm2USE NEXT SIZE, SAY 16mm2VDTOTAL (5.80164x10-5 1.93388x10-5 2.41735x10-6)(1/16mm2)(1000mm/1m)2VDTOTAL 4.99 V% VDTOTAL 4.99 V/230 V x 100%% VDTOTAL 2.17 %

Imagine what it is likewhen doing voltagedrop calculation formultiple circuits andhundreds of lightingfixtures?Photo credit to: Vectorstock.com

IN JGC, WE DEVELOP OUR IN-HOUSESOFTWARE:Lighting VPCMV- Voltage Drop CalculatorP- Panel ScheduleC- Cable ScheduleM- Material Take-Off (MTO)

VPCM (JGC’S IN-HOUSE SOFTWARE)

FILL UP THE SETTINGSSet up loadinformation SystemInformationCriteriaCableinformationCable glandinformation Panel BoardInformation Locationinformation

SELECT THE MODULE

CableLoadCurrentLoad

10 Fixtures

SAMPLE OUTPUT:Lighting Block Diagram (CAD file)

PANEL SCHEDULE MODULE:

PANEL SCHEDULE MODULE:OUTPUT IN EXCEL FILE

CABLE SCHEDULE MODULE:

CABLE SCHEDULE MODULE:OUTPUT IN EXCEL FILE

MATERIAL TAKE-OFFOUTPUT IN EXCEL FILE

ADVANTAGES OF THE VPCM: Easy voltage drop calculation Easy development of lighting blockdiagram Easy production of panel boardschedule Create your cable schedule Optimize cable size (reduce cost) Can automatically select size of yourcable Reduce your man-hour cost in design

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

THANK YOU VERY MUCH!

Reference: IEEE Std. 141-1993 FLUORESCENT LAMPS Light output is directly proportional to the applied voltage for magnetic ballast. Light output for electronic ballast may be more or less dependent on input voltage. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps Mercury lamps with typical reactor ballast will have a 12% change in light output

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