Linux - Lagout
Linux:The Complete Reference,Sixth Edition
About the AuthorRichard Petersen, MLIS, teaches Unix and C/C courses at the University of California at Berkeley. Heis the author of Linux: The Complete Reference (all sixeditions), Red Hat Enterprise and Fedora Linux: TheComplete Reference, Red Hat Linux, Linux Programming,Red Hat Linux Administrator's Reference, LinuxProgrammer's Reference, Introductory C with C ,Introductory Command Line Unix for Users, and manyother books. He is a contributor to linux.sys-con.com(Linux World Magazine) with articles on IPv6, theFedora operating system, Yum, Fedora repositories,the Global File System (GFS), udev devicemanagement, and the Hardware Abstraction Layer(HAL).About the Technical EditorDean Henrichsmeyer has served as technical editorfor a previous edition of Linux: The Complete Referenceand for several editions of another book, Red HatLinux: The Complete Reference. He holds a B.S. inComputer Science and has been working with Linuxfor more than a decade. He is currently a site directorfor SourceForge, Inc., the media group responsible forwebsites such as SourceForge.net, Linux.com,Slashdot.org, freshmeat.net, and ThinkGeek.com.
Linux:The CompleteReference,Sixth EditionRichard PetersenNew York Chicago San FranciscoLisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan New Delhi San JuanSeoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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To my nieces,Aleina and Larisa
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Contents at a GlancePart I Introduction12Introduction to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317Part II The Linux Shell and File Structure3456The Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Shell Scripts and Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shell Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Files, Directories, and Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356589115Part III Desktop789The X Window System, Xorg, and Display Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .KDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145169197Part IV Linux Software101112131415Software Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Office and Database Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Graphics Tools and Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mail and News Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Web, FTP, and Java Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Network Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219237255265281301Part V Security1617181920Encryption, Integrity Checks, and Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Security-Enhanced Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IPsec and Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Secure Shell and Kerberos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313327349359373vii
viiiLinux: The Complete ReferencePart VI Internet and Network Services212223242526Managing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FTP Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Web Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Proxy Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mail Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Print, News, Search, and Database Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401423443467477503Part VII System Administration27282930313233Basic System Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Managing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RAID and LVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Devices and Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kernel Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Backup Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523551583615639671693Part VIII Network Administration Services34353637AAdministering TCP/IP Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Network Autoconfiguration with IPv6, DHCPv6, and DHCP . . . . . . . . . .NFS and NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Distributed Network File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Where to Obtain Linux Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Index.707745761777785787
For more information about this title, click hereContentsAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxixIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiPart I Introduction1Introduction to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Operating Systems and Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .History of Linux and Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Open Source Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Software Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Third-Party Linux Software Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Office and Database Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Internet Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Development Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Online Linux Information Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3466778910101111121313132Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Install Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Accessing Your Linux System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Display Managers: GDM and KDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Switching Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Accessing Linux from the Command Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GNOME and KDE Desktops.KDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XFce4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME and KDE Applets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Starting a GUI from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Desktop Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Desktop Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuring Your Personal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Using Removable Devices and Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Installing Multimedia Support: MP3, DVD, and DivX . . . . . . . . . . . .Command Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1717191920202222222223242424252627272727ix
xLinux: The Complete ReferenceHelp Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Context-Sensitive Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Application Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Man Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Info Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Software Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Windows Access and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Setting Up Windows Network Access: Samba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Running Windows Software on Linux: Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282929292930303031Part II The Linux Shell and File Structure3The Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Command Line Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Command and Filename Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .History Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .History Event Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuring History: HISTFILE and HISTSAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Filename Expansion: *, ?, [ ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Matching Multiple Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Matching Single Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Matching a Range of Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Matching Shell Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Generating Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Input/Output and Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redirecting the Standard Output: and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Standard Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redirecting and Piping the Standard Error: &, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jobs: Background, Kills, and Interruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Running Jobs in the Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Referencing Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Job Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bringing Jobs to the Foreground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Canceling Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Suspending and Stopping Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ending Processes: ps and kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The C Shell: Command Line Editing and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C Shell Command Line Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C Shell History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The TCSH Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH Command Line Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH History Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Z-shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55555565757626262634The Shell Scripts and Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shell Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Definition and Evaluation of Variables: , , set, unset . . . . . . . . . . .656666
ContentsVariable Values: Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Values from Linux Commands: Back Quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shell Scripts: User-Defined Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Executing Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Script Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Environment Variables and Subshells: export and setenv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shell Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH/C Shell Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Test Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conditional Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Loop Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH/C Shell Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Test Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH Shell Conditions: if-then, if-then-else, switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH Shell Loops: while and foreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677070717173757677777881818282865Shell Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shell Initialization and Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuration Directories and Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aliasing Commands and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aliasing Commands and Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aliasing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Controlling Shell Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Environment Variables and Subshells: export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuring Your Shell with Shell Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shell Parameter Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuring Your Login Shell: .bash profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuring the BASH Shell: .bashrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The BASH Shell Logout File: .bash logout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The TCSH Shell Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH/C Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH/C Shell Feature Variables: Shell Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TCSH/C Special Shell Variables for Configuring Your System . . . . .TCSH/C Shell Initialization Files: .login, .tcshrc, .logout . . . . . . . . . nux Files, Directories, and Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Home Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pathnames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .System Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Listing, Displaying, and Printing Files: ls, cat, more, less, and lpr . . . . . . . .Displaying Files: cat, less, and more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Printing Files: lpr, lpq, and lprm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Managing Directories: mkdir, rmdir, ls, cd, and pwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Creating and Deleting Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Displaying Directory Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Moving Through Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Referencing the Parent Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115116117118118119119120121121122123123124xi
xiiLinux: The Complete ReferenceFile and Directory Operations: find, cp, mv, rm, and ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Searching Directories: find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Copying Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Moving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Copying and Moving Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Erasing Files and Directories: The rm Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Links: The ln Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The mtools Utilities: msdos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Archiving and Compressing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Archiving and Compressing Files with File Roller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Archive Files and Devices: tar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .File Compression: gzip, bzip2, and zip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124124126129129130130132133133134138Part III Desktop7The X Window System, Xorg, and Display Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The X Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Xorg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Xorg Configuration: /etc/X11/xorg.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Files, Modules, and ServerFlags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Input Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ServerLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Multiple Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X Window System Command Line Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X Window System Commands and Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XFS Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Display Managers: XDM, GDM, and KDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Xsession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The X Display Manager (XDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GNOME Display Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The K Display Manager (KDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X Window System Command Line Startup: startx, xinit, and xinitrc . . . . 601621631641661678GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME 2.x Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GTK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GNOME Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quitting GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GNOME Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Drag and Drop Files to the Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Applications on the Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Desktop Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Window Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169170171171173173173174174175175175
Contents9The GNOME Volume Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GNOME File Manager: Nautilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautilus Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautilus Sidebar: Tree, History, and Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Displaying Files and Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautilus Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Navigating Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Managing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Application Launcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .File and Directory Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautilus Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nautilus as a FTP Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GNOME Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Panel Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Panel Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special Panel Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Applets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Workspace Switcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Window List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME Directories and Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GNOME User Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The GConf Configuration Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Complete Reference, Red Hat Linux, Linux Programming, Red Hat Linux Administrator's Reference, Linux Programmer's Reference, Introductory C with C , Introductory Command Line Unix for Users, and many other books. He is a contributor to linux.sys-con.com (Linux Wo
Linux in a Nutshell Linux Network Administrator’s Guide Linux Pocket Guide Linux Security Cookbook Linux Server Hacks Linux Server Security Running Linux SELinux Understanding Linux Network Internals Linux Books Resource Center linux.oreilly.comis a complete catalog of O’Reilly’s books on Linux and Unix and related technologies .
Other Linux resources from O’Reilly Related titles Building Embedded Linux Systems Linux Device Drivers Linux in a Nutshell Linux Pocket Guide Running Linux Understanding Linux Network Internals Understanding the Linux Kernel Linux Books Resource Center linu
Perfection PC Perfection PC Inc. Philips Philips Electronics Planar Planar Systems Inc PLEXON Plexon, Inc. Pogo Linux Pogo Linux, Inc. Pogo Linux Altura M2 Pogo Linux, Inc. Pogo Linux Velocity -D50 Pogo Linux, Inc. Pogo Linux Verona 330 Pogo Linux, Inc. Pogo Linux Vor
Linux Pocket Guide Welcome to Linux! If you’re a new user, this book can serve as a quick introduction to Linux in general, and Fedora Linux specifically, as well as a guide to common and practi-cal commands. If you have Linux experience, feel free to skip the introductory material. What’s in This Book?
Yes. Oracle Autonomous Linux, which is based on Oracle Linux, is 100% application binary compatible with IBM's Red Hat Enterprise Linux. This means that applications certified to run on Red Hat Enterprise Linux can run on Oracle Autonomous Linux unmodified. Oracle Linux binaries are provided for patching and updating Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Official Kali Linux Documentation This PDF has been autogenerated on docs.kali.org - Apr 7, 2013 00. Introduction to Kali Linux What is Kali Linux ? Kali Linux is an advanced Penetration Testing and Security Auditing Linux distribution. Kali Linux Features Kali is a complete re-build of BackTrack Linux, adhering completely to Debian development .
2 LXC DOCKER MICHAEL LESSARD A bit of history - Virtualization and containers Chroot (version 7 Unix, 1979) FreeBSD Jails (FreeBSD 4, 2000) Linux vserver (Linux, Oct 2001) Para-virtualization Xen (Linux, 2003) Solaris zones (Solaris 10, 2004) OpenVZ (Linux, 2005) Full virtualization KVM (Linux, 2007) Linux Containers - LXC (Linux 2.6.29 2009)
are required with reduced weight. Experimental tests are executed following ASTM or UNI EN rules, in particular the shear test is executed using a rig constructed to the purpose, designed following the rule ASTM D 4255-83. Besides the tests were simulated by analytical methods, by means of Cadec software and numerically
