Aircraft Systems Emergencies (Piper Cherokee-Series)

Handling Aircraft SystemsEmergenciesPiper Cherokee-Series

OverviewRather than discussing thespecifics of each system,we will discuss eachsystem from a high level Knowing the basics of manysystems is often moreimportant than knowingthe specifics of only a fewsystems Outline Pitot-Static SystemCommunication &Navigation 2Basic Flight InstrumentsElectrical SystemComm/Nav SystemAutopilot/Trim SystemEngine SystemsControl Systems(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Pitot-Static System3(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Pitot-Static System Overview Pitot/StaticInstrumentsCompletely mechanicalsystem (no electricalpower needed) Pitot/StaticDrainAlternateStatic Air Pitot/StaticSourceCabin Air Outside Air4Excludes digital PFDs(ADAHRS)The static input measuresthe ambient (non-moving)air pressureThe pitot input measuresthe ram-air (moving) airpressure Subject to instrumentposition error(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Pitot-Static System - Components Heated pitot-static vaneNo external pitot drain Ram air pitot Cabin pitot-static drain valvesmust be opened prior to eachflightSome aircraft have separatedual static portsDual static port (1 of 2)Static port / drain5Static port(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Pitot-Static ProblemsSigns of blockage Airspeed indicating higher or lower than expected for the given pitch& power settingAltimeter and/or VSI not behaving as expected for the given pitch &power settingLarge discrepancy between GPS altitude and altimeterPitot Blockage Affects only ASIIf icing/moisture, use pitot heatStatic Blockage Affects ASI, VSI, altimeter, transponder, A/P Alt/VS HoldUse alternate static air 6Also try pitot heat (combined pitot-static vane)(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Electrical System7(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Electrical System Overview AlternatorBatterySwitchesCircuitBreakers Under normal operation,the battery feeds theelectrical loads, and iscontinually charged by thealternatorCircuit breakers protectagainst over-currents Load8 Protects the devicesconnected to the breakerProtects the wiring fromoverheating and melting(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Electrical System14v vs 28v system Older aircraft: 14vNewer aircraft: 28v28v advantages: lowercurrent (amperage) meanssmaller (lighter) wiresBattery voltage 9For 14v systems: 12vFor 28v systems: 24vBattery voltage is less thanthe total system voltage sothere is excess capacity tocharge the battery.Normal Voltages 14v system: 13.8-14.228v system: 27.5-28.5Typical battery life: 3-5years Older than that, the batterymost likely won’t pass aload test(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Electrical TroubleshootingTroubleshooting Check annunciatorsCheck electrical indicators 10Reduce electrical load Turn off non-essentialequipmentLimit radio transmissionsUse a hand-held radio Reset alternatorCheck for popped circuitbreakers Volt-meterAmmeter/Load meterCheck alternator Emergency ProceduresPreferably one with comm &nav capabilitiesLand as soon as practicalOnly reset a popped CB inflight if it is flight criticalOnly reset a popped CB once(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Electrical Problems Alternator Offline Indications 11Faulty voltage regulatorOver-amperage Faulty equipmentToo much electrical loadElectrical shortVoltage regulator tripped Ammeter showing a discharge Over-voltage Failing avionicsDifficulty transmitting/receivingCausesOverload Alternator warning lampLow bus voltage Transient tripOverload/shortAlternator field CBFailed alternator(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Comm/Nav System12(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Comm/Nav System RemoteStationAntennaFactors affectingtransmission & reception Radio power RadioAntenna quality Cabling 13Headset Poor groundingPoor connectionAntenna damageElectrostatic interference AudioPanelTransmission powerDistance from stationStatic dischargeAtmospheric phenomenaAntenna positioning Terrain / airframe attenuation(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Comm/Nav Problems Poortransmission/reception 14Can you hear yourself /passengers ok? Check tuned frequencyCheck squelchTry the other radioCheck mic connectionTry another mic jackAudio panel fail-safeCheck electrical systemAlternative Comm Check radio, audio panel,and headset volume Handheld radioCell phoneTransponder (7600/IDENT)Alternative Nav Pilotage/Dead-reckoningVOR or GPSCell phone/tablet GPSHandheld nav/com radioClimb Better reception, terrainavoidance, and view(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Autopilot/Trim System15(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Autopilot-Trim System General operationPilot selects autopilotmodeAutopilot receives inputs1.2.Aircraft attitude & altitudeNavigation data 3.4.Servos command thecontrol surfacesAutopilot compares flightpath to desired flight path1.16Servos are adjusted asneeded(C) 2014 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Autopilot-Trim Issues Un-commanded pitch First reaction: disconnectA/PBe prepared to counterheavy trim forces Unexpected turn Ways to disable A/P First reaction: disconnectA/PThen determine problem Ways to disable trim 17Disconnect buttonUse of manual electric trimA/P master switchA/P circuit breakerAvionics master switchTrim master switchTrim circuit breakerAvionics master switch(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Miscellaneous Emergencies Runaway pitch trim What would you do? Disconnect autopilot Yoke disconnectAutopilot master switchPull circuit-breaker Autopilot servos aredesigned to be overpoweredby the pilotThere is also a speed sensorthat disables the electric trimover 140 KIAS (Archers)Disable electric pitch trim 18 Electric pitch trim masterswitchPull circuit-breakerTurn off avionics master switchTurn off master switch(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Engine Components19(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Fuel SystemSourceSource Selection Primary purpose of thefuel system Distribution Induction Manifold(Carb) Fuel Manifold (F.I.)Pumping AtomizationFuel/Air Mixing Carburetor Fuel Injectors Carburetor Cylinders (F.I.)To transfer fuel from oneor more sources to eachcylinder of the engine in auseable (atomized) formSecondary purpose of thefuel system To maintain horizontal (andin some cases, lateral) CGbalanceConsumption(Engine)20(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Induction System FilteringAtmospheric Air Air FilterPrimary purpose of theinduction system DistributionConditioning Induction Manifold Compression &Cooling (T/C) Heating (Carb) Secondary purpose of theinduction system Consumption(Engine)21To transfer air (oxygen)from the atmosphere toeach cylinder of the engineTo condition the air to anappropriate form forcombustion(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Ignition SystemEnergy Source MagnetosPrimary purpose of theignition system Timing Impulse Coupling Camshaft To control the combustionof the fuel-air mixture ineach cylinderSecondary purpose of theignition system To start the engineSparkGeneration Spark Plugs22(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Oil System SourcePrimary purpose of the oilsystem Oil SumpCoolingPumping Oil Cooler Oil Pump Secondary purpose of theoil system Distribution To Engine To Propeller To T/CWastegate23Cleaning Oil FilterTo lubricate, clean, cool,seal, and preserve theengineTo provide hydrauliccontrol for controllablepitch propellers andturbocharger wastegates(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Engine Overview Primary purpose of theinternal combustionengine To convert a source ofchemical energy intorotational energyPrimary needs of theinternal combustionengine 24FuelAir (oxygen)Spark (ignition) Byproducts of combustion Heat From internal engine frictionFrom combustionWaterWaste gassesEnergy Only about 20% of theenergy of combustion isconverted into useful energyEven less energy is convertedinto useful thrust(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Engine Components Crankcase The skeleton of the engine Converts the chemicalenergy of the fuel-airmixture into linear motionCrankshaft 25Driven Accessories Cylinders The “back bone” of theengineConverts the linear motionof the cylinders intorotational motion for thepropeller & accessories Fuel PumpMagnetosOil PumpVacuum PumpAlternator(s)Static Accessories Fuel-Air Controller CarburetorFuel InjectorsTurbocharger Driven by exhaust gasses(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Types of Engine ProblemsLoss ofPowerRoughness /VibrationOverheatingFuel / MixtureFuel / MixtureMixture IncorrectlySetInduction RestrictionIgnition SystemProblemInternal Problem26Induction RestrictionIgnition SystemProblemInternal ProblemPropeller Problem(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.Detonation /PreignitionBafflingOil System Problem

Types of Propeller Problems27VibrationOverspeedStatic ImbalanceLack of OilPressureIcing (weightimbalance)Governor ProblemDamagePropeller / EngineInternal Problem(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Control Systems28(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Control System Failures FAR Part 23 23.2135 – Controllability 23.2140 – Trim 29Summary: The airplane must be safely controllable within the approvedoperating envelope even with a flight control or propulsion systemfailure.(C) Summary: Residual control forces must not fatigue or distract thepilot during normal operations of the airplane and likely abnormal oremergency operations, including a critical loss of thrust on multiengineairplanes.(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Control Problems Loss of primary pitchcontrol 30Use rudderLoss of yaw control One direction: use oppositetrimBoth directions: use trimand powerLoss of primary rollcontrol Use ailerons – be careful ofstalling!Jammed trim Disable electric trimManually oppose trimforces Try changing airspeedTry changing flap/gearconfiguration(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Control Problems Broken throttle cable Adjust power using themixture & propeller controlCan also use carb heat anda single magneto to reducepower 31 Consider switching mags ifoperating on a singlemagneto for an extendedperiod of time to preventfouling of the unused plugsControllability anomalies Disable A/P & electric trimOut of CG range?Wing contaminationTry different flap / gear /power settings at altitude Always experiment withmore than enough altitudethan you think you’ll need(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Summary & Questions32(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Closing Comments Always consider the big picture Start from a high level and work towards the details What is the most flight-critical issue to deal with?Does it require immediate action?What are your options?Don’t start flipping switches or changing configuration until youhave identified the problemDon’t lose your situational awareness whiletroubleshooting an issue 33Above all else, fly the airplane!(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

Questions?34(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

More Information AFM or POH Dakota: 761-689Archer II: 761-722Archer III: 761-868Arrow II: 761-493Warrior II: 761-649Type Certificate Aircraft Lycoming O/IO-360: 60297-12Lycoming O-540Piper PA-28Engine Operator’s Manual Lycoming O-360Lycoming O-540Propeller Sensenich 76E-seriesHartzell F2YR-seriesAirplane Maintenance ManualPilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25A)Open Sky Aviation, ion.biz35(C) 2018 Open Sky Aviation, LLC.

AFM or POH Dakota: 761-689 Archer II: 761-722 Archer III: 761-868 Arrow II: 761-493 Warrior II: 761-649 Operator’s Manual Lycoming O/IO-360: 60297-12 Lycoming O-540 Airplane Maintenance Manual Type Certificate Aircraft Piper PA-28 Engine Lyc