Genomes DNA Genes To Proteins
Dr. Kathleen HillAssociate ProfessorDepartment of BiologyThe University of Western Ontariokhill22@uwo.caOffice Hours: Thursdays 3 to 5pmRoom 333 Western Science CentreResearch ex.htmGenomesDNAGenes to ProteinsKathleen HillLab Tour WSC 3331
The human genome is amulti-volume instruction manual The GENOME is a multi-volumeinstruction manual Each CHROMOSOME is a volume oftext Genes are a chapter of text in thevolume The text is written in a chemicallanguage that has a four letteralphabet A,C,G,T NUCLEOTIDESOur instruction manual can be readin our DNAGenome ChromosomeGeneTextVolumeManualDNAsequenceChapter2
Human Genome46 chromosomes22 pairs of autosomes1 pair of sex chromosomesMale KaryotypeHuman nuclear DNAis highly packaged in chromosomes3
DNA has a double helix structureNitrogenous BasesThe DNA language alphabet4
Key ConceptsTwo key properties of nucleic acidsACGTTGCAComplementary5’3’ACGT mplementary5
Chromosome LandscapeChromosomemillions of nucleotides106to108nucleotidesGeneDNA sequenceSingle nucleotidesLandscape of achromosomeGenes occupylittlelandscape on achromosome6
Viruses are “nonliving” and havethe greatest diversity in genometypesssDNAdsDNAssRNAdsRNAsingle moleculesmultiple moleculesBacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomic7
Bacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomicGenetic information can be exchangedbetween bacteria via plasmids andbetween the plasmid and the bacterialchromosomeBacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomicViruses can infect bacteria and addgenetic information to the bacterial hostchromosome8
Bacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomicGenome is not enclosed in a separatecompartment in the prokaryotic cellGenomic DNA is not protein packagedEukaryotic Cell:Genome iscontained inseparate cellcompartment9
Eukaryotic GenomesMembrane compartmentalizedProtein packagedAnimal CellGenomeGenome10
Mitochondrial DNA Double stranded Circular Located in the mitochondrionGenomes of closely related organismsshow more similar organization11
Genome SizeGenome Size and Number of GenesHuman Genome: 3.4 billion nucleotides12
Differences in Gene structureContinuousDiscontinuousExons produce message; introns do notContinuousDiscontinuous13
Eukaryotic Genes are interruptedby noncoding intronic sequenceGenes of mammals have more intronicsequence than flies, yeast and bacteriaGENES14
CertainInformationin the DNAsequence isprocessed toresult inproteins thatcan carryoutan essentialcell functionGeneOne strand ofthe DNAsequence (thetemplate) iswritten into aintermediatemessageMessengerRNA15
One strand of the DNA sequence(the template) is written into aintermediate messageMessenger RNA (mRNA)mRNA Single stranded Complexsecondarystructure Complementarysequence showshydrogen bonding16
A distinguishing feature of mRNAis the polyA tail17
The message isthen translatedinto a newlanguageAmino acidsare a 20 letteralphabet of theproteinlanguageOne code used to translate fromnucleic acid to protein sequenceEach codon will be translated to an amino acid18
tRNA is the translator amino acidcarrier Carries the anticodonThe anticodon is complementary to the codonSite of translation on the t-RNA19
Amino acids are linked together in aprotein chainOverview of the key players in translation20
In eukaryotesIn prokaryotesthe processoccurssimultaneouslyon same mRNAstrandIn nucleusIn cytoplasm21
DNA Genes to Proteins Kathleen Hill Lab Tour WSC 333. 2 The human genome is a multi-volume instruction manual The GENOME is a multi-volume instruction manual Each CHROMOSOME is a volume of text Genes are a chapter of text in the volume The text is written in a chemical language that has a four letter alphabet A,C,G,T NUCLEOTIDES Our instruction manual can be read in our DNA .
Chapter 21: Genomes & Their Evolution 1. Sequencing & Analyzing Genomes 2. How Genomes Evolve. 1. Sequencing & Analyzing Genomes Chapter Reading – pp. 437-447. Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing Cut the DNA into overlapping frag-ments short enough for sequencing. 1 Clone the fragments in plasmid or phage vectors. 2 Sequence each
C. sakazakii genomes was 4393kb, with an average of 4055 protein coding genes, and an average genome G C content of 56.9%. The genomes contained genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and cell wall/membrane biogenesis. In addition, we identified genes encoding proteins
(A), Gossypium hirsutum L. JGI (AD1) and Gossypium barbadebse L. NAU (AD2) to Arabidopsis thaliana. Using DNA demethylase genes sequence of Arabidopsis as reference, 25 DNA demethylase genes were identified in cotton by BLAST analysis. There are 4 genes in the genome D, 5 genes in the genome A, 10 genes in the genome AD1, and 6 genes in the .
Genes are the instructions for making proteins. (1 gene 1 protein) According to the picture Hemoglobin is composed of 2 proteins, encoded by 2 genes. When genes are mutated the proteins are not made correctly and therefore may not function. What is a gene? DNA Guided Notes
Transcription of viral genes in a temporally controlled sequence Immediate early and early proteins Transcription of late genes Ensures coordinated production of DNA genomes and structural proteins, frees template from repressors Activating proteins can induce transcription of host and
CHAPTER 21 GENOMES AND THEIR EVOLUTION Comparisons of genomes provide Tree of Life information about the evolutionary history of genes and taxonomic groups Genomics - study of whole sets of genes and their interactions Bioinformatics - application of computational methods to storage and ana
RNA and Protein Synthesis Genes- coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell. – In order to decode genes, the nucleotide sequence must be copied from DNA to RNA, as RNA contains the instructions for making proteins. 3 main differences between RNA and DNA: – The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of .
ACCOUNTING 0452/21 Paper 2 May/June 2018 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO .
