A Guide To Better - Restroom Association

A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and MaintenanceFourth Edition 2018A Guide to BetterPublic ToiletDesign and MaintenanceA Publication by the Restroom Association (Singapore)

1A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and MaintenanceFourth Edition 2018CONTENTSPAGEDEFINITION OF “A WELL DESIGNED TOILET”2I) ightingMaterialsUrinalsWater Closets (WCs)Wash Basins and Shower TapsProvision of FacilitiesSpecial Needs and User-Friendly FeaturesInstallation StandardsVentilation SystemPlumbing and Sewerage SystemLooscapingSecurity and Vandalism MeasuresInstallation for Smart TechnologyII) MAINTENANCE2.0 Introduction2.1 Sequence of Cleaning2.2 Scheduled Cleaning2.3 Timing and Frequency of Cleaning2.4 Basic Equipment and Supplies2.5 Correct Use of Cleaning Agents2.6 Green Cleaning Agents2.7 Mechanical Ventilation System2.8 Training2.9 Selecting a Cleaning Contractor2.10 Performance-Based Contracts2.11 Technology for Effective Cleaning and Maintenance2.12 National Environment Agency’s Enhanced Clean MarkAccreditation SchemeIII) USER EDUCATION3.0 Influencing Good User Behaviour3.1 Toilet Educational Materials3.2 Public ONS42 – 58APPENDICES59 – 89SUGGESTED LAYOUT OF PUBLIC TOILETS90 – 93DO’S AND DON’TS IN DESIGNING TOILETS94 – 102ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS103

A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance2Fourth Edition 2018Definition of “A Well Designed Toilet”Anyone, who has ever been in an overcrowded or uncomfortable public toilet, willvalue a good toilet design. The usual demands placed on a high-profile, high trafficand heavily used facility requires extra thoughts for each process. A well-designedpublic toilet has to be:(a) Clean and dry(b) Well ventilated(c) Easy to maintain(d) Carefully planned layout with maintenance in mind(e) Friendly to persons with disabilities and special needsThere are various types of toilets:1.Public toilets provided by shopping centres, supermarkets, wetmarkets, eating establishments, food centres, bars, nightclubs,conference halls, cinemas, theatres, parks, tourist sites, publicresorts, piers, bus terminals, MRT stations, stadiums, publicswimming pools and petrol stations. Use of these facilities isgenerally open to any member of the public or restricted to thepatrons of the owner of the facility.2.Private toilets for staff in offices, factories or occupants of buildingswhere the use is restricted to patrons of the service provider or bythe building management.3.Private Residences (This is beyond the scope of this guidebook)Public toilets are places where one is obliged to ease oneself in unfamiliarsurroundings among the strangers of the same sex. Therefore, the fundamentalprinciples of design of toilets include psychological studies and not just physicalclearances and space requirement. While the National Environment Agency’s (NEA)Code of Practice on Environmental Health (COPEH) stipulates the minimum basicdesign criteria to address public health concerns, this Guide covers some of the bestpractices and good examples of toilet design that look beyond public healthconcerns such as user convenience and satisfaction.

A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance3Fourth Edition 2018IDesign1.0IntroductionA number of different activity spaces are shown in the diagram (See Illustration 1):space occupied by the appliances itself, additional space required by the user andfurther space for their own belongings or circulation within the toilets. In many cases,these latter spaces may overlap on occasion. Common sense will dictate when thisis appropriate and when it is not.Placing the appliances in order of use simplifies the circulation and reduces thedistance travelled by the user. Using sensor-operated appliances should encouragehygiene.It is difficult and costly to insulate the toilets acoustically and this problem can beresolved by planning isolation as much as possible.No unsupervised installation can prevent vandalism. Even with the most vandalresistant appliances, an unsupervised facility will eventually become sub-standard.In most cases, facility engineers and cleaning attendants play an important role,which will result in well-maintained toilets. However, all designs should allow forindividual items to be replaced. Pipe work, traps and electrical supplies should beconcealed for aesthetic and hygiene reasons.1.1LayoutSingle entrance/exit plans work satisfactorily provided the path of the users do notcross each other and the main entrance is wide enough. Dispensing with the mainentrance door to the public toilet not only helps to improve the ventilation within thetoilet but also minimises hand contact for hygiene reasons (See Illustration 2).The main entrance shall preferably have no door, and the cubicles, urinals andmirrors shall be away from the line of sight from the main entrance. For example, the

A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance4Fourth Edition 2018door can be replaced by offset entrance maze which blocks the view yet allowseasier, hands-free access.For installation of main entrance without doors, there are several screeningarrangements showing the visibility from outside in each case (See Illustration 3).Consideration should be given to the positioning of the mirrors and to the gapscreated by the hinges. For example, the access entrance to male public toiletsshould not open directly to the urinal area. Avoid entrances opening onto a wallsurface with the mirror reflecting the urinals (See Illustration 4).Public toilets should be designed to minimise hand contact as far as possible forhygienic reasons. Electronic products for toilets such as flush valves and faucetsrequire minimum maintenance but offer enhanced operations that promotesanitation and perceived cleanliness because of hands-free operation.Toilet owners and operators should design and plan for the provision of toilets suchthat sufficient facilities are provided based on the highest expected toilet use. Inlarge facilities, toilets should be provided at every floor and uniformly distributedLocation of accessible toilets should not be too remote from the main traffic area toavoid long travel distance. It should be easily accessible for those with urgency forthe users. Directional signs leading to such toilets should meet the requirementsspecified in Building and Construction Authority's (BCA) Code on Accessibility in theBuilt Environment (See Illustration 5). Visit BCA's website at www.bca.gov.sg for thelatest Code.Clear signage should be designated for each gender of required public toiletfacilities. The location of the signs should be near the entrance to each toilet facilityand clearly displayed at noticeable locations in main traffic passageways to directthe public to the toilets. Signage should indicate the distance or time e.g. 100m or 5minutes from the current location to the nearest toilet. The design of signage shouldbe of a commonly recognised female and/or male figure in dark colour contrasted ona light background. Clear signage should be displayed within the toilet indicating the

A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance5Fourth Edition 2018name of cleaning attendant and/or cleaning company and scheduled toilet cleaningtime(s). Signage should be easily seen and distinguished by persons with visualdisabilities and the aged. Fancy signages using “Queen” and “King” or “Hat”, “Highheel shoes” are confusing, and are thus not encouraged. Clear signage should alsobe displayed to help toilet users report faulty water and sanitary fittings and waterleakage.Such signage shall contain the name and contact details of the toiletmanagement to whom the user can report for quick remedial action.The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets should take into consideration theexpected user profile. Where equal numbers of both genders are expected, thereshould be proportionately higher number of fittings in the female toilets, such as theminimum numbers specified in NEA’s COPEH.As far as possible, fixtures such as urinals and WCs should be fitted back-to-backwith common pipe ducts in between.All public toilets should be mechanically ventilated. Small public toilets should befitted with an exhaust fan as minimum.1.2LightingA well-designed lighting system will save electrical energy and improve theappearance of the toilet. Poorly designed fixtures with discoloured diffusers go along way to make a toilet dingy. Dark and shadowy, off-coloured lighting can createthe impression that a toilet is not clean.Natural lighting can be used to help create a softer, friendlier environment. Harshlighting can create a cold and unwelcoming air while being inappropriate for thetasks being performed. It can also highlight hard-to-clean areas. Thoughtful selectionof fixtures and lamps coupled with careful placement is essential (Refer to Illustration6 and 7 for examples).All public toilets should be provided with warm-colour lighting for general lighting as

A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance6Fourth Edition 2018well as down lights above the wash basin/mirror (Refer to Illustration 8 forexamples). According to the NEA’s COPEH, the minimum lighting level shall be 300lux to ensure that areas with water closets, wash basins and urinals are sufficientlyilluminated. This minimum lighting level will facilitate thorough cleaning of waterclosets, wash basins and urinals.Smart lighting sensors can also be installed. When there is no human movement,movement sensors in LED lightings will automatically dim the lightings from 300 luxto 50 lux instead of total darkness. This ensures it is energy saving withoutcompromising on safety.Warm-colour lighting aids in creating a better ambience in the toilets, which in turnencourages more care and responsibility from the users.The provision of emergency illumination devices is also necessary to illuminate thepath of egress for occupants to exit the toilet safely.Please refer to Section 1.13 for more details on security and vandalism measures onlighting.1.3MaterialsToilet owners and operators should first determine their toilet renovation cycle beforedeciding on the type of materials used. For example, a toilet to be renovated everyfive years should have materials which are durable to last for at least 5 years andresistant to vandalism. Materials used should be durable, easy to maintain andresistant to vandalism and neglect. Applied finishes such as paint should beavoided. For all wall finishes, it shall be of materials which are impervious, durablesuch as ceramic tiles and phenolic panels etc which can facilitate cleaning andresource conservation (such as minimising the use of water and cleaning agents).This also applies to floors, which shall be constructed of waterproof non slip surfaceslike ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles, terrazzo or other imperviousmaterials, so as to facilitate cleaning and resource conservation.