Principles Of Convergence In Nature And Society

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Principles of convergencein nature and societywith illustration to Converging TechnologiesMihail C. RocoNational Science Foundation and National Nanotechnology Initiative, United StatesEuropean Academy of Sciences & Arts workshop, Salzburg, March 1, 2019

Principles of Convergence Convergence in nature and society Seven convergence principles for problem solving in complex systems Relevance to emergence offoundational technologies - NBICAMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Evolution in nature, science, technology and society Turbulent Coherent EmergentResearch trends(Ref. 1-5) Coherence cycleEducation trends(Ref. 1-5) Ex: Trading zonesThe resulted ecosystemsare too complex forsingle-domain methodsConvergence is: a problem-solving strategy toholistically understand and transform an ecosystemfor reaching a common goal (Roco 2002)MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Further defining S&T convergence“Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society”, 2013 et al (Refs 6-10)Convergence approach includes:- Deep integration of knowledge, tools and modes ofthinking driven by unifying concepts & a common goal- To form a new framework, paradigm or ecosystem- From where emerge novel pathways & opportunitiesConvergence science includes:Underlying theories, principles, and methods –that facilitate convergence toward goalsMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Definition applied to selected fields: National Academies, 2014 – applied to healthcareConvergence is an approach to problem solving that cutsacross disciplinary boundaries from health sciences, physical,math, and computational sciences, engineering disciplines,and beyond to form a comprehensive synthetic framework fortackling scientific and societal challenges that exist at theinterfaces of multiple fields. (Priority at Academies 2018-2019) NSF, 2017 – applied to research and educationConvergence is the deep integration of knowledge,techniques, and expertise to form new and expandedframeworks for addressing compelling scientific and societalchallenges and opportunities, with two primary characteristics.MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Convergence of knowledge, technology andsociety is guided by seven principlesA. Holistic view – Interdependence-coherencein nature and society (find ‘unity in diversity’)B. Common goal - Vision-inspired basicresearch for long-term challengesC. Dynamic pattern - Processes of spiralconvergence and divergenceD. Unifying actions- Ecosystem-logicdeduction in decisions & problem solvingE. Cross-domain - Higher-level languagesF. Multiple pathway dynamics – Multi-taskingG. Added-value - Confluence of resourcesleading to ecosystem changes (‘S curve’)Science and technology convergence, JNR, 2016, 18:211 (Ref 7)PRINCIPLES FORCONVERGENCEMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

A. Human activity system by convergence platformsFor societal benefit,human development(holistic view component)System feedbackInnovation and culture circuitFoundationaltools – NBIC Earth scaleplatformHuman scale & Societal scalequality of lifeplatformThe conductor suggests societalInnovative & responsiblegovernance of K&T converginggovernance- System behaviorplatforms for societal benefit.MC Roco, Mar 1 2019Societal valuesand needsRef: 6: “Convergence of knowledge,technology and society:” 2013

B. Common goal - Vision inspired discovery andinventions are essential for the future of innovationModified Stokes diagramRelevance for theadvancement of knowledgeHighLowconvergence stage / divergence stage / S&T breakthroughsPureBasic Research(Bohr)Use-inspiredBasic Research(Pasteur))Empirical, lessuseful(Merlin)PureApplied Research(Edison)Low useKnown useVision-inspiredBasic Research(added in CKTS, 2013)New useRelevance for applicationsRef 6: “Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society:” (Springer,2013)MC. Roco, Mar 1 2019

C. Pattern: Spiral convergence & divergence in S&TCONVERGENCE (“left brain”)KnowledgeconfluenceDIVERGENCE (“right brain”)Innovationevolutionary spiralTSIntegrationNew K&TSystemsENVNewK&TPartsAdded ValueapplicationsThe innovation spiral is pulled by the added-value goal, through interactions of domains S, inthe external context ENV (imagine a “tornado” with surrounding air flow and Earth rotation).After Refs. 1 (Roco 2002) and 6 (CKTS Report 2013)

C. Examples of spiral convergence & divergence pattern- In nature: Various shapes of tornados- In thinking: Combining computational, directionalreasoning (“left brain”) and interferential, lateralcreativity (“right brain”) leads to a spiral pattern- In general: DNA spiral, bio-evolutionary spiral;innovation evolutionary spiral, stellar spirals . . .:fractals of a higher order principle?Ref 10: Handbook of science and technology convergence (Springer, 2016)MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

NBIC2C. Example convergence-divergence opportunities:the cellular phoneCoincidental convergence:- Creative phase: Confluence energy,environment, cognition, security, electronics,personalized learning, healthcare.- Integration phase: Including highfrequency communications and packet switchingprotocols; data storage, touch screens, antennas,and cognitive science and human–computerinterface technologiesHigh “innovation index” ina convergence processI k(S,E) S2 O / T3(Ref 6: CKTS Report 2013)- Innovation phase: Smart phone and itsplatform, form groups- Outcomes, spin-off phase: Socialnetworks, controlling swarms, miniaturized satellites,healthcare and many other examples affectingvirtually every aspect of our society.MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

C. “Endless Column”,sculpture by C. Brancusi (1937)Convergence-divergence elementsCKTS Report, brochure, 2013MC Roco, Mar 1 2019MC Roco, Feb 25 2015

E. Cross-domain: Unifying languagesUniversal laws for system architectures: correlations, scalingFastSPEEDSlowChanging thesystem architectureInflexibleFlexible(General) ROBUSTNESS (Special)Ex: Speed-Robustness, Ref. 8, 2015, using input from Turing; Doyle and CseteMC. Roco, Mar 1 2019

F. Multiple cause-and-effect pathwaysLeading to co-evolution of paradigms, requiring multitasking, multiple-algoritms in a complex system networkBlood flow in brainWater flow in waterdistribution networkEx: The limits of multi-tasking in biological networks, distribution networks,and other complex systems can be defined (Katifori et al., PNAS, 2019)

Springer 2013; www.wtec.org/NBIC2-Report; M. Roco et al.INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING and APPLICATIONS

Three stages of convergence(Ref 6: CKTS, Springer, 2013)I. Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology“Nanotechnology”Integrates disciplines and knowledge of matterfrom unifying concepts at the nanoscaleII. Foundational Nano-Bio-Info-Cognitive-AI Converging Techn“NBICA”Integrates foundational and emerging technologiesfrom unifying - basic elements using similar systemarchitectures and dynamic networkingIII. Knowledge, Technology and Society“CKTS”Integrates the essential platforms of human activityusing unifying seven convergence principlesMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

II. Nano-Bio-Info-Cogn-AIConverging TechnologiesNBIC 2001:NSF Workshop “Converging Technologies forImproving Human Performance: Nano-Bio-Information-Cognitive”NBICA 2015: added“systems Artificial Intelligence” as afoundational emerging field affecting human performanceDriven by unifying concepts: Synergistic combinationof five foundational emerging fields from their basic elements(atoms, bits, genes, neurons, logic steps) up and using similarsystem architecture and dynamic networking concepts, forcommon core goals such as learning, productivity & agingMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Converging foundational technologies (NBIC) leads toII. U.S. emerging S&T initiativesBrain–like Computing; Smart systemsOSTPBig Data National Strategic Computing Initiative 5G AI systemsNational Information Technology R&D(nitrd.gov)(with coordinating office)Artificial IntelligenceBRAIN ational RoboticsInitiativeInfoCognoBiology centeredAIBioNanoBiomedical /Health focusPrecision MedGenome(s) MicrobiomeArchitecture, Life, Human-technologyNational Nanotechnology Initiative(nano.gov) (with coordinating office)Materials Genome Photonics Quantum IS NNI Grand ChallengesRef 10: “NBIC”, in Handbook of S&T Convergence, 2016MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Ex II. Examples of NBICA domains (2005-2019)with U.S. National Science Foundation awards Quantum information science (IT; Nano and subatomicphysics; System approach for dynamic/ probabilistic processes,entanglement and measurement) Eco-bio-complexity (Bio; Nano; System approach based onmolecular mechanisms, evolutionary mechanisms; interfacebetween ecology and economics; epidemiological dynamics) Neuromorphic engineering (Nano, Bio, IT, neurosc.) Cyber-physical systems (IT, NT, BIO, AI, others) Synthetic biology (Bio, Nano, IT, neuroscience) Brain-like computing (neuroscience, IT, NT, Bio, psychology) General purpose AI systems (NBICA)MC. Roco, Mar 1 2019

Ex II: 2016- NSF 10 Big Ideas (4 research ideas) Understanding the Rules ofLife: Predicting Phenotype Work at the HumanTechnology Frontier Data science The Quantum LeapEx II-III: 2016- NSF 10 Big Ideas (2 research ideas) Windows on the Universe:Multi-messenger Astrophysics Navigating the New ArcticMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Ex III: 2016- NSF 10 Big Ideas (4 enabling ideas) Growing Convergent Researchat NSF NSF 2026: Seeding InnovationNSF 2026 INCLUDES: EnhancingScience & Engineeringthrough Diversity Mid-scale ResearchInfrastructureMC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Ex III: 14 Manufacturing USA InstitutesDeloitte evaluation report (2017):The Power of Connections is a Key AdvantageAIM ations in theouter “fans” - takeadvantage of theconvening of InstitutesAmericaMakesDMDIIAddressing the“valley ofdeath” 1,200 coreorganizationsin an interindustryNetworkcomprised of s in the center of the network help steer the direction of the network.MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

Global Action Possibilities Coordination for advancing: “science of convergence” &“convergence technology platforms” Manufacturing, cognition-, biomedicine- convergence– immediate implementation opportunities Cross-domain programs - universities, funding agencies Principles of convergence for conflict resolution atpersonal to international level OECD committee on Converging Technologies (2014-)MC Roco, Mar 1 2019

(4 reports with R&D recommendations for 2020)Related publications1. “Coherence and Divergence of Megatrends in Science and Engineering”(Roco, JNR, 2002)2. “Nanotechnology: Convergence with Modern Biology and Medicine”,(Roco, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2003)3. NANO1: “Nanotechnology research directions: Vision for the next decade”(Roco, Williams & Alivisatos, WH, 1999, also Springer, 316p, 2000)4. NANO 2020: “Nanotechnology research directions for societal needs in2020” (Roco, Mirkin & Hersam, Springer, 690p, 2011a)5. NBIC: “Converging technologies for improving human performance: nanobio-info-cognition” (Roco & Bainbridge, Springer, 468p, 2003)6. CKTS: “Convergence of knowledge, technology and society: BeyondNBIC” (Roco, Bainbridge, Tonn & Whitesides; Springer, 604p, 2013b)7. The new world of discovery, invention, and innovation: convergence ofknowledge, technology and society” (Roco & Bainbridge, JNR 2013a, 15)8. “Principles and methods that facilitate convergence” (Roco, SpringerReference, Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence, 2015)9. “Science and technology convergence, with emphasis fornanotechnology-inspired convergence” (Bainbridge & Roco, JNR, 2016)10. HSTC: “Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence”(Bainbridge & Roco, Springer Reference, 2016)

for problem solving in complex systems . single-domain methods. Further defining S&T convergence “Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society”, 2013 et al (Refs 6- 10) Convergence approach includes: -Deep integration of knowledge, tools and modes of thinking driven by unifying concepts & a common goal-To form a new framework, paradigm or ecosystem-From where emerge novel pathways .

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