Oldest Religion In The World

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Oldest religion in the world quora.Indian Religion and Dharma, or way of life Part of a series Suhinduism Hindus History Timeline origins The civilization of the Indus Valley The Vedic Historical Religion The Dravidic Popular Religion Åšramá¹ ‡ tribal religions in India Main traditions Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism List of Divinity Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Tridevi SaraswatiLakshmi Parvati Other Indra Agni Prajapati Rudra Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic: Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Radha Rama Shakti Sita Concepts WorldView Cosmology Indu Puranial History Mythology Indì Supreme Reality Brahman Om Guá¹ ‡ at Tattva Pancha Bhoota God Ishvara God in Hinduism God and Gender Meaning of lifeDharma Artha Kama Moksha Stages of Life Brahmacarya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Three Travels For Liberation Bhakti Yoga Jnana Yoga Karma Yoga Liberation Related Topics Moká¹ To: Paramä Tman Maya Karma Sacchinara Mind ä Tman (SELF) ANÄ TMAN (NON-SELF) SÅ «Ká¹ but Å ARÄ« RA (SUBTLE BO DY) Antaá Karaá¹ ‡ A(military bodies) Prajà a (Wisdom) Ä Nanda (Happiness) Viveka (discrimination) Vairagya (dispassion) Sama (Equastranimity) Dama (Temperance) Titiksha Shä dsha Satya Damah Dayä akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svä Dhyä Ya Shucha Mitahara Dà na sources of Dharma Epistemology Pratyaká¹ A (perception) Anumä Á¹ ‡ a (inference) Upamä Á¹‡ A (comparison, analogy) Arthä Patti ( Postulation, Presumption) Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) Åšabda (word, testimony) Practices worship, sacrifice and charity puja ä rtä «Åšrauta temple murti bhakti japa bhajana kä« rtana yajna homa tarpana vata prä yaÅ City Tirtha Tirthadana Matha Nritta-nritya Dà Na Seva Meditation Tä Pas Dhyä naSamä Dhä na Nididhyä Healthy Yoga Sadhu Yogini Asana Sadhana Hatha Yoga Yoga Yoga Yoga Bhakti Yoga Karma Yoga Raja Yoga Kundalini Yoga Art Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odysi Sattriya Bhagavata Apple Yakshagana Dandiya RaaS Carnatic Music Pan dav Lila Rites of passage garbhadhana PumsavanaSimantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami-Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami OnamMakar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra philosophical schools are schools Astika Sankhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Other schools Pasupata Saiva Pratyabhijà a Charvaka Gurus, saints, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras AruniAshtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kapila Kanada Kashyapa PA Á¹ ‡ ‡ Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Nayanars Medieval Alvars Adi Shankara based Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jà ä Nea Var Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorak shanath JayantaBhatta Ramananda Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Chakradhara Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Puranda Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Ya but Å asters VedantaDesika Samarth Ramdas Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Prabhupada Narayana Guru Ramakrishna, Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sivananda Saraswati UG Krishnamurti Sai BabaNigamananda Vivekananda Yogananda RD Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Texts Sources and classification of writing Å ruti Smá¹ you Ä cä rä Tmatuá¹¹ á¹i Timeline scriptures of the indì texts Divisioni Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishad Rigveda: Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda:Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda: Chà ndogya Kena Atharvaveda: Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha altre scritture Bhagavad Gita Agama (induismo) Altro textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Na radeya Purana Và manaPurana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahma nda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kà  «RMA Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana mà rkandeya Purana Itihasa Ramayana Mahabharata Upaveda Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastra,sutra e Samhita Dharma Shastra Artha à astra Shilpa Shastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutra Samkhya Sutra Mimamsa Sutra Nya ya SA  «tras Vaia eá¹  ika SA« tra Yoga Sutra Pramana Sutra Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya SH astra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Panchadasi Stotrase stutis Kanakadhà ra Stotram Shiva Stuti Vayu Stuti Society Varna quattro varna: argomenti Dalit Varna-correlati :: Brahmana Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Varna-meno Jati Altri argomenti della società -correlato: Persecuzione nazionalismo hindutva Organizzazioni altri temi induismo di siti paese cultura balinese induismo indù Architettura CalendarioIconografia Mitologia pellegrinaggio induismo e le altre religioni giainismo e Hinduismà / e Buddhismà / e Sikhismà / e Judaismà / e Christianityà / e l'Islam Critica Glossario Outline indice ã, induismo portalvte induismo (/ e hà  ªnduà  ªzà â " m /) [1] â m /) [1] â m /) [1] â m /) [1] â m /) [1] à una religione indiana edharma, o stile di VITA. [NOTA 1] [NOTA 2] IT à la terza religione, con omtre 1,2 miliardi di maggesi, o il 15% della popolazione globale, conosciuto come indã¹. [2] [Web 1] [Web 2] LA Parola indà à exonym, [3] [4] [nota 3] e mentre hiinduism ã stata chiamata la religione piã¹ antica nel mondiale, [nota 4] molti praticanti riferiscono Alla LoroReligione Come Sanaa Tana Dharma (Sanscrito: à  ⠾ ã à      â ã â ã  , lit.ã, â â 'l 'Eterno Dharma'), Che Si Rifierism All'idea Che Le Sue Origini Si Trovano Oltre Umana Storia Umana, Come Rivelato NEL Testi Indù. [5] [6] [7] [8] [NOTA 5] UN Altro, Anche SE Meno Montaggio, [9] auto-designazione ÃAdika Dharma, [10] [11][12] [13] IL 'Dharma Correlati AI VEDA. ' [Web 3] l'induismo à una diversa sistema di pensiero Contrassegnato da una gamma filosofie e condivise Concetti, rituali, cosmologiche Systems, luoghi di pellegrinaggio e condivisa testuali fonti che Discussy Teologia, Metafisica, Mitologia, vedica Yajna, Yoga, Agami Rituali E Costruire IL Tempio, Tra Gli AltriArgomenti. [14] temi di primo piano nella credenze indá ¹¹ â rthas, gli obiettivi appropriate o scopi della vita umana; Vale A Dire, Dharma (Etica / Doveri), Artha (Prosperiità / Doveri), Kama (Liberazione / Passioni) e Moksha (liberazione / passioni) e moksha (liberazione / passioni) e Il ciclo DI morte e rinascita), [15] [16] Cosâ ] Karma (Azione,Intent E Consecients) e saá¹¹æ'sà RA (CILEO DI Morte E RinasCita). Doveri Induismo Prescrive L'Eterno, Tale Ashonesty, Astenendosi Da Ferendo Esseri Viventi (Ahi¹'sà ), pazienza, forberance, self-frena, virtã¹ e compassione, con grilli-trattenere, virtã¹ e compassione, con gli-trattenere, la virtù¹ e la compassione, con grilli -Restrain, virtù, e lacompassione, con grill. [Web 4] [19] Pratiche indà ù¹ ¹¹¹¹ (adorazione) e recitazioni, japa, la meditazione (dhyã na), Riti Orientato Alla Famiglia di passaggio, predivals annuali, e occasionale purpiGrinaggi. InsieMe Con La Pratica Di Vari tipi di yoga, alcuni ind נ ega lasciano il loro mondo sociale e beni materiali e di imgnarsi in permanente sannyasa(monachesimo) al-Fine di Ottenere Moksha. [20] Testi indã¹ sono classificati in à å¡Ruti ("Heard") e smá Ti ( The graduate "), The graduate"), The graduate "), The Majored"), Majored "), I Veda, The Upanishad, Pura Nas, The Maha Bha Rata Rata, Ra Mà ana , and the à â, Gamas. [17] [21] There are six Stika schools of Induo Philophy, whorecognize the Veda Authority, namely Sa Nkhya, Yoga, Nya Ya, Vaisheshika, Mima Mima Vedä nta. [22] [23] [24] While the pure chronology presents a genealogy of thousands of years, beginning with the Vedic Rishis, scholars consider Hinduism as a fusion [note 6] or synthesis [25] [note 7] of ortopaxia brahmanica [note 8] with various Indian cultures,[26] [Note 9] Having different roots [27] [Note 10] [28] This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c. 500 [29] â "200 [30] ECB and c. 300 EC, [29] during the period of the second urbanization and the first classical period of Hinduism, when the epic and the first Purä Nas were composed. [29] [30] He flourished in the medievalperiod, with the decline of Buddhism in India. [31] At present, the four greatest denominations of Hinduism are vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism. [32] [33] The sources of authority and eternal truths in Hindu texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of the Authority of questions in order to deepen theunderstanding of these truths and further develop tradition. [34] Hinduism is the most professed faith in India, Nepal and Mauritius. Significant number of Hindu communities is located in Southeast Asia, including in Bali, Indonesia, [35] the Caribbean, North America, Europe, Oceania, Africa and other regions. [36] [37] Etymology Further information:Hindu A Hindu Balinese family after PUJA at Bratan temple in Bali, Indonesia The word Hindå "derivad from indo-aryan [38] / sanskrit [39] root Sindhu. [39] [40] The proto-Iranian sound changes * s h occurred between 850 and 600 BC, according to Asko Parpola. [41] The use of the English word "induism" to describe a collection of practices andbeliefs is a fairly recent construction: it was first used by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1816 - 17. [42] The term "induism" was coined around 1830 by those Indians who opposed British colonialism and who wanted to distinguish themselves from other religious groups. [42] [43] [44] Before the English began to classify communities strictly from religion,Indians generally do not define themselves exclusively through their religious beliefs; Instead, they were largely segmented on the basis of the locality, language, Vará1 ‡ a, jä ti, occupation and sect. [45] The word "indu" is much larger, and it is believed that it was used as a name for the Indus river in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent.[42] [39] [Note 11] according to GAVIN Flood " The actual Hindu term occurs first as a Persian geographical term for people living beyond the Indus River (Sanskrit: Sindhu) ", [39] in particular in the 6th century BCE inscription of Darius I (550" 486 BC). [46] The Hindu term in these ancient records is a geographical term and did not refer to areligion. [39] Among the first known records of "induty" with connotations of religion can be in the 7th century Chinese text record of western regions of Xuanzang, [46] and Persian text of the 14th century Futuhu's-Salatin of 'Abd al-Malik ISAMI. [Note 3] Thapar SA states that the word Hindununcia is found as Heptahindu in Avesta - equivalent [47]The Arabic term al-posterior refers to people living through the Indus River. [48] This Arabic term was itself from the Persian pre-Islamic term Hindå, which refers to all Indians. In the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name of India, meaning "the land of Hindus". [49] [Note 12] The Hindu term was later used occasionally insome Sanskrit texts such as the later Rajataranginis of Kashmir (Hinduka, c. 1450) and some texts from the 16th to the 18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava, including Chaitanya Charitaamrita and ChaitanyaThese texts used it to distinguish Hindus from Muslims who are called Yavanas (foreigners) or mlecchi (barbars), with the text ChaitanyaCharitaamrita of the 16th century and the 17th centuryThe text oando the phrase "indu dharma." [51] was only towards the end of the 18th century that European merchants and settlers began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus. [Note 13] the Hinduism of the term, then the spelling hindochism, was introduced in Englishin the 18th century to denote religious, philosophical and cultural traditions native to India. [55] the definitions Hinduism include a diversity of ideas about spirituality and traditions, but it has no ecclesiastical order, no indisputable religious authority, no governing body, no prophet nor) nor a binding sacred book; Hindus can choose to be polyistic,pantheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, henotheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheist or humanist. [56] [57] [58] according to doniger, "ideas on all major issues of faith and lifestyle - vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even caste - are subject to debates, not dogma." [45] because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered byterm Hinduism, reaching a complete definition is difficult. [39] religion "defides our desire to define and categorize it." [59] Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a series of religious beliefs, and "a way of living." [60] [note 1] from a Western lexical point of view, Hinduism as other faiths is appropriately referred to asreligion. in india, the term dharma is preferred, which is wider than the religion of the Western term. [61] the study of india and its cultures and religions, and the definition of Hinduism, was shaped by the interest of colonialism and the Western notions of religion. [62] [63] since 1990, these influences and its results have been the theme of the debatebetween scholars of Hinduism, [62] [Note 14] and have been detected by critics of the Western view of India. [64] [note 15] typology om, a stylized letter of devanagari script, used as a religious symbol in the main article of Hinduism: Hinduism of denominations as it is commonly known can be divided into a series of main currents. of the historicaldivision in six darsanas (philosophy,) two schools, see and yoga, are currently the most important. [22] classified by primary deities or divinities, four main hardenings modern currents are vaishnavism (vishnu,) shaivism (shiva,) shaktism (devi) and smartism (five deities treated as equal.) [65] [66] Hinduism also accepts numerous divine beings, withmany Hindus who consider divinities to be aspects or manifestations of a single absolute reality or [67] other remarkable features include a conviction in the existence of ä tman (yes,) reincarnation of his ä tman and karma, as well as a belief in dharma (dovers, rights, laws, conduct, virtue and just way of living.) mcdaniel (2007) classifies Hinduism insix main types and numerous minor types, in order to understand the expression of emotions among the Hindus. [68] the main types, according to mcdaniel are folk Hinduism, based on local traditions and cults of local deities and is the oldest and non-alphabetic system; Vedic Hinduism based on the first layers of the Vedis traceable to the 2ndmillennium BC; the Vedic Hinduism based on the philosophy of the upanishad, including advaita Vedinta, emphasizing knowledge and wisdom; Yogic Hinduism, following the text of yoga sutras of patanjali emphasizing introspective awareness; dharmic Hinduism or "daily love," that mcdaniel states are stereotyped in some books as "only form of Hindureligion with a conviction in karma,and castes "; and Bhakti or devotional hinduism, in which intense emotions are elaborated incorporated into the research of the spiritual. [68] Michaels distinguishes three religions indì and four forms of religiosities indì. [69] The three religions indì are they are Hinduism, the "religious and tribal religions", and the"religious founded". [70] The four forms of religious industries are the classic "Karma-Marga", [71] Jnana-Marga, [72] Bhakti-Marga, [72] and heroism, which is rooted in militarist traditions. These militarist traditions include Ramaism (the cult of a hero of epic literature, Rama, believing him to be an incarnation of Vishnu) [73] and parts of politicalhinduism. [71] "Heroism" is also called Virya-Marga. [72] According to Michaels, one in nine indusers belongs to the birth of one or both of the Brahmanico-Socritical Hinduism and the type of popular religion, both practicing and not practicing. He ranks most of the Indues as belonging by choice to one of the "delights founded" such as Vaishnavisc andShaivism which are Moksha-Focused and often de-emphasize Brahman priestly authority still incorporating grammar ritual of Hinduism Brahmanic-Sanskritic. [74] He includes between the "religious founded" Buddhism, Jainism, the Sikhism that are now distinct religions, synchretic movements such as Brahmo Samaj and the theosophical society, aswell as various "guru-ismi" and new religious movements like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Iskcon. [75] Inden states that the attempt to classify Hinduism by type has begun in imperial times, when prostiritizing missionaries and colonial officials has tried to understand and portray Hinduism from their interests. [76] Hinduism was interpreted as anissue not from a reason for a spirit, but fantasy and creative, non-conceptual but symbolic, non-ethical but emotional, non-rational or spiritual but of cognitive mysticism. This stereotype followed and adapted, says Inden, with imperial imperatives of the time, providing moral justification for the colonial project. [76] From Tribal Animize to Buddhism,everything was hired as part of Hinduism. The first relationships established tradition and academic premises for the type of Hinduism, as well as the main hypotheses and defective assumptions that have been the basis of indulia. Hinduism, according to Inden, has not been nor that the imperial religious stereotyped, nor is it appropriate to equaleHinduism to be only the monist pantheism and the philosophical idealism of Advaita Vedanta. [76] Mindo sights of Sanitana Dharma See also: Sanä Tană «To his adherents, Hinduism is a traditional way of life. [77] Many practitioners refer to the "Orthodox" form of Hinduism as Sanä Tana Dharma, "eternal law" or "the eternal way". [78] Indues themconsider Hinduism to be thousands of years. The purinous chronology, the timeline of events in ancient Indian history as narrated in Mahabaratha, Ramayana and Pure, includes a history of events related to Hinduism starting from well before 3000 A.C. The word Sanscrita Dharma has a much broader meaning than religion and is not its equivalent. Allaspects of a industrious life, ie the acquisition of wealth (Artha), the fulfillment of desires (Kama), and the achievement of liberation (MokSha), are part of the Dharma, which encapsulates the "right way of Living "and eternal harmonious principles in their realization. [80] [81] According to the editors of the British Encyclopedia, Sanä Tana Dharmahistorically referred to the religious "eternal" duties ordered in Hinduism, duties such as honesty, refrain from hurting living beings (ahimitsä), purity, Good will, mercy, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, generosity and asceticism. These duties applied regardless of the class, from the caste or from the sect of an indone, and contrasted with thesvadharma, its own "duty", in accordance with the class or caste (Vará¹ ‡ a) and the phase of life (Puruá¹¹ Ä RTHA). 4] In recent years, the term has been used by indì, reformers and nationalists leaders to refer to hinduancy. Sanatana Dharma has become synonymous with the truth And of the teachings of Hinduism, which transcend the story and are"invariant, indivisible and finally not sectarians". 4] According to other scholars like Kim Knott Knott Brian Hatcher, Santa Tana Dharma refers to "Timeless, Eternal Set of Truths" and so that the Indones see the origins of their religion. It is considered as those truth and eternal tradition with origins beyond human history, truths revealed divinely(shruti) in the Vedas à â, "the oldest of the writings of the world. [6] [82] to many indì, the term Western "religion" to the extent that means "dogma and a traceable institution to a single founder" is inappropriate for their tradition, says Hatcher. Hinduism, to them, is a tradition that can be traced at least at the It was ancient Vedic. [6] [83] [Note16] Vaidika Dharma See also: Historical Vedic Religion and Vedic Period some have reported Hinduism as Vaidika Dharma. [10] The word "Vaidika" in Sanskrit means "derived from or conformable to the Veda "or" relative to the Veda ". [Web 3] Traditional scholars employed Vaidika and Avaidika terms, those who accept Vedas as a source ofauthoritative knowledge and those who do not do it, to differentiate various Indian schools from Jainism, Buddhism and Charvaka. According to KL Aus Klostermaier, the term Vaidika Dharma is the first self-designation of Hinduism. [11] [12] According to Arvind Sharma, the historical test suggests that "Indui referred to their religion from the termVaidika Dharma or from a variant of them" of the 4th century CE. [13] According to Brian K. Smith, "[i] t is" questionable at least "regarding whether the term Vaika Dharma cannot, with the correct concessions to historical, cultural and ideological specifications, be comparable and translated as "Hinduism 'or' Hindu religion '. "[9] According to AlexisSanderson, the first Sanskrit texts differ between Viaidika, Vaishnava, Shaiva, Shakta, Saura, Buddhist and Jaina traditions. However, the end of the 1st millennium CE indicates the consent had" actually get to conceptualized A complex entity corresponding to the Hinduism with respect to Buddhism and Geinism excluded only some forms of ShaktaShaiva "from its turn. [Web 5] Some in the Mimamsa School of the Induerate philosophy considered Agamas as the pancaratrika is not valid because it is because It is not compliant with Vedas. Some Kashmiri scholars rejected esoteric tantric traditions to be part of Vaidika Dharma. [Web 5] [Web 6] The ascetic tradition of Atimarga Shaivism, datingback to about 500 CE, challenged the Vika chassis e He insisted on the fact that their agamous and practices were not only valid, they were higher than those of Vaidikas. [Web 7] However, adderson adds, this ascetic tradition shaiva observed themselves really faithful to Vedic tradition and "kept unanimous that the . Å Ruti and Mostaâ too, Ti delBrahmanism are uniquely and solely valid in your sphere, [.] and that as such [Vedas] are unique of man's means of Validity of knowledge [.] ". [Web 7] The term Vaika Dharma means a practice code that is "based on Vedas", but it is not clear what "based on the Vedas" really implies, says Julius Lipner. [83] The Vaidika Dharma or "VEDIC way oflife," says Lipner, does not mean "Hinduism is necessarily religious" or that Hindu have a "conventional or institutional meaning" universally accepted for that term. [83] To many, it is as much a cultural term. Many Hindu do not have a copy of the Vedas, nor have ever seen or read parts of a person See, as a Christian, could relate to the Bible or aMuslim force to the Koran. However, Lipner says, "this does not mean that their [Hindu] the orientation of the entire life can not be traced to the Vedas or that it does not follow in any way." [83]. Although many religious Hindu implicitly recognize the authority of the Vedas, this recognition is often "no more than a statement that someone you consider[or herself] a Hindu", [85] [Note 17] and "The Most Indians today pays lip service to the Vedas and have any regard for the content of the text. "[86] Some Hindus challenge the authority of the Vedas, thus implicitly recognizing his ownTo the history of Hinduism, Lipner says. [83] Hindu modernism See also: Swami Vivekananda Hindu reformmovements was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and the United States, [87] raising awareness of the interface and making Hinduism a world religion. [88] Since the 19th century, Indian modernists have reserved Hinduism as an important asset of Indian civilization, [63] meanwhile "purifying" Hinduism from its tantric elements[89] and raising the Vedic elements. Western stereotypes have been reversed, emphasizing universal aspects and introducing modern approaches to social problems. [63] This approach has had a great appeal, not only in India, but also in the West. [63] The main representatives of Hindu modernism [90] are Raja Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda,Sarvepanli Radhakrishnan and Mahatma Gandhi. [91] Raja Rammohan Roy is known as the father of the Hindu Renaissance. [92] It was an important influence on Swami Vivekananda (1863 "1902), which, according to the flood, was "a figure of great importance in the development of a modern Hindu self-understanding and in the formulation of thevision of Hinduism". [93 ] The central idea for his philosophy is that the Divine exists in all beings, that all human beings can achieve union with this "innate deity", [90] and that seeing this divine as the essence of others will love further and social harmony. [90] According to Vivekananda, there is an essential unity in Hinduism, which emphasizes thediversity of its many forms. [90] According to the flood, the vision of Vivekananda's inruism "is generally accepted by the majority of English-speaking middle-class Hindus today." [94] Sarvepanti Radhakrishnan tried to reconcile Western rationalism with Hinduism, "presenting Hinduism as an essentially rationalistic and religious humanisticexperience." [95] This "global Hinduism" [96] has a worldwide appeal, transcending national boundaries [96] and, according to floods, "becoming a world religion beside Christianity, Islam and Buddhism", [96] both for Hindu communities and for Westerners who are attracted by cultures and non-Western religions. [96] It emphasizes universal spiritualvalues such as social justice, peace and "the spiritual transformation of humanity". [96] It developed partly because of the "reinultuation", [97] or the pizza effect, [97] where the elements of Hindu culture were exported to the west, gaining popularity there, and consequently also gained greater popularity in India . [97] This globalization of Hinduculture has led to "the Western teachings which have become an important cultural force in Western societies, and which in turn have become an important cultural force in India, their place of origin." [98] Legal definitions The definition of Hinduism in Indian law is: "Acception of Vedas with reverence, recognition of the fact that the means or waysfor moksha are different; and the realization of the truth that the number of gods to worship is great." [99] [100] Academic Visas The Hinduism term was coined in Western ethnography in the 18th century, [55] [Note 18] and refers to the fusion [note 6] or to the synthesis [Note 7] [25] of various Indian cultures and traditions, [26] [Note 9] withdifferent roots [27] [Note 10] and no founder. [28] This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c. 500 [29] â "200 [30] ECB and c. 300 EC, [29] during the period of the second urbanization and the first classical period of Hinduism, when the epic and the first Purana were composed. [29] [30] He flourished in the medieval period,with the decline of Buddhism in India. [31] The tolerance of Hinduism to changes in belief and its wide range of traditions make it difficult to define as religionTraditional western conceptions. [101] Some academics suggest that Hinduism can be seen as a category with "Fuzzy Borders" rather than a well-defined and rigid entity. Some forms ofreligious expression are fundamental to Hinduism and others, while not as a central, they still remain within the category. Based on Idea Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi developed a "prototype theory approach" to the definition of Hinduism. [102] Diversity and unity of diversity also see: Hindu denominations Ganesha is one of the most known andmost loved deities in Hindu Pantheon. Hindu beliefs are vast and diverse, and so Hinduism is often called a family of religions rather than a single religion. [Web 9] Within each religion in this family of religions, there are different theologies, practices and sacred texts. [Web 10] [103] [104] [Web 11] Hinduism does not have a "unified system of beliefencoded in a declaration of faith or belief", [39] but is rather a term umbrella including the plurality of religious phenomena of India. [106] [107] According to the Supreme Court of India, unlike other religions in the world, Hindu religion does not claim any prophet, does not worship any God, does not believe in any philosophical concept, does notfollow any act of rituals or religious shows; In fact, it does not satisfy the traditional features of a religion or belief. It is a way of living and nothing more ". [108] Part of the problem with a single definition of the term Hinduism is the fact that Hinduism does not have a founder. [109] It is a synthesis of various traditions, [110 ] "Brahmanical Orthopraxy,traditions of renunciation and popular or local traditions". [111] Theism is also difficult to use as a unifying doctrine for Hinduism, because while some Hindu philosophies postulate an ontology theistic of creation, other Hindus are either or have been or have been or have been Atheists. [112] Sense of unity Despite differences, there is also a sense ofunity. [113] Most Hindu traditions venerate a body of religious or sacred literature, the Vedas, [114] although there are exceptions. [115] These texts are a reminder of the ancient cultural heritage and the pride o

Oldest religion in the world in hindi. Oldest religion in the world after hinduism. . Altro textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Na radeya Purana VÃ mana . Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahma nda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana KÃ Â «RMA .