Tutorial: Gauge Graphics, Part 4
Tutorial: Gauge graphics, Part 4Radial ticksThis is the final part of this tutorial. It will begin with a discussion about an effect that canbe seen in at least one gauge in almost every aircraft available in flight simulator. These are theradial markings around the face of an instrument. When used in conjunction with a pointer ofsome sort, they relay information to the pilot. Because of the frequent use of radial ticks, theirconstruction will be demonstrated using the tools of XaraX.The gauge at right not only uses a dial with tick marks; it alsohas radial divisions that delineate areas of the gauge. It is this gaugethat will be used to illustrate this technique. The outer band providesaltitude, the center shows drift information. Both the altitude ticks andthe drift markers (triangles) will be considered in this discussion.Radio altitudes up to a maximum of 1000-feet are displayed. Itdoes this using two scales. Between 1000-feet and 100-feet the ticksrepresent 100-foot divisions. Between 100-feet and zero, the divisionsrepresent 10-feet segments. The two scales allow altitudes nearer the ground to be representedmore accurately than higher altitudes. This assists the pilot in knowing when touchdown is aboutto occur or when a helicopter is taxiing a few feet above a surface.If you study the placement of the radial lines on the gauge, three major properties of eachbecome evident. They all have angle, they all have length, and they all have location. For thisdiscussion, color and line width will play a minor roll. You are already familiar with those qualities.As the lines rotate around the gauge, their angle constantly changes. These all have acommon focal point in the center of the gauge. They vary in length because some lines need tobe more prominent than others. For example, shorter ticks are used for most of the higher altitudemarkings giving them less importance that lower altitude markers. The location of tick marks isimportant to provide readability and uniformity to the gauge. For example, the distance betweenthe 5 and 6 ticks will equal that between 6 and 7 ticks.Let's begin the radial layout by first sketching a game planshowing how the gauge is grouped into areas. This will be the mapto follow when drawing the graphics. The 360-degree circular gaugewill be divided into sections. All values will be expressed in degreesusing a compass rose; North is at 360-degrees (this is alsozero-degrees), East is at 90-degrees, South is at 180-degrees, andWest is at 270-degrees.At right, the top of the gauge will contain the identifying text.The blue area will be reserved for that element and is given a30-degree band on either side of the vertical centerline. This bandextends from 330-degrees on the left, to 30-degrees on the right.The higher altitudes (100' - 1000') will be allotted the green area. It covers a bandcontaining 60-degrees. It extends from 330-degrees to 270-degrees. That area will be subdividedinto nine ticks. The calculation for those ticks is: 60 / 9 6.66-degrees per tick. That number isothe offset value of rotation for each mark within that area starting at value 330 .What is an offset value of rotation? That is the difference in rotationbetween any two adjacent tick marks. The number 6.66 above represents thisvalue for each of the higher altitude ticks that will occupy the green zone.If you will remember from an earlier discussion regarding rotation, itwas stated that objects may use the Angle of selection box illustrated at right.Input into that data box would rotate the arrow illustrated there relative to itscurrent position. The current angle, even after a rotation, is always zerodegrees. Positive values rotate the selection countercockwise, negative valuesrotate the selection clockwise. In effect, this box requires offset values, not compass rose values.As you probably have already discovered if you are trying XaraX for yourself, all datawindows will in reality accept values to two decimal places (6.66), not just one decimal place thathas been used up to now. While such accuracy is overkill for pixel and angle values, it makesentry a tad easier because no thought is given to rounding-off calculations.57
The lower altitudes (100' - 0') will be allotted the yellow area. It contains a band having240-degrees and extends from 270-degrees to 30-degrees. That area will be subdivided into tenticks. The calculation is: 240 / 10 24-degrees per tick. That provides the offset value of rotationfor each mark within that area.Having calculated all necessary offset values,the drawing phase can begin. It starts with the fourobjects at right. The three circles represent the circularbands visible on the face of the gauge. The vertical linewill become the mother of all tick marks. All objects areshown selected, then centrally aligned using the ObjectAlignment box.The size and spacing between circles evolvedover time. That was a product of design decisions. Whythose locations were chosen will not be detailed. Instead,this demonstration will focus only on how the tick markswere created using XaraX.Because all objects in this illustration arecentered, the pivot point for the vertical line will belocated in the exact center of the concentric circles. Thesmall X-mark seen in the center of the illustration is themethod XaraX uses to indicate the center of selections. Having a pivot point centrally located willallow cloned versions of the vertical line to rotate about the same pivot point as each is suppliedwith the calculated offset angle of rotation.The first area to receive ticking will be the green area, from 330-degrees to 270-degrees.A brief summary of steps is: a #1 clone will be made from the vertical line and given an offsetangle of 30. This will rotate the clone counterclockwise (ccw). That places it atthe starting point for the high altitude tick marks. After rotation, the clone willremain selected. A #2 clone will be made from the first. It will be given an offsetangle of 6.66-degrees. It will then rotate ccw by this amount. The process ofclone-rotate-clone-rotate will be repeated until the tenth clone is rotated. At thattime the clone will lie horizontally across the center of the circles. That locationis equivalent to the 270-degree point on the compass rose. This clone willbecome the 100-foot altitude tick mark.In the illustration at left, the first clone has been rotated 30-degreescounterclockwise. As you can see, it remains selected after the rotate. Thatmakes it easy to clone a second line (CTRL K), type 6.66 into the Angle ofSelection box, and then hit Enter.At right, the ten clones are in place. Half of each lineextends to the opposite side of the circle. Those inside the yellowregion will cause confusion later because that area will also receiveits own tick marks. The lines can be shortened at this time.If a diagonal line (at left) is selected,it can be shortened (or lengthened) byadjusting a corner selection handle. In orderto maintain the diagonal angle, the "lock"inside the green circle at left must be active.The selection handle pointed to by the green arrow will adjust the linelength without interfering with the angle. If the lock isoff, both length and angle are changeable.At right, all clones have been reduced inlength except the #10 clone. That line will be leftuntouched so additional clones can be made from it.Changing its length would also change its pivot point.That would affect the rotation of the new clones.58
In this illustration, the #10clone has been copied and rotated24-degrees counterclockwise. The lefthalf of this line will become the 90-footlow altitude tick mark.The remaining low altitude ticks will bemade using the clone-rotate processuntil reaching the zero altitude marker.That will be positioned at 30-degreeson the compass rose.Take a closer look at thegraphic at left. Potential confusion willdevelop as more low altitude ticks are rotated around the circles. Even the original verticalcenterline will contribute to this disorder. Since it was needed only to produce the first clone, itcan be removed. To prevent a tangle of lines, each low altitude tick will be shortened after a clonehas been produced from it and rotated. Otherwise, it will be nearly impossible to identify what linegoes where if allowed to remain across both halves of thecircles.At right, all low altitude tick marks are in position.Because each line was shortened after rotation, it is clearwhether a mark represents a low or high altitude. The lasttask is to reduce each line until it has a length appropriate toits function. Some lines will be longer than others. The finallength chosen for each line was made during the designphase of this gauge. Here, only the length-editing process willbe discussed.The high altitude ticks will run from the middle circleoutward a short distance toward the edge of the gauge. Thetwo exceptions are the 1000-foot tick and the 100-foot tick.Those two lines are extended until they touch the inner circle.All low altitude marks will run from the inner circle to the middle circle. Illustrating how thisis accurately done is the last stage of the ticking process. What about numbers that identify theticks? Putting labels on ticks is a textual procedure using the tools discussed under the Text topic.To set the length of each high altitude tick, anadditional circle was drawn and centered. It is shown at left ingreen. That object will set the outer boundary for each ofthese tick marks. After that is accomplished, the circle will nolonger be needed and will be deleted.Each mark will be edited until it touches the greencircle on one end and the middle circle on the other. This is amanual procedure done by eye. There are no snapsavailable to speed up this task such as those found in CADsoftware. But, only a few lines are involved, so it's no bigdeal.At right, the900-foot marker hasbeen shortened to fit within the two circles defining theboundary. The end point of each tick should stop in thecenter of the circular lines. A zoom will be needed to do thatproperly. With a zoom level high enough,the center of lines can easily be seen.The zoom at left is over 25,000-percent.With such accurate placement, the tickswill look identical when the gauge isinstalled, even at larger sizes.59
After editing the length of ticks, they can be increasedfrom the 0.1 initial width to a final value. This value should bedetermined by viewing the lines at a zoom of around 100%. Thismagnification will give an idea how the lines will display whenthe gauge is viewed at its operational size. If needed, readjustthe width until it looks correct, not too fat, not so thin they canbarely be seen.XaraX increases the line width proportionately aroundthe selection center of the object. At left, the red, dashed linelies along the original angle for that tick. The wider black line isthe actual tick mark that has been increased in width. You cansee that the tick remained the same length, still has the correctangle of rotation, and only increased to a more useable width.At right, the ticks have been given a width of 0.5 pixels.The 1000-foot and 100-foot ticks have been set to their properlengths. With these marks lengthened, the green circle wasdeleted.One final edit on the ticks willbe performed when the interior of thegauge has been given color. At left,color has been applied to the threecircles. You will also see that thecenter circle was given a border oflight gray. The tick marks werecolored to match this line. Theremainder of line ticks used on thisgauge was done in a similar manner as just discussed. As you cansee, line colors and widths are design decisions.At left, there is another type of tick that was used onthis gauge. Those are triangular ticks. Even though they area different shape, the basic technique remains the same.First, it can be seen the dial uses an arc spanning180-degrees. The arc is divided into 6 areas representingangles of drift ranging from zero to 30-degrees left and right.At right,temporary lines havebeen placed aroundthe circle. These were rotated to form the six divisions. Theoffset angle to which they were rotated was derived fromthe calculation, (180 / 6 30). These lines will act as guidesfor the placement of the triangular ticks.Each tick mark is made from a small triangle. Theinitial triangle represented zero-drift. By default, XaraX drew this triangles facing downward. Thatis the direction needed for the zero-drift tick mark. That triangle can be seen atleft occupying center position.This triangle was cloned and given an offsetangle of rotation of positive 30-degrees and negative 30-degrees. Positivevalues rotated the triangle counterclockwise, negative values rotated thetriangle clockwise. The clone-rotation step was repeated for each of theremaining ticks.To achieve alignment, each triangle was positioned by eye. Thetip of the triangle was centered along the appropriate temporary line. Thebase of the triangle occupies the center of the border line of the innercircle. One tick position is shown at right. The color of the triangular tickswas later edited to gray to match the altitude tick marks.60
Miscellaneous techniquesThis topic will round out thefinal section of this tutorial. Covered arethree techniques that can be used tomake objects associated with gauges.The first is a cutout graphic (a hole)within the panel of an aircraft. Gaugesare commonly installed into thesecutouts. They provide a smoothtransition between a gauge and itspanel. Cutouts may also have adjoiningholes used for mounting screws. Thesesecure the gauge in place.The second technique is themounting screws or bolts. Thesefasteners will contain the familiarPhillip's head slot.The last topic will illustrate howto make needles. These pointing devices are an essential part of mechanical gauges and arelikely found on most panels. The tools within XaraX helps to construct these graphics so theydisplay more realistically as they rotate within an instrument.For each of these topics, XaraX will play the primary roll. Many of the illustration that willbe shown could have been produced with Paint Shop Pro as well. However, I favor vectors formost drawings and effects because of its superior curving and shading abilities. And, if you arewondering, XaraX also produced the cartoon above. By now, you may recognize beveled noses.CutoutsThe job of a cutout is to hold a gauge. Many gauges are round at the body but may havebezels of other shapes such as an octagon. In reality, the body would fit into a panel hole and becovered by the bezel. In flight simulator, both body and bezel normally fit into the cutout. To whatsize should the cutout be made? Most round gauges fit into holes that are either 3 1/8-inches indiameter, or 2 1/4-inches. The gauges themselves are a bit larger. For example, a common stocksize is 3 1/2-inches.But, in today's digital age, gauges can be all sorts of shapes, not just round. Just look atthe GPS. Also, all gauges are not necessarily installed into panels. Some may use alternativemounting devices such as brackets or adjustable arms; however, duct tape is frowned upon.The scale graphic at left is modeled after the spec sheet ofa typical round gauge. In this example, the gauge has an octagonface, but it could be round or square. The red, dashed line showsthe body of the gauge. This is the part that would fit into the cutouton the panel. The four black circles indicate the mounting holelocations.The green ruler will give the relationship betweenthelements of a 3 1/8" gauge. Divisions are in 1/8 -inches. The blueruler does the same for a 2 1/4" gauge. Divisions are in 1/4-inches.During this cutout demonstration, the primary objective willbe to present techniques on how the hole is drawn, colored,feathered, and provided with holes for mounting screws. If youlook at a panel you may find not all gauges use four screws.Sometimes there is not enough room because of spaceinterference from nearby instruments and switches.To ease the design task, the graphic at left will be converted into a template. Thetemplate will serve to guide the development of both large and small round-body gauges andassociated mounting holes. The number of mounting holes you use for a particular instrument is adesign decision and may require compromise.61
The template is shown at right. It is a bitmapincluded in this zip archive with the name ofGauTemplate.bmp. The yellow circle represents theapproximate size of the cutout including the featheredarea. The red circles are the mounting holes.Feathering with XaraX requires an object ofsolid color to be drawn at its maximum size. Thisincludes the region to be feathered. XaraX firstapplies the greatest amount of feathering to theoutermost pixels. As the process proceeds toward thecenter of the object, it begins to decrease. Thiscontinues for a pixel-distance that you stipulate. Uponreaching that value, feathering stops. From that pointon, the remainder of the object will contain only solidcolor.This method of feathering makes it very convenient to know exactly what the final size ofthe cutout will be, feathering and all, without calculations or trial and error drawings.To begin, the template isimported into XaraX. It will be used tosize elements and locate them in correctrelationship to each other. This templatewill work for both large and small gauges.The Import tool is found insidethe File menu. At left, the importedtemplate has been placed on a simplegray panel made for this demonstration.The light color will allow the darkfeathering to be clearly seen.After importing, the next step is to adjustthe template until it is the size needed for thecutout. How is that determined? One method isto also import the bitmap of a panel from FS anduse the size of those cutouts as a guide.At right, the Bell bitmap has beenimported and placed over the demo panel.Guides are set along the top and bottom of thedesired cutouts on the Bell panel. Using these,the cutout template is proportionally re-sized to fit between the Guides.Before continuing with the cutout, let's look at adefault gauge installed on the panel of the Bell helicopter.That will give us a clue on how MS develops their cutouts. Wewill follow their lead when making our own.A couple of factors appear after scrutinizing thegauge at left. The first is that the rim of the gauge does nottouch the exterior of the cutout. It sits away from that edge bya distance of several pixels. This allows the border of thegauge to blend into the blackness of the cutout. That preventsthe jagged edge that is often apparent around a gauge whenit is placed on top of a light colored panel without theintervening cutout. There is also an interesting element thatcan be seen near the left side of the cutout. It is a lightercircular band that is not the rim of the gauge. That element projects the thickness of the metal inwhich the cutout is drilled. Panel material has physical depth and MS gauge designers aresimulating that property.62
The outer edge of the cutout is rather indistinct. It is solid in color near the gauge butbecomes blurred as it moves further away. That is the feathering technique that will be used inthis demonstration. Also, the gauge is not centered perfectly in the hole. Looking closely, theinstrument can be seen favoring the right side of the cutout. This adds to perspective because thegauge is not located directly in front of the pilot. However, the pilot in a Bell sits on the right sideof the gauge console so centering should favor the left side of the cutout, but who cares? Thebolts also slightly favor the right side of their respective holes to keep the perspective intact.One additional fact not readily apparent is the shade of black used in the cutout.Measuring the value at various points in the graphic found that no single percent of black wasevident. However, a value around 80-percent showed up frequently and could be considered anaverage value. Neither of the two reserved shades of blackwas found.Let's begin this demo by using the imported (andsized) template to locate the various elements. Guides arepositioned along each side of the cutout as shown at right.Those will set the outer boundary where feathering willbegin. As you can see, Guides have also been used tolocate the centers of each mounting hole.Tip: If Guidesare covered by a graphic, it is because the layer theyoccupy is below that of the graphic. The drawingorder can be changed inside a box activated in theUtilities/Galleries/Layer Gallery menu. The Guideslayer is selected, and then moved upward using the mouse. Place it directly above Layer 1. Thatwill make the Guide visible along its entire length. Then, select Layer 1 so that all future objectswill be drawn on that layer; otherwise, they will becreated with the properties of a Guide (red dots).A solid circle representing the cutout will be thefirst object to be drawn. In the illustration at right, thecircle was begun by first choosing the Diametercreation tool at the top of the XaraX screen. Thisinstructs the software that you intent to draw a circle byusing two points, the beginning point (green arrow) andthe ending point (red arrow). Both points lie atop thetemplate and are determined by eye.The blue outline is a visual indicator XaraXprovides so you can see how the circle is beingdeveloped at any given moment. The circle growslarger as the cursor nears the ending point. It can beadjusted in size and positioned until it fits perfectly overthe template. A mouse click finalizes the operation.At left, the 90% black circle is complete. It has a border becausethat was drawn by default. This is not necessary but it does not interferewith feathering if allowed to remain.The next task is a reasonably accurate placement of the fourmounting holes. One circle object will be drawn to size following thetemplate. It will be centered at the intersection of two red Guides. From thatcircle, the other three mounting holes will be cloned and positioned. Thesesteps are illustrated next.63
At left, the first mounting hole has been drawn. Working in asmall area such as this requires a large amount of zoom. This circlewas drawn using the same technique as the cutout. It lies directlyover the mounting hole on the template. The remaining three circleswill be cloned from it. This will keep all screw holes identical.In this graphic, you are viewing a stack of objects. First, thedemo panel (gray) occupies the bottom. Next comes the templategraphic (white). Above that are the two circles (black). Sometimesyou may wish for a better way of selecting an object that is part of astack. XaraX has such a tool.Tip: Selecting objects that are stacked can sometimes be difficult if theyare displayed in solid colors. To make selection easier, turn down the slider on the"Set view quality" tool (beside the horseshoe). This will reduce all graphics to their most basic lineform.The drawing at right has been stripped to the barebones. This is a view quality at the lowest setting. Parts ofthe demo panel are visible and the square template. Thistemplate is a bitmap and its outline can be seen but none ofthe images contained on the graphic. Also seen at right arethe two circles that were just drawn.This minimum setting has another application thatcan be used to advantage at this time. The first mountinghole can be centered over the intersection of the Guides.In the graphic below, the mounting hole was cloned.The clone was moved horizontally using the arrow key. Thisinsures the Y-value does not change.The selected clone contains a small X showing the center of the circle. An increase in the"X coordinate of selection" at the top of the XaraX screen will move the clone to the right. Thevalue is increased in steps of 0.1-pixels until the center of the circle straddles the intersection ofthe two Guides.With the first clone in position, both it and the originalmounting hole are selected. They can then be cloned at thesame time. The pair of new clones is moved down using thedown-arrow key. A final adjustment of the "Y coordinate ofselection" will center the clones over the intersections at thebottom of the template.Using arrow keys to move objects horizontally orvertically is a helpful technique when alignments are needed.The arrow keys will keep either the X-value or the Y-valueintact during the move. That reduces the amount of timeneeded for the alignments.64
At right, the five circular objects are now in their finalposition and have been returned to the highest view quality setting.For the feathering task, the cutout and the mounting holes will beworked separately because they will receive different amounts offeathering. The four mounting holes can be feathered as a unit.At left, the cutout is selected, and given afeathering value of 2.5-pixels. The "Change size offeather region" is found at the top of the XaraXscreen to the far right side. The feathering effectblurs the edge of the circle without changing theoverall size.The four mounting holes are featheredusing a value of 1-pixel. The effect of this is seen inthe next illustration.It was mentioned earlier that borders around these circles had no effect on feathering.But borders can be used to control the final way these five circles relate. That is a design decisionover which you have full control. By increasing or decreasing the border width around thesefeathered circles, the space between the blurred regions will change. If you prefer these regionsto overlap (as MS seems to), then experiment with various border widths. As their widths arechanged, the number of feathered pixels remains the same and the circles stay centered in thesame positions. The only change is in the diameter of thecircles.The graphic at left shows the cutout using a borderof 2 pts. The two mounting holes have a border of 1 pt.You can see how those changes moved the featheredregions closer together.The last step in cutouts is grouping. All five circlesare locked together. From this point forward, onecompleted cutout with mounting holes can be cloned as many times as needed to fill an entirepanel. The one cutout can also be changed in size (proportionally) to match that of any circulargauge, large or small.Square cutouts are also possible. These begin with a black square. Featheringtechniques would then be applied. Most square gauges have no mounting holes.One final technique; this will simulate cutouts for gauges with extra protrusions such as aVOR or ADF. Those have knobs used to rotate variouselements of a gauge. To add the extra space to a cutout thatwill accommodate these gauges, draw two circles as shownat right. The red (for clarity) is thecutout; the larger black circle is theadded area. These are permanentlyjoined using the Arrange/Combine Shapes/Add Shapes menu. Thatforms a single object, which can be feathered. This effect is shown at left.65
Screws and boltsThese two words will be used interchangeablythroughout this discussion.Cutouts and mounting holes are uselesswithout an instrument of some type and a few bolts inthe proper areas. Gauges and cutouts have alreadybeen covered. Now it's time to discuss the fasteners, ormore properly, the heads of these devices. Fortunately,threads are not needed.Only the type of bolt that has a Phillip's head isdemonstrated. That is the one with the cross-shapedslot. Other types would employ similar techniques.The heads of the bolts are round. The topsurface may be flat or slightly rounded. And, of course,they must have slots to provide grip for the screwdriver.Aircraft screws are not the fancy, chrome-plated fasteners used in a restored '57 Chevy.An aircraft panel is no place for glitter. Aircraft screws should have no mirrored surface but shouldreflect light. But reflections are kept to a minimum. Screws may or may not cast shadowsdepending on the screw type and what you think is appropriate.Because screws will probably appear at rather insignificant sizes in an operational panel,a lot of detailing would be diminished. Details such as those seen inside the slots of the aboveillustration may fade from view when these screws are reduced to their final size. But, thesedetails are so easily made that there is little point in avoiding them. Then, the chips can fall wherethey may.This demo bolt begins life asa 40-percent black circle. The size isdrawn relative to the mounting hole itwill occupy. It is made a bit smallerthan that hole. The dark hole adds tothe contrast around the screw.The second graphic at left hasbeen given a "Rounded 2" bevel type.This bevel covers the entire interior ofthe circle. It is pulled toward thecenter. That process is underway atleft. The tiny red circle indicates thatthe tip of the bevel has almostreached the center. When it does, the tip will disappear into the roundness of the bevel. You cansee default shading is applied automatically and places the light source inthe correct location. Because most screws sit in a black mounting hole, acast shadow is probably not necessary. But let's make one anyway.At right, the circle is given a Wall shadow with 35% transparency.Such shadows play a more prominent roll when a screw sits directly on agauge. Used as such, the screw may hold two parts of agauge together rather that acting as a mounting fastener.That function is illustrated at left.Screws with flatheads are also possible.At right, the screw beginswith a circle at 70% black. The middlegraphic shows the circle given a "PointFrame 1" interior bevel. The far rightgraphic is the same bevel adjusted sothe light elevation is at 90-degrees(overhead). This flattens the bevel. And the size of the beveled edge was reduced to 1.5-pixels.66
There are endless ways to modify circles to give different bolt effects. Above, the originalflat bolt (#1) was cloned (#2). The clone was colored 90% black, then place behind the originalbolt using the "Put to Back" Tool inside the Arrange menu.
to follow when drawing the graphics. The 360-degree circular gauge will be divided into sections. All values will be expressed in degrees using a compass rose; North is at 360-degrees (this is also zero-degrees), East is at 90-degrees, South is at 180-degrees, and West is at 270-degrees.
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CSC418: Computer Graphics Tutorial 1 MichaelTao September20,2012 Michael Tao CSC418: Computer Graphics Tutorial 1 September 20, 2012 1 / 31. Plan for Today (and next Week) Event-DrivenProgramming . OpenGL 4.3 Programmable Pipeline Diagram Michael Tao CSC418: Computer Graphics Tutorial 1 September 20, 2012 19 / 31.
Graphics API and Graphics Pipeline Efficient Rendering and Data transfer Event Driven Programming Graphics Hardware: Goal Very fast frame rate on scenes with lots of interesting visual complexity Pioneered by Silicon Graphics, picked up by graphics chips companies (Nvidia, 3dfx, S3, ATI,.). OpenGL library was designed for this .
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