I Am A Physicist - Institute Of Physics - For Physics
I am aPhysicistINSTITUTE OF PHYSICSI AM A PHYSICIST CHALLENGE1
I am aPhysicistWelcome to the Institute of Physics I am a Physicist challenge! Girlguiding Nottinghamshire hasbeen selected as the pilot county and we hope you enjoy taking part. The challenge has beencreated by The East Midlands branch of the Institute of Physics (IOP) and is designed to introducegirls to the fascinating world of physics in a way that is accessible, fun and educational.The challenge is in four sections:Section 1: ExperienceSection 2: CreateSection 3: InvestigateSection 4: Meet, Visit, CommunityWe suggest that you do as many of the fun and short experiments from section one as you can fitinto a unit meeting. To complete the badge Rainbows, need to do at least four, while Brownies,Guides and Rangers need to do at least six. All sections need to do one activity from each of theremaining sections. The activities in section one will give your girls ideas and skills for sections twoand three.This resource is a menu to pick your activities from. We have included activities for all age groupsand there’s loads of choices, so don’t think you have to do everything! The recommended agegroups for each activity are for guidance. Feel free to do whichever activities you think your girls willbe comfortable with.If you would like more to choose from, an expansion pack of additional activities is ast‐midlands/We recognise that while some of you will be comfortable doing experiments, others may need somesupport. As well as the simple step‐by‐step guides included in this resource, you can also: Take part in workshops at a Girlguiding Nottinghamshire training dayWatch helpful videos of the Experience experiments idlands/Contact the IOP East Midlands branch for advice about the experiments or to help you find aphysicist to come along to a unit meeting. Email: iamaphysicistbadge@iop.orgOnce you’ve finished the challenge, complete the badge order form, along with the feedback form(both of which are included at the end of the resource) and email it to iamaphysicistbadge@iop.org.Please note that as this is pilot project, badges are free, however in order to receive your badgesyou must compete the feedback form.Feel free to share pictures, videos and stories on social media using #Iamaphysicist. This hashtag isused by women all over the world to talk about what they do in physics, so make sure you are partof the conversation!Thank you for taking part in this exciting new challenge and inspiring girls for the future.2
ChallengesummarySECTION 1 – EXPERIENCEThis is a collection of simple and fun activities that will introduce some basic ideas and get you usedto doing experiments. The activities have been designed to only require things you can find in asupermarket. Each has a step‐by‐step guide and explanation. The activities are very simple andshort, and we suggest you devote a whole meeting to doing as many of these experiments as youwant, but Brownies, Guides and Rangers need to do at least six, while Rainbows need to do at leastfour to complete the badge. These experiments should inspire your girls, as well as giving them theconfidence and ideas to tackle sections two and three.SECTION 2 – CREATENow you have some ideas, it’s time to put them to use. There are lava lamps and tornados forRainbows and Brownies, and musical instruments and Egg Mars Landers for Guides and Rangers.This section includes objects or devices for your girls to build. Some activities may require a trip to acrafting shop (unless you have lots of crafting materials already). If you know which ‘Create’activities your girls would like to do, you might suggest that they pick the activities in section onethat will support this. This is all explained in the badge contents page. These activities will get thegirls making, as well as increasing their understanding and inspiring their engineering skills.SECTION 3 – INVESTIGATEThis is the section where the name of the badge “I am a Physicist” really comes true. These areexperiments where your girls will find out what happens if ? Rainbows could find out what objectsaround them are magnetic, while Brownies could find out how much fuel to put into their fizzyrockets for the highest launch. Again, no specialist equipment is needed and there are plenty ofhelpful suggestions to help it run smoothly. We also would encourage Guides and Rangers to designtheir own experiments. It’s important to remember that there is no right or wrong result. Your girlswill change something and see what happens that’s what it is to be a physicist!SECTION 4 – MEET, VISIT, COMMUNITYWe hope that as well as enjoying themselves and learning something, your girls will be inspired towant to be physicists or engineers in the future. We want this resource to help them to see that theycould be having this kind of fun as a job. In this section, we’d like them to either meet a physicist orvisit a museum or science centre where they can see physics in action. Included in the resource is alist of local venues, including Greens Mill in Nottingham and The National Space Centre in Leicester(both of which are great visits even if you’re not doing this resource!). There’s also Science in thePark, which is an event held at Wollaton Hall in Nottingham. The IOP and GirlguidingNottinghamshire will be hosting a joint stand in 2019. It’s definitely worth a visit! Alternatively,contact the IOP East Midlands branch committee at iamaphysicistbadge@iop.org, who will help youfind a speaker to visit your unit. Your girls could also get out in the community, demonstrating theirnew skills at a local event.3
Contents andrequirementsTO COMPLETE THE BADGEExperienceNo. of activitiesRainbows: 4Brownies, Guides,Rangers: 6CreateAll sections: 1InvestigateAll sections: 1Meet, Visit, CommunityEither Meet or VisitCommunity is optionalThese are the minimum requirements ‐ feel free to do as many as you have time for. More activitiesare available in the expansion pack: ands/There’s also some fun cartoons that you might want to show your girls:www.physics.org/marvinandmilo.aspAnd you could encourage your girls and leaders to keep experimenting at home.Below is a list of the experiments within this resource and where you can find them.EXPERIENCEYou can choose to do any combination of the Experience activities and Create activities. However,some Experience activities will help prepare for Create activities. This is shown below. Experienceactivities are suitable for all age groups.Experience activityHovercraftyMake a functioning hovercraft out of a CD and a balloon.String Balloon RocketsUse a balloon as a guided rocket along a string.Eggstrordinary ISpin eggs to find out which is cooked then use salt to makethem float.Eggstrordinary IISqueeze eggs to discover their surprising strength then dropthem intact.Musical Coat HangersTurn a metal coat hanger into a gong.Screaming BalloonsMake a balloon scream by spinning different coins in it.Balloon KebabsPush a skewer through an inflated balloon without itbursting.Flaming BalloonsApply a naked flame to a balloon and it doesn’t burst.Fizzy RocketsUse water and effervescent tablets to launch film canisters.Page6Associated Create activityBalloon Powered Cars7(Available in the expansion pack)(Brownies, Guides, Rangers)89Mars Lander(Brownies, Guides, Rangers)1011Build an Orchestra(All sections)121314Not a Create activity but it isuseful for Fizzy RocketInvestigate activity.(Brownies, Guides, Rangers)4
Contents andrequirementsCREATEBelow are construction activities, where your girls will build devices (that actually work!) todemonstrate principles.Additional activities including Sun Catcher, Planets, Particle Collisions and Vehicles are available inthe expansion pack: ands/. These are build‐based activities, where your girls will learn about physics principles by crafting models of objects.ActivityFun with BottlesUse plastic bottles to construct a lava lamp, Cartesian diverand a tornado.Build an OrchestraConstruct strange musical instruments.Egg Mars LanderUse random materials to construct a lander that will keep anegg safe when dropped from a height.SectionRainbows /BrowniesPage15Rainbows /Brownies/Guides, RangersBrownies/ Guides,Rangers1820INVESTIGATEYour girls should carry out an experiment to investigate something. We provide someexample experiments they might like to try, along with instructions, but we encourageall sections (especially Guides and Rangers) to come up with their own experiment.21MEET, VISIT, COMMUNITYNow that your girls have found out how fun and interesting physics experiments can be,we would like them to meet a physicist or visit a museum or science centre to beinspired into thinking of this as a career option.22As an additional, optional task, they might like to consider presenting the activitiesyou’ve done, as part of an event in their local community.25Record Card26Badge order form and feedback27About The Institute of Physics285
HovercraftyMake a functioning hovercraft out ofa CD and a balloonYOU WILL NEED: An old CD Blu Tac Sports cap from a drinks bottle – thekind that you pull to open A balloonWHAT’S HAPPENING?INSTRUCTIONS1) Place the sports cap over thehole in the middle of the CD.2) Use Blu Tac to hold it in placeand form an air‐tight seal round it.3) Makes sure the cap is closed andthen blow up a balloon and twistthe end to keep the air inside.4) Stretch the neck of the balloonover the cap. Once it is on, untwistthe neck.5) Place your hovercraft on a flatsurface and open the cap.6) Give it a push and watch it go!Rainbows: The air rushes out of theballoon, through the cap, and spreads outunder the CD. The CD then floats aroundon this air.Brownies: Because the CD is sitting on thiscushion of air, it is no longer touching theground. This means that it has no frictionwith the ground and only a very smallamount with the air it is sitting on. That iswhy it will go so far without slowing down.Guides and Rangers: You probably noticedthe biggest problem is the balloondragging along the ground. Why not thinkabout ways you could alter the CD to keepthe balloon out of the way?6
String BalloonRocketsUsing a balloon as a guided rocketalong a stringExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: Several metres of string A balloon – ideally the long type A peg Sellotape and scissors A strawINSTRUCTIONSWHAT’S HAPPENING?1) Blow up the balloon and thenpeg the neck to keep the air in.2) Cut the drinking straw in half anduse a part where there is no“bendy” bit.3) Take 3 to 4 metres of string andthread it through the straw.4) Now tape the straw length wayson to the balloon – so that the neckwith the peg on it is facingbackwards along the string.5) Hold one end of the string withthe balloon on it right next to you –the neck end facing back towardsyou. Get a friend to take the otherend away and make the stringtight.6) Release the peg and watch it go!Rainbows: The balloon squeezes all of theair out of the hole, pushing the balloonforwards. The string makes it go in astraight line. What would happen if youjust let it go without a string?Brownies: Blowing into the balloon storesenergy in the stretched‐out rubber. Whenthe rocket “launches” that energy isreleased and transfers into the movingair.Guides and Rangers: Newton’s third lawsays that for every action, there is anequal and opposite reaction. The motionof the air going backwards out of theballoon will be equalled by the forwardmotion of the balloon.7
EggstrordinaryPart 1Spin eggs to find out which iscooked then use salt to make themfloat.INSTRUCTIONS1) Keep track of which eggs are boiledand which are raw – maybe labelthem.2) Spin the hardboiled egg. Then stopit with your finger on top andimmediately let it go again. Watchwhat happens.3) Now spin the raw egg and do thesame. It should start spinning again!4) Now half fill the glass with waterand add 4 table spoons of salt – mixuntil it is all dissolved.5) Put a raw egg into the glass. Itshould float.6) Now gently pour in more freshwater. The egg should begin to sink.Add just enough so it floats in themiddle. Keep this water for Part 2!ExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: Raw eggs Hard boiled eggs that have cooled A pint‐sized glass (large enough to fitan egg) Salt Fresh waterWHAT’S HAPPENING?Rainbows: When spinning the eggs, inthe hardboiled egg it all spins together.But in the raw egg the stuff inside isloose and liquid. When you stop theegg, the insides keep moving.Brownies: The weight of the egg isheavier compared to pure water than itis to salt water. When you add the pure,it dilutes the salt water.Guides and Rangers: The liquid insidesof the egg keep their momentum andtransfer it back to the shell. In thefloating experiment. The salt in thefloating experiment increases thedensity of the water and increases thebuoyancy of the egg.8
EggstrordinaryPart 2Squeeze eggs to discover theirsurprising strength then drop themINSTRUCTIONS1) Check an egg for cracks andremove any rings from your fingers2) Put the egg in the palm of yourhand and hold it inside the bucket.Squeeze evenly as hard as you can– the bucket catches any messfrom the occasional one thatbreaks!4) Cut the top off the bottle andput the egg inside.5) Fill with enough of the salt waterfrom part 1 to cover the egg so itfloats. If you don’t have enough,use tap water and add salt until theegg floats. The egg must float!6) Tape the top of the bottle backon and drop from waist height tothe floor. The egg should survive.ExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: Raw eggs A bucket (or wrap the egg in a plasticbag) Wipes/washing facilities for breakages Large plastic bottle The salt water you made in Eggs Part 1 Scissors and sticky tapeWHAT’S HAPPENING?Rainbows: The shape of the egg makes itvery strong and the squeeze of your handis spread round the whole egg.Brownies: The curved shape of the eggmeans that the force applied by yourhand is distributed across the whole shellevenly. The salt water in the dropexperiment does the same with the forceof the impact.Guides and Rangers: The amount ofpressure over surface area plays a parthere and this is why you have to removerings. That would create a point wheremore pressure is on a single point.9
Musical CoatHangersTurn a metal coat hanger into a gongExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: A metal coat hanger 2 pieces of string A fork or spoonINSTRUCTIONS1) Tie a piece of string to the twocorners of the coat hanger. Put a smallloop in the end of each string.2) Put an index finger through eachloop and hold it up so it dangles.3) Have a friend hit the hanger with thefork/spoon. You can see and feel itvibrating. Can you hear it?4) Now stick your fingers in your earsand bend over so the hanger hangsfreely. Have it hit again. What can youhear this time?5) Swap with your friend.WHAT’S HAPPENING?Rainbows: Noises are made by thingswobbling or vibrating. That vibrating goesup the string, through your fingers andinto your ears.Brownies: In step 3, the vibrating coathanger makes the air around it vibratesbut air, being a gas, is very bad at passingon these vibrations. Solids are muchbetter and the string and your finger area solid all the way to your ear.Guides and Rangers: The molecules inthe air are too spread out to easily passon the vibrating sound waves. Themolecules in solids are close together andthe sound waves pass from one to thenext more easily.10
ScreamingballoonsMake a balloon scream by spinningdifferent coins in itExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: Balloons (of the round variety) Bevelled edge coins – 20p, 50p or 1 A good pair of lungs (or balloon inflator)WHAT’S HAPPENING?INSTRUCTIONS1) Squeeze the coin through themouth of the balloon – make sure itgoes all the way in.2) Blow up the balloon but do not betempted to over‐inflate it. Tie it off.3) Grip the balloon at the stem end,like you’re holding a bowling ball, andpalm down swirl it in a circular motion4) The coin may bounce around at firstbut will then roll, making a noise.5) Vary the speed and change coins –listen to the sounds made.Rainbows: The coin is running round theoutside of the balloon and the edges are“tapping” the rubber. The faster it goes, thefaster the taps and the higher it sounds.Brownies: Sound is a vibration. The shape ofthe coin means that it is vibrating inside andthose vibrations then make the air aroundvibrate so you can hear it.Guides and Rangers: The coin is movingaround the balloon thanks to centripetal force– the inward pointing force that makes objectsmove in a circular path. The screaming sound ismade when the side of the coin vibrate so as tomake a standing wave.11
BalloonKebabsPush a skewer through an inflatedballoon without it burstingExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: A bamboo or wooden skewer Balloons (round and of reasonable quality) The ability to blow it upINSTRUCTIONSWHAT’S HAPPENING?1) Inflate the balloon to areasonable size but do not go toofar. There should still be a darkerarea of rubber at the end.2) Tie a knot so the balloon staysinflated.3) Find the darker patch of rubberat the end opposite the knot.Firmly press the pointed end of theskewer into this patch.4) If it bursts, try again.5) Hopefully it hasn’t burst. Nowpush the skewer all the waythrough, taking care to come out ofthe thick bit round the knot.Remember: balloons can be burstfrom the inside as well as theoutside!Rainbows: When you blow up a balloon, therubber gets all stretched. The dark patch on theend and around the knot are least stretchedand won’t break when you skewer it.Brownies: The energy you are using to blow upthe balloon is being stored in the stretchedrubber – just like an elastic band. When youburst a balloon that energy is all released.Guides and Rangers: The stretched rubber isunder high surface tension. The points wherewe push in the skewer have low surfacetension and thus won’t break. A lot of thestored energy is released as sound – that’s whythere’s a BANG.12
FlamingBalloonsApply a naked flame to a balloonand it doesn’t burstINSTRUCTIONSClose adult supervision is definitelyrequired.1) Blow up one of the balloons andtie a knot in it.2) Hold a flame from the lighter ormatch against it and watch it gobang.3) Put some water into the secondballoon – easiest to do this from atap.4) Inflate the rest of the balloonwith air and tie a knot.5) Hold it up and let the watersettle.6) Apply the flame right under thewater. It should not pop. You’ll stillsee soot on the balloon though!ExperienceSuitable for all sectionsYOU WILL NEED: 2 Balloons Water – ideally a tap Cooker/cigarette lighter, candle ormatches.WHAT’S HAPPENING?Rainbows: When you burn the balloon byitself it melts through the rubber straightaway. When there is water the heat of theflame goes into the water instead.Brownies: The heat energy from the waterpasses straight through the rubber into thewater. The water takes a lot longer to heatup than rubber. So, it stays relatively cooland stops the rubber right next to it heatingup as well.Guides and Rangers: The amount of energyneeded to increase 1kg of a substance by 1degree Celsius (or Kelvin) is known as theSpecific Heat Capacity of that substance. Forwater it is 4186 joules per kg.13
Launching FizzyRocketsUse water and effervescent tabletsyou can launch film canistersINSTRUCTIONS1) Go outside to somewhere itdoesn’t matter if the floor gets wetand a few metres away frombuildings and cars.2) Break up half a tablet intosmaller pieces and drop them inthe canister.3) Put about 1‐2cm of water intothe canister with the tablet.4) Put the lid on tightly and give it aquick shake.5) Turn it over and place it lid‐downon the floor. Step away and makesure everyone stays away
created by The East Midlands branch of the Institute of Physics (IOP) and is designed to introduce girls to the fascinating world of physics in a way that is accessible, fun and educational. The challenge is in four sections: Section 1: Experience Section 2: Create Section 3: Investigate
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World War II was often called “a physicist’s war” because of the importance of devices such as radar, proximity bombs, and others that were increasingly central to modern warfare. Therefore, training in physics and science was of primary concern in addressing the manpower shortage problem that faced the United States.
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physicist Lev Shubnikov, the world-renowned biologist Nikolai Vavilov, and many others. The future Nobel laureate theoretical physicist, Lev Landau, was brutally incarcerated. Manyscientistsandtechnologists endedupinslavelabourcamps,such as Sergei Korolev, the futu
