PURE SINEWAVE INVERTER - BatteryStuff
PURE SINEWAVE INVERTERSwitch Mode Pure Sinewave InverterModel EPST-200S-12EPST-200S-24EOWNER’S MANUALPlease read this manual before operating your inverter
IndexSafety Instructions . 2, 3Inverters - General Information . 4, 5, 6Characteristics of Sinusoidal AC Power . 7Advantage of Sine Wave Inverters . 8AC Power Distribution and Grounding . 9, 10Limiting Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) . 10Powering direct/embeded SMPS . 11Principle of Operation . 12Layout. 11Specifying Batteries, Chargers and Alternators . 14,15, 16, 17Installation . 18, 19, 20, 21, 22Operation. 23, 24Protection Against Abnormal Conditions . 24, 25Troubleshooting Guide . 26, 27Specifications . 28, 29, 30Warranty . 31 2009 Samlex Europe b.v.page 1
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONSPlease read these instructions before installing or operating the inverter to preventpersonal injury damage to the inverterGENERALInstallation and wiring compliance- Installation and wiring must comply with the local and national electrical codes and mustbe done by a certified electricianPreventing electrcal shock- Always connect the grounding connection on the inverter to the appropriate groundingsystem.Disassembly / repairs should be carried out by qualified personnel only- Disconnect all AC and DC side connections before working on any circuits associatedwith the inverter. Turning the on/off switch on the inverter to off position may not entirelyremove dangerous voltages. Be careful when touching bare terminals of capacitors.- The capacitors may retain highlethal voltages even after the power has been removed.Discharge the capacitors before working on the circuits.Installationenvironment- The inverter should be installed indoor only in awell ventilated, cool, dry environment- Do not expose to moisture, rain, snow or liquids of any type.- To reduce the risk of overheating and fire, do not obstruct the suction and dischargeopenings of the cooling fans. To ensure proper ventilation, do not install in a low- clearance compartment.Preventing fire and explosion hazardsWorking with the inverter may produce arcs or sparks. Thus, the inverter should not beused in areas where there are inflammable material or gases requiring ignition protectedequipment. These are as may include spaces containing gasoline powered machinery,fuel tanks, battery compartments.Precaution when working with batteries.- Batteries contain very corrosive diluted sulphuric acid as electrolyte. Precautionsschould be taken to prevent contact with skin, eyes or clothing.- Batteries generate hydrogen and oxygen during charging resulting in evolution of explosivegasmixture. Care should be taken to ventilate the battery area and follow the batterymanufacturer’s recommendations.- Never smoke or allow a spark or flame near the batteries.- Use coution to reduce the risk of dropping a metal tool on the battery. It could sparkor short circuit the battery or other electrical parts and could cause an explosion.- Remove metal items like rings, bracelets and watches when working with batteries.The batteries can produce a short circuit current high enough to weld a ring or thelike to metal and thus cause a severe burn.- If you need to remove a battery, always remove the ground terminal from the battery first.Make sure that all the accessories are off so that you do not cause a spark.page 2
INVERTER RELATEDPreventing paralleling of the AC output.The AC output of this inverter cannot be synchonised with another AC source and hence,it is notsuitable for paralleling. The AC output of the inverter should never be connecteddirectly to an electrical breaker panel / load center which is also fed from the utility power /generator. Such a connection may result in parallel operation of the different power sourcesand AC power from the utility / generator will be fed back into the inverter which will instandlydamage the output section of the inverter and may also pose a fire and safety hazard.If an electrical breaker panel / load center is fed from an inverter and this panel is alsorequired to be powered from additional alternate AC sources the AC power from all theAC sources like the utility / generator / inverter should first be fed to a manual selector switchand the output of the selector switch should be connected to the electrical breakerpanel / load center.To prevent possibility of paralleling and severe damage to the inverter, never use a simplejumper cable with a male plug on both ends to connect the AC output of the inverter to ahandy wall receptacle in the home / RV.Preventing input over voltageIt is to be ensured that the input voltage of the inverter does not exceed 16.5VDC(for 12V version) or 33 VDC (for 24 V version) to prevent permanent damage to the inverter.Please observe the following precautions:- Ensure that the maximum charging voltage of the battery charger / alternator / solarcharge controller is below 16.5 VDC (for 12V version) or 33 VDC (24V version).- Do not use unregulated solar panels to charge a battery. Under cold ambient temperatures,the output of the solar panel may exceed 18 VDC for 12V battery system of 36 VDCfor 24V battery system. Always use a charge controller between the solar panel andthe battery.- Do not connect the inverter to a battery that has a voltage higher than the rated batteryinput voltage of the inverter.Preventing reverse polarity on the input sideWhen making battery connection on the input side, make sure that the polarity of batteryconnection is correct (Ensure that the centre contact of the cigarette lighter receptacle isconnected to the positive of the battery. The centre pin (tip) of the cigarette lighter plugattached to the inverter is positive). If the input is connected in reverse polarity, DC fuseinside the inverter will blow and may also cause permanent damage to the inverter.page 3
INVERTERS - GENERAL INFORMATIONWhy an inverter is neededThe utiliti grid supplies you with alternating current (AC) electricity. AC is the standardform of electricity for anything that “plugs in” to the utility power. Direct current (DC)electricity flows in a single direction. Batteries provide DC electricity. AC alternate itsdirection many times per second. AC is used for grid service because it is more practiclefor long distance transmission. For more details read “Characteristics of SinusoidalACPower” on page 7.An inverter converts DC to AC, and also changes the voltage. In other words, it is apower adapter. It allows a battery -based system to run conventional AC appliancesdirectly or through conventional home wiring. There are ways to use DC directly, but fora modern lifestyle, you wil need an inverter for the vast majority, if not all of yourloads (in electrical terms, “loads” are devices that use electrical energy).Incidentally, there is another type of inverter called grid-interactive. It is used to feed solar(or other renewable) energy into a grid-connected home and to feed excess energy backinto the utility grid. This inverter is NOT grid interactive.Inverter should meet the applicationTo choose an inverter, you should first define your needs. Where is the inverter to be used?Inverters are available for use in buildings (incuding homes), for recreational vehicles,boats and portable applications. Will it be connected to the utility grid in some way?Electrical conventions and safety standards differ for various applications, so don’t improvise.Electrical standardsThe DC input voltage must conform to that of the electrical system and battery bank.12 volts is recommanded for small, simple systems. 24 and 48 volts are the commonstandards for higher capacities. A higher voltage system carries less current, whichmakes the system wiring cheaper and easier.The inverter’s AC output must conform to the conventional power in the region in orderto run locally available appliances. The standard for AC utility service in Europe is 230Vacat frequency of 50 Hertz (cycles per second).Power capacity -”Continuous” and “Surge”How much load can an inverter handle? Its power output is rated in Watts. Read detailsunder “Characteristics of Sinusoidal AC Power” on page 7. There are two levels ofpower rating - a continuous rating and a surge rating. Continuous means the amountof power the inverter can handle for an indefinite period of hours. When an inverteris rated at a certain number of Watts, that number generally refers to its continuous rating.The “surge power” indicates the power to handle instantaneous overload of a few secondsto provide the higher power required to start certain type of devices and appliances.page 4
Loads that require “surge power” to startResistive types of loads (like incandescent lamps, toaster, coffee maker, electricrange, iron etc) do not require extra power to start. Their starting power is the same astheir running power.Some loads like induction motors and high inertia motor driven devices will initiallyrequire a very large starting or “surge” power to start from rest. Once they have startedmoving and have attained their rated speed, their power requirement reduces to theirnormal running power. The “surge” may last up to 5 seconds.TVs and microwaveovensalso require surge power for starting. The manufacturers’ specification of the appliancesand devices indicates only the running power required. The surge power required hasto be quessed at best. See below under “Sizing of inverter for loads that requirestarting surge”If an inverter cannot efficiently feed the surge power, it may simply shut down insteadof starting the device. If the inverter’s surge capacity is marginal, its output voltage willdip during the surge. This can cause a dimming of the lights in the house, and willsometimes crash a computer.Any weakness in the battery and cabling to the inverter will further limit its ability to starta motor. A battery bank that is undersized, in poor condition, or has corroded connections,can be a weak link in the power chain. The inverter cables and the battery interconnectcables must be sized properly. The spike of DC current through these cables is manyhundreds of amps at the instant of motor starting. Please follow the instructions under“Installation - DC side connections” on pages 20 & 21.Sizing of inverter for loads that require starting surge.Observe the following guideline to determine the continuous wattage of the inverter forpowering loads that require starting surge. (Multiply the running watts of thedevice/appliance by the Surge Factor)* NOTE: The surge power rating specified for this inverter is valid for durationof less than 1 second. This inverter is valid for duration may not besufficient to start motor based loads which may require up to 5 secondsto complete starting process. Hence, for purpuses of sizing the inverter,use only the continuous power rating of this inverter.Type of Device or ApplianceSurge Factor for Determining the Continuous “Wattage of the Inverter(No. of times the running power rating of the device/appliance)Refrigerator / FreezerAir CompressorsDishwasherAutomatic WasherSump pumpFurnace fansIndustrial motorsPortable kerosene / diesel fuel heaterCircular sawBench Grinder5433333233page 5
Power rating of MicrowavesThe power rating of the microwave generally refers to the cooking power.The electrical power consumed by the microwave will beapproximately 2 times thecooking power. The “surge power” of the inverter should be 2 times the electricalpower (i.e., 4 times the cooking power). Please note that the surge power of themicrowave is not as long as the motor load and hence, the surge power of the invertercan be considered to determine adequacy of meeting the starting surge power.Powering a water supply pumpA water well or pressure pump often place the greatest demand on the inverter.It warrants special consideration. Most pumps draw a very high surge of current duringstart up. The inverter must have sufficient surge capacity to handle it while runningany other loads that may be on. It is important to size an inverter sufficiently, especiallyto handle the starting surge (if the exact starting rating is not available, the starting surgecan be taken as 3 times the normal running rating of the pump). Oversize it still furtherif you want it to start the pump without causing lights to dim or blink.Idle powerIdle power is the consumption of the inverter when it is on, but no loads are running.It is “wasted” power, so if you expect the inverter to be on for many hours during whichthere is very little load (as in most residential situations), you want this to be as lowas possible.Phantom and idling loadsMost of the modern gadgets draw some power whenever they are pluged in. Some ofthem use power to do nothing at all. An example is a TV with a remote control.Its electric eye system is on day and night, watvhing for your signal to turn the screen on.Every appliance with an external wall-plug transformer uses power even when theappliance is turned off. These little loads are called “phantom loads” because theirpower draw is unexpected, unseen and easily forgotten.A similar concern is “idling loads”. These are devices that must be on all the time in orderto function when needed. These include smoke detectors, alarm systems, motion detectorlights, fax machines, and answering machines. Central heating systems have a transformerin their thermostat circuit that stays on all the time. Cordless (rechargeable) appliancesdraw power even after their batteries reach a full charge. If in doubt, feel the device.If it’s warm, that indicates wasted energy.page 6
CHARACTERISTICS OF SINUSOIDAL AC POWERVoltage, current, power factor, types of loadsThe voltage wave form of 230VAC, 50 Hz mains / utility power is like a sinewave. In avoltage with a sinewave-form, the instantaneous value and polarity of the voltage varieswith respect to time and the wave-form is lijke a sine wave. In one cycle, it slowly rises inthe positive direction from 0 V to a peak positive value Vpeak 330 V, slowly drops to 0V,changes the polarity to negative direction and slowly increases in the negative direction toa peak negative value - Vpeak 330 V and then slowly drops back to 0 V. There are 50such cycles in 1 sec. Cycles per second is called the ‘frequency” and is also termed“Hertz” (Hz.) If a linear load is connected to this type of voltage, the load will draw currentwhich will also have the same sine wave-form. However, the peak value of the current willdepend upon the impedance of the load. Also, the phase of the sine wave-form of thecurrent drawn by the linear load may be the same or lead/lag the phase of sine wave-formof the voltage. This phase difference determines the “power Factor (mathematically thecosine of the phase difference)” of the load. In a resistive type of load (like incandescentlamps, heaters etc) the sine wave-form of the current drawn by the load has 0 phasedifference with the sine wave-form of the voltage of the AC power source. The power factorof a resistive load is unity (1). The rated output power (in Watts) of the inverters isnormally specified for resistive type of loads that have unity (1) Power Factor.In a reactive type of load (like electric motor driven loads, fluorescent lights, computers,audio/video equipment etc), the phase of the sine wave-form of the current drawn by loadmay lead or lag the sine wave-form of the AC voltage source. In this case the power factorof reactive loads is lower than unity (1) - generally between 0.8 and0.6 A reactive loadreduces the effective wattage that can be delivered by an AC power source.RMS and peak valuesAs explained above, in a sine wave-form, the instantaneous value of AC voltage (Volt, V)and current (ampere, A) vary with time. Two values are commonly used - Root Mean Square(RMS) value and peak value. For simplicity, RMS value can be considered as an averagevalue. Mathematically, Peak Value 1.414xRMS value. For example, the 230 VAC,50 Hz. mains / utility power is the RMS value. The peak value corresponding to this is 1.414 x 230 330 V.The values of the rated output voltage and current of an AC power source are theirRMS values.AC power - Watts / VAThe power rating of an AC power source is designated in Volt Amperes (VA) or in Watts (W).Power in Volt Amperes (VA) RMS Volts (V) x RMS Amps (A)Power in Watts RMS Volts (V) x RMS Amps (A) x Power Factor.NOTE: The rated power of the inverter in Watts (W) is normally designated for a linear.resistive type of load that draws linear current at unity (1) power factor.If the load is linear and reactive type, the rated power of the inverter in wattswill be limitited to its normal rated power in watts (W) x Power Factor.For example, an inverter rated for 1000W (at unity power factor) will be ableto deliver only 600 watts to a reactive type of load with a power factor of 0.6.page 7
ADVANTAGES OF A PURE SINE-WAVE INVERTER OVERA MODIFIED SINE-WAVE INVERTERThe output voltage of a sine-wave inverter has a sine wave-form like the sine wave-formof the mains / utility voltage. In a sine wave, the voltage rises and falls smoothly with asmoothly changing phase angle and also changes its polarity instantly when it crosses0 Volts. In a modified sine wave, the voltage rises and falls abruptly, the phase angle alsochanges abruptly and it sits at 0 Volts for some time before changing its polarity. Thus, anydevice that uses a control circuitry that senses the phase (for voltage / speed control) orinstantaneous zero voltage crossing (for timing control) will not work properly from avoltage that has a modified sine wave-form.Also, as the modified sine wave is a form of square wave, it is comprised of multiple sinewaves of odd harmonics (multiples) of the fundamental frequency of the modified sinewave. For example, a 50 Hz. modified sine wave will consist of sine waves with oddharmonic frequencies of 3rd (150 Hz), 5th (250 Hz.), 7th (350 Hz.) and so on. The highfrequency harmonic content in a modified sine wave produces enhanced radio interference,higher heating effect in motors / microwaves and produces overloading due to lowering ofthe impedance of low frequency filter capacitors / power factor improvement capacitors.Advantages of sine-wave inverters: The output wave-form is a sine-wave with very low harmonic distortion and clean powerlike utility supplied electricity. Inductive loads like microwaves and motors run faster, quieter and cooler. Reduces audible and electrical noise in fans, fluorescent lights, audio amplifiers, TV,fax and answering machines Prevents crashes in computers, weird print outs and glitches in monitorsSome examples of devices that may not work properly with modified sine wave and mayalso get damaged are given below: Laser printers, photocopiers, magneto-optical hard drives The built-in clocks in devices such as clock radios, alarm clocks, coffee makers,bread-makers, VCR, microwave ovens etc may not keep time correctly. Output voltage
AC sources like the utility / generator / inverter should first be fed to a manual selector switch and the output of the selector switch should be connected to the electrical breaker panel / load center. To prevent possibility of paralleling and severe damage to the inverter, never use a simple
Switches the inverter ON or OFF, resets the inverter 5.2 Inverter Status LED's 5.2.1 Inverter Switched Off 5.2.2 Inverter Switched ON 5.2.3 Overload "STATUS LED" Blinking indicates that the inverter is switched off. "STATUS LED" steady ON and the other LEDS rotating in a clockwise direction indicates that the inverter is switched on a
800VA Pure Sine Wave Inverter’s Reference Design Sanjay Dixit, Ambreesh Tripathi, Vikas Chola, and Ankur Verma ABSTRACT This application note describes the design principles and the circuit operation of the 800VA pure Sine Wave Inverter. The pure Sine Wave inverter has various applications because of its key advantages such as operation
An inverter converts DC to AC, and also changes the voltage. In other words, it is a power adapter. It allows a battery -based system to run conventional AC appliances directly or through conventional home wiring. There are ways to use DC directly, but for a modern lifestyle, you wil need an inverter for the vast majority, if not all of your
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LK/LW Series Power Star inverters Ensure that the inverter is switched off during the installation. It is recommended that you always connect the inverter to the battery bank first, as the battery power ultimately starts the inverter. If the inverter is connected to the AC input only, with the batteries disconnected or too low, the inverter .
PV Grid Tie Inverter Installation and Operation Manual Solis 4G Single Phase Inverter Ver 1.0-US version Solis-1P6K-4G-US, Solis-1P7K-4G-US, Solis-1P7.6K-4G-US, . To startup the inverter, the Grid Supply Main Switch (AC) must be switched on, before the solar panel's DC isolator shall be switched on. To stop the inverter, the Grid Supply
the standard represented by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) Grade 5 Theory examination. The module will introduce you to time-based and pitch-based notation, basic principles of writing melody, harmony and counterpoint, varieties of rhythmic notation, simple phrasing, and descriptive terms in various languages.
