John Zink Company, LLC Table Of Contents

John Zink #33162John Zink Company, LLCTable of Contents John Zink Company Overview Markets ServedLow NOx SolutionsforIndustrial BoilerApplications TODD Products & Technologies Case StudiesWilliam TestaDirector - North American SalesJohn Zink CompanyJohn Zink OverviewJohn Zink WorldwideTODD CombustionJohn Zink Gordon-PiattGordonPiatt Support &ResourcesIndustrial & UtilityBoiler BurnersProcess BurnersCommercial &Industrial BoilerBurnersDuct BurnersFlaresOriginationVapor ControlR&D Test CenterThermal OxidizersManufacturingRefractoryParts & ServiceRental EquipmentCustomer EducationGlobal OperationsResearch and Development Facility Largest combustion test facility in the world 14 Full-scale furnaces– 1 Dedicated to Duct Burners– 1 Dedicated to Boiler yItalySpainTulsaHoustonJapanFrance Flare testing pad Firing capabilities up to150 MM Btu/hrSingaporeWorldHeadquartersOtherLocations 2 Lab-scale furnacesBrazilAustralia Ability to blend and simulate a wide variety of liquid and gasfuel compositionsSales offices and independent representatives throughout the world1

John Zink #33162Tulsa Test FacilityComputational Fluid Dynamics LabFlare PadFurnace PadFlame GeometryFuel & Utility SupplyOffice BuildingState of the art CFD workstationsFurnace Heat TransferMarket Segments Served Chemical/Petrochemical Pulp & Paper Food & Beverage Facilities, Universities, Hospitals Marine Manufacturing Independent Power Producers Utilities - Electric Generating PlantsMethods of NOx FormationBoiler BurnerNOx FormationFundamentalsMethods of NOx FormationThermal NOx ((ZeldovichZeldovich Mechanism) is a function of: b[ NO] Ae T [ N 2 ] [O2 ]dt– Peak flame temperatures ( 2500 deg F) which breaks apart N2 molecules[ NO] Ae Tb [ N][O] dt– Available oxygen to bond with and form NOx– Time to allow the reaction to occurFuel NOx formed from nitrogencontained in the fuel0% of NOx in natural gas firing (no FBN) 50% of NOx in #2 oil firing (0.02% FBN) 80% of NOx in #6 oil firing (0.30% FBN) 80% of the NOx from a natural gas burner2

John Zink #33162Methods of NOx FormationBoiler Burner Design Considerations Boiler type/design– Packaged– Field erected Single burner Multi-burnerPrompt NOx ( Fenimore Mechanism) forms in substoichiometric regions by:– Rapid reaction of fuel radicals with atmospheric nitrogen Burner Zone Heat Release (BZHR)– Furnace refractory– Combustion air temperature– HCN and NH 3 are formed as intermediate species– Completed combustion causes these molecules to convert to NOx Fuel composition– Fuel bound nitrogen– Flame temperature 20% of NOx from a natural gas burnerNOx Control TechnologyNOx Reduction Methods Flue gas recirculation (FGR)– Forced– Induced140CONVENTIONAL BURNERSNOx, PPM (Corr. 3% Oxygen)120 Steam or water injection Fuel-air staging– Staged combustion burner designs– Furnace staging Over fire air (OFA) NOx ports Gas fuel conditioning (FIR) Fuel re-burnTertiaryAirSTAGED COMBUSTION60FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION40ADVANCED LOW NOx BURNER0Staged Combustion Burner DesignSecondaryAir8020 Back-end cleanup– NSCR / SCR– SCONOx– LTOPrimaryAir100Staged air enters flameto complete burnoutULTRA LOW NOx BURNERTODD Low NOx Burner Design Features Gas staging techniques- Gas injector design & orientation Oil staging techniques- Atomizer design & spray patterns Flame stabilization techniques- Swirler design & orientation Air stagingFuel Rich Zone- Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary Airlocations and distributionSwirler imparts spin to primary airand creates recirculation zone3

John Zink #33162TODD Advanced Low NOx Burners Natural Gas / Propane– 20 to 30 ppm Refinery Gases– 20 to 50 ppm Amber 363 Oil (0.002 % FBN)– 30 to 40 ppm #2 Light Oil (0.02 % FBN)– 50 to 80 ppm #6 Heavy Oil (0.3 % FBN)– 200 to 300 ppmTODD Ultra Low NOx Burner Reducing NOx Where It Starts– Rapid Mixing eliminatesfuel rich regions that formprompt NOx– Use of FGR or Excess Airreduces peak flametemperatures that formthermal NOx By Incorporating– A radically different gasinjection and mixingsystem– Proven burner geometryto maintain an extremelystable flameTODD Combustion Solutions VariflameTM Variflame II TMTODD Products andTechnologies Dynaswirl-LN RMBTM COOL TechnologiesTM LDRW Duct BurnersVariflameSingle Burner Applications Industry leader for singleburner applications Predictable performance NOx emissions as low as 25ppm with FGRTop View, 400MWe Utility BoilerVariflame II TMThe New Standard in No-FGR PerformanceThe Variflame II is available for package boilerapplications with burner heat inputs up to 150million BTU’s per hour, and offers the followingbenefits: Low VOC, CO, and particulateemissions Sub-30ppm NOx on natural gas withoutusing FGR using COOL flame Technology Capacity range: 30 to 400million BTU/hr per burner Low NOx firing of light or heavy oils usingCOOLburnCOOLburn Technology High-combustion efficiency High turndown ratios:8:1 on oil and 10:1 on gas Low CO, VOC, and Particulate emissions Superior flame stability No increase in flame length4

John Zink #33162Variflame II Principle of OperationRapid Mix BurnerInjector Gas FlameMixing Venturi Guaranteed Ultra LowEmissions Performance– Less Than 9 PPM NOx– Less Than 25 PPM CO– Less Than 3 PPM VOC Plus the added benefits of– Easy Installation andStart-up– Compact Stable Flame– No Moving Parts– Streamlined PermittingTasks– Opportunities forEmission ReductionCreditsCenter FireGas FlameCombustion AirRecirculated Furnace GasDynaswirl-LNMulti-Burner ApplicationsRapid Mix Burner Applications– Packaged Boilers– Refractory Lined Air Heaters– Field Erected Boilers– Thermal Oil Heaters Features– Single burner heat inputsfrom 5 to 300 MMBtuMMBtu/hr/hr– Unison fired dual burnersavailable for heat inputs up to600 MMBtu/hr Heavy duty design for multipleburner applications. Stressrelieved when required Predictable performance NOx emissions as low as 20 ppmwith FGR, BOOS, or OFA Low VOC, CO, and particulateemissions Capacity range: 30 to 300 millionBTU/hr per burner Low Excess Air LevelsCOOL TechnologiesCOOLfuelCOOLfuelT M:COOLfuelCOOLfuelFuel Gas ConditioningGas Fuel ConditioningCOOLkitsCOOLkitsTM:Burner ModificationsCOOLflowCOOLflowTM :Air Flow Modelingother inert gases into the fuelDilutedFuelCOOLfuelEductor Lowers the heating value ofFuelthe fuelCOOLsprayCOOLsprayT M:Steam or Water InjectionInert gas Introduction of flue gases or The diluted fuel results inBoilerBurnerAirlower NOx5

John Zink #33162COOLfuelCOOLfuelCOOLsprayCOOLsprayBenefits of Fuel Dilution over conventional FGR.Injection of Steam or Water for NOx Reduction Lower flue gas flowsare required toachieve the sameamount of NOxreduction60.00%NOx Reduction, % Adding the fluegases to the fuel hasa greater effect onNOx reduction thanadding them to thecombustion air50.00% Lowers the peak flame temperature40.00% Reduces thermal NOx formation Impacts system efficiency higher operating costs30.00%FIR20.00% Still economical when compared to SCR or other back-end cleanupFGR10.00% Effectiveness dependant on injection method (fuel, air, flue gas)0.00%02468 Water injection effectiveness dependant on droplet size% RecirculationCOOLkitsCOOLkitsLow NOx Burner Modifications Custom designedcomponents forinstallation intoexisting air registers Incorporates pokerand swirler designssimilar to thosefound in TODD’sVariflame andDynaswirl -LNburnersCOOLflowCOOLflowAir flow is one of the most significant contributors to CombustionPerformance and COOLflow modeling takes out the guess work Evens airflow distribution Improves air and FGR mixing Reduces vibration Increases capacity Lowers NOx, CO, & otheremissions Lowers the amount of excessair required Increases efficiencyLDRW Duct Burner AssemblyCase Studies6

John Zink #33162Rapid Mix Burner Retrofit Case Study165 MW tangentially fired utility boiler retrofit (CS 117) 100,000 lb/hr D-type package boilerBoiler Type: Combustion Engineering Natural gas firedBoiler Size: 165 MWe Ambient combustion airSteam Flow: 1,200,000 PPH 23 - 28% FGRBurner Type: CE Tilting Tangential NOx less than 8.5 ppm across entireload range# Burners/Boiler: 40Heat Input: 40 MMBtuMMBtu/hr/hr CO less than 1 ppm across entire loadrange Excess O2 of 3.2 to 4.0%COOLfuelCOOLfuelComb. Air Temp: 540 deg FFurnace view of a Rapid Mix Burner Boiler capacity increased to 110,000lb/hrFuel: Natural GasNOx - base: 132 ppmCOOLfuelCOOLfuel NOx: 33 ppmCOOLfuelCOOLfuel COOLsprayCOOLspray ComboRefinery Power Plant Retrofit (CS 117)Real Models Real Results (CS 108 & CS 112)Boiler Type: Riley 1/12 scaled replica of thecombustion air & FGR systemfor a 330 MW Utility Boilerin Northern CaliforniaSteam Flow: 140,000 PPHBurner Type: John Zink LCF# Burners/Boiler: 5Heat Input: 40 MMBtuMMBtu/hr/hrComb. Air Temp: 440 deg F17 ppmNOx - baseline: 400 - 450 ppm Improved airflow distributionfrom /- 16% to /- 7.5%COOLfuelCOOLfuel NOx: 70 ppm ( 83% reduction) Increased FGR flow by 5%COOLsprayCOOLspray NOx: 22 ppm ( 95% reduction)Now Available ! 24 Burners & 12 Over FireAir (OFA) Ports FGR supplied by 4 airfoilspargersFuel: Refinery Gas (40% H2 by volume)NOx @ max steam usage: 7 ppm ( 98% reduction)COOLflowCOOLflow7 ppm Increased OFA flow from 8 to 12% Along with the new Dynaswirl-LN burners this reduced NOx from 73 to 36 ppmDeveloping Clean Air Solutions for Planet Earth Call the TODD Teamat: 203-925-0380or e-mail us at:toddburnersales@kochind.com2 Armstrong RoadShelton, CT 06484“The John ZinkCombustion Handbook isa welcome addition tocombustion literature.”-Chemical EngineeringMagazine, July 2001w w w .toddcombustion.com7

John Zink #33162 4 TODD Advanced Low NOx Burners Natural Gas / Propane – 20 to 30 ppm Refinery Gases – 20 to 50 ppm Amber 363 Oil (0.002 % FBN) – 30 to 40 ppm #2 Light Oil (0.02 % FBN) – 50 to 80 ppm #6 Heavy Oil (0.3 % FBN) – 200 to 300 ppm TODD Ultra Low NOx Burner Reducing NOx Where It Starts – Rapid Mixing eliminates fuel rich regions that form