Victory In The Pacific - Parramatta Heritage
Victory in the Pacific75th Anniversary
Front cover image: Colourised photograph of a section of the crowd watching the combined services VictoryPacific day March through the City of Sydney, 16 August 1945. (Source: Australian War Memorial, 113739)
COMPILED BY:Neera Sahni, Research Services Leader&Anne Tsang, Research AssistantResearch & Collection ServicesParramatta Heritage Visitor & Information Centre346A Church Street, Parramatta NSW 2155This work by City of Parramatta, Research & Collection Services is licensed undera Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives 4.0International License. Based on the work at http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.auISBN: 978-1-876941-39-0 (ebook)
CONTENTSAcknowledgement .3Introduction . 4World War Two Timeline .5World War Two Overview . 11Australia in World War Two . 15World War Two Financial Cost . 19World War Two Casualty List. 20Victory in the Pacific .22Victory in the Pacific – Parramatta Connections . 25Victory in the Pacific Parramatta Connections - Eric Tweedale. 29World War Two Soldiers with Parramatta Connections . 35Thomas Costello . 35Leon Hamilton Ravet . 45Thomas Harrison Dobson . 36Leslie Harold Saunders.47Colin Walter Gazzard . 37Reginald Oliver Saunders . 48Kenneth Malcolm Graham . 39Kevin Maurice Spurway . 49Horace John Joseph Lawn . 41Richard Andrew Phipps Waugh . 51Robert Arthur Douglas Marsh. 42William Thomas Anthony Watts .52Frank Phillips . 44World War Two Nurses with Parramatta Connections . 54Isabella Mary Pinkerton. 54Lilian Gladys Smairl . 56World War Two and Victory in the Pacific Day Images . 58List of References . 642
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis book is compiled from the articles written by the Research and Collectionsteam at the City of Parramatta in honour of the 75th anniversary of the Victory inthe Pacific (VP) day on 15 August 2020. Substantial research was undertaken bythe team who compiled these stories about the involvement of the Parramattacommunity in World War Two and VP Day.We would like to acknowledge the following resources for the production of thisbook: The Australian War Memorial (AWM) Australian Department of Veteran’s Affairs City of Parramatta Archives and Cultural Collection Commonwealth War Graves Commission Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences The National Archives of Australia (NAA) The National Library of Australia (NLA) Trove The Ryerson Index Incorporated Sydney Living Museum University of New South Wales Canberra. The AIF ProjectAll content in this book is released under the Creative Commons, Share-a-LikeLicense.3
INTRODUCTIONThe Second World War was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vastmajority of the world's countries, more than thirty nations, were involved andbroken into two distinct sides. This included the world’s great powers; and twoopposing military sides. The Allies; United Kingdom and France, and China in Asiasince 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union and the United States) and the Axispowers Germany, Italy, and Japan.Prime Minister Robert Gordon Menzies announced the beginning of Australia'sinvolvement in the Second World War on the 3 September 1939. Theannouncement aired on every national and commercial radio station in Australia.Over the course of almost six years, Australian men and women served and foughton many fronts. This included; Europe, the Mediterranean and North Africa, againstthe German and Italian armies. Closer to home the Australian army fought theJapanese in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.World War Two was the first time the Australian mainland came under directattack, with the Japanese aerial bombing locations in north-west Australia andsubmarines entering Sydney Harbour.War has always been a costly endeavour, and World War Two was the mostexpensive war in human history. The economic cost of this war has greatly changedthe world by altering the power structure of the world. Though World War Twolasted fewer than four years, World War Two was the most expensive war in thehistory. Adjusted for inflation to today’s dollars, the war cost over 4 trillion.Neera Sahni4
-1-World War Two TimelineEvents in the PacificNeera Sahni193914 JuneJapanese blockade British concession at Tientsin, China22 AugustSoviet Union and Germany sign non-aggression pact1 SeptemberGermany invades Poland3 SeptemberBritain, France, New Zealand and Australia declare war onGermanyAustralian Prime minister Robert Menzies declared that Australiawas at war:Fellow Australians, it is my melancholy duty to inform youofficially that, in consequence of a persistence by Germany inher invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war uponher, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war. No harder taskcan fall to the lot of a democratic leader than to make such anannouncement (Extract from prime minister Robert Menzies's announcement ofwar speech, 1939)12 SeptemberEnlistment for 2 New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2 NZEF)begins3 OctoberFirst Echelon, 2 NZEF training begins at Burnham, Trentham,Hopuhopu and Papakura23 NovemberMajor-General Bernard Freyberg is appointed to command 2NZEF13 DecemberBattle of the River Plate - New ZealandHMS Achilles involved in battle with Germanbattleship Admiral Graf Spee5cruiserpocket
19405 JanuaryFirst Echelon embarks for the Middle East5 JuneNew Zealand begins raising an infantry brigade group for Fiji10 JuneItaly declares war on Great Britain and France11 JuneAustralia, New Zealand and South Africa declare war on Italy20 AugustGermanEgmont10SeptemberAdvance party of 8 Infantry Battalion leave for Fiji27SeptemberTripartite (Axis) Pact signed by Germany, Italy and Japan3 NovemberHQ 8 Infantry Brigade established in Fiji25 NovemberSteamer Holmwood sunk by German raiders off ChathamIslands27 NovemberRangitane sunk by German raiders 480km from East Cape8 DecemberNew Zealand steamer Komata sunk by German raiders offNauru Islandraider Orion sinksthesteamer Turakina offCape19413 MarchBulk of 2 NZEF now in the Middle East25-27 JulyBritain, Australia, New Zealand and United States freezeJapanese assets28 JulyJapanese troops move into southern Indo-China18 OctoberGeneral Tojo Hideki forms Cabinet in Japan7 DecemberJapanese attack Pearl Harbor78DecemberJapanese troops land in Thailand and north-eastern Malaya8 DecemberBritain, USA, and New Zealand declare war on Japan18 DecemberJapanese land in Hong Kong22 DecemberJapanese land in the Philippines6
23 DecemberNew Zealanders serving with 67 Squadron RAF have firstencounter with enemy during Japanese air raid on Rangoon,Burma25 DecemberHong Kong falls to Japanese troops31 DecemberMartial law declared in Singapore19422 JanuaryJapanese occupy Manila3 January488 Sqn RNZAF in action at Singapore10 JanuaryMore New Zealand reinforcements to Fiji30 JanuaryJapanese within 25 km of Singapore8 FebruaryJapanese invade Burma10 FebruaryUS naval vanguard arrives in Wellington15 FebruaryFall of Singapore19 FebruaryJapanese attack Indonesia; Darwin, Australia, raided for the firsttimeMarchJapanese air raids over Australia8 MarchJapanese submarine I-25 sends reconnaissance plane overWellington13 MarchReconnaissance flight from I-25 over Auckland18 AprilUS General Douglas MacArthur assumes command of the SouthWest Pacific Area; New Zealand in South Pacific Area a US Navyresponsibility under Admiral Chester Nimitz7 – 8 MayBattle of Coral Sea; Japanese forces heading for Port Moresbyturn back31 MayJapanese midget submarine raid on Sydney Harbour3-6 JuneUS victory at Battle of Midway effectively ends the danger ofinvasion of New Zealand12 JulyNew Zealand freighter Hauraki captured by a Japanese raider24 JulyUS assume control in Fiji; 2 NZEF troops in Fiji return to NewZealandJuly9 Sqn RNZAF deployed to New Caledonia7
7 AugustFirst US land offensive against Japan at Guadalcanal in theSolomon IslandsSeptemberHMNZS Leander involved in Solomons campaign5–October13US forces continue attacks against Japanese at Guadalcanal15 OctoberSeventeen New Zealand coastwatchers and five civilianscaptured in the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati) beheaded at Betio,TarawaOctober3 Sqn RNZAF deploys in South Pacific theatre2 DecemberProfessor Enrico Fermi sets up an atomic reactor in Chicago3 December3 NZ Div HQ temporarily established in New Zealand;throughout December troops NZ troops sent to New Caledonia19435 JanuaryHMNZS Achilles badly damaged by bomb off Guadalcanal22 JanuaryAustralian and US forces defeat Japan in the Papua campaign29 JanuaryJapan withdrawing land forces from Guadalcanal29-30JanuaryRNZN corvettes Kiwi and Moa sink Japanese submarine I-1 offGuadalcanal18 MayJapan begins an offensive along Yangtze River20 MayNew Zealand government agrees to keep 2 NZEF in the MiddleEast to be available for operations in Europe; 3 Division in thePacific to be reduced12 – 13 JulyHMNZS Leander suffers heavy damage when torpedoed offNew Georgia15 AugustUS troops land at Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands16 AugustHeavy Allied air attacks on Japanese at Wewak, Papua NewGuinea3 October3 NZ Division secures Vella Lavella5 OctoberUS force attacks Wake Island27 October3 NZ Division lands on Mono in the Treasury Islands1 NovemberUS invades Bougainville8
1944January15–FebruaryUS invades Marshall Islands183 NZ Division lands on Nissan Island; organised Japaneseresistance ceases by 20 February29 FebruaryUS General Douglas MacArthur's force invades Admiralty Island7 March20 New Zealand aircraft take part in attack on Rabaul8 MayJapanese launch offensive against British troops in Burma15 JuneMain body of 3 NZ Division HQ returns to New Caledonia16 JuneChina-based B-29s bomb southern Japan21 JulyUS troops land in Guam10 AugustJapanese resistance in Guam ends20 OctoberPhilippines campaign begins5 NovemberAllied planes bomb Singapore24 NovemberB-29s bomb Tokyo24 DecemberLast Japanese attack on Calcutta194522 JanuaryBurma Road is reopened19 FebruaryUS troops land on Iwo Jima, Japan21 MarchBritish forces take Mandalay, Burma1 AprilUS troops invade Okinawa3 MayRangoon recaptured13 MayAustralian troops occupy Wewak26 May700,000 incendiary bombs fall on Tokyo8 MayVE Day (Victory in Europe)1 JuneFirst landing of US troops on Okinawa20 JuneAustralian troops land in Sarawak21 JuneUS forces capture Okinawa9
5 JulyLiberation of the Philippines completed14 JulyUS Navy bombards Honshu and Hokkaido16 JulyFirst atomic bomb test in New Mexico3 AugustJapanese home islands blockaded6 AugustAtomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan8 AugustRussia declares war on Japan9 AugustAtomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, JapanSoviet troops enter Manchuria12 AugustSoviet troops enter Korea14 AugustJapan accepts Allied surrender terms15 AugustVJ Day (Victory in Japan)28 AugustUS troops enter Japanese main islands30 AugustBritish troops re-occupy Hong Kong2 SeptemberFormal Japanese surrender on deck of USS Missouri10
-2-World War Two OverviewEmma StockburnDefenders of Tobruk, James Francis Hurley, Australian War Memorial.The Second World War was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vastmajority of the world's countries, more than thirty nations, were involved andbroken into two distinct sides. This included the world’s great powers; and twoopposing military sides. The Allies; United Kingdom and France, and China in Asiasince 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union and the United States) and the Axispowers Germany, Italy, and Japan.Starting in 1939 the war directly involved more than 100 million people across theworld. This war was unlike any other in many ways included the: vastness of thetheatres war, the use of astonishing levels of industry, science and economic powerto push forward the war effort and resulted in the deaths of more than 70 millionindividuals, including civilians as well as military personal. The Second World War11
also saw the use of massacres, genocide, starvation and disease as weapons andthe only use of nuclear weapons during war.By 1937, Japan and China were at war though a formal declaration of war had notbeen declared. World War Two then is seen as to have begun on the 1 September1939, when Germany invaded Poland. This was the conclusion of a complex seriesof relations and pacts, including the Munich Accord between Germany and Britainas well as Germany and the Soviet Union. But this action, the invasion, set in motiona promise made by Britain’s, Neville Chamberlain and both France and the UnitedKingdom declaring war on Germany.From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germanyconquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliancewith Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939,Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of theirEuropean neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states.Campaigns then rose in North Africa and East Africa, and then Fall of France inmid-1940. The war then continued primarily between the European Axis powersand the British Empire. This was followed my battles in the Balkans, the aerialBattle of Britain, the Blitz, and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, openingthe largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front, known to the Russiansas the Great Patriot War, trapped the Axis, most importantly, the German forces,in a war of attrition.Then In December 1941, Japan launched an unexpected attack on the UnitedStates, at Pearl Harbour, as well as European colonies, including Malaya, in thePacific. The U.S. was swift in its declaration of war against Japan, and theEuropean Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with theirJapanese ally.Japan soon captured much of the Western Pacific, but the Axis advance in thePacific halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, which was adecisive naval battle in the Pacific Theatre of the war. This battle took place onlysix months after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor.In 1942 and moving into the next year, Germany and Italy were defeated in NorthAfrica, in the Western Desert Campaign and then, decisively, at Stalingrad. Thiswas the wars bloodiest battle with the deaths of about 850,000 Axis soldiers dead,missing or wounded in the battle. As well as more than a million Soviet soldierskilled, missing or wounded in the Soviet Union.12
From 1943, the Axis forces were defeated in various locations including theEuropean Eastern Front, the invasion by the Allies in Italy and a number of victoriesin the Pacific over the Japanese. These losses continued in 1944 with the Alliesmoving into German occupied France, the continued show of force from the SovietUnion towards the Germans. The Japanese faced a major reversal of fortune inmainland Asia, in Central China, South China and Burma. The Allies also disabledthe Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands.In Europe, the Germans gave unconditional surrender on the 8 May 1945. Germanyhad come to this decision after the capture of Berlin by the Soviet Union, the takingof German land by Allies and the suicide of Adlof Hitler.There was then a call for the surrender of the Japanese Forces with the PotesdamDeclaration. This was a declaration given to Japan by the United States, GreatBritain, and China on July 26, 1945. The Japanese refused to settle under the termsof the treaty and in an unprecedented act of war, before or since, the United Statesdropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thisact lead to the surrender of the Japanese on the 15 August 1945.Lae Area, New Guinea, 1943. Australian troops disembarking from American landing ships.(Source: Australian War Memorial, 106542)13
It is estimated that at least 60 million people died in the war, many militarypersonal, up to 20 million but many more were civilians, an estimate of 40 million.Tactics used by Axis forces, many deemed as war crimes, claimed the lives of thesecivilians. This includes what is known as the Holocaust by Nazi Germany, this leadto the deaths of 6 million Jews, 4 million deemed “unworthy of life” including thementally ill, disabled, homosexuals and Soviet prisoners of war. In addition, almost3 million Polish citizens. They were held in and died in concentration camps.Both the Japanese and Russians treatment of their prisoners of war lead to thedeaths of many soldiers and civilians from neglect, illness and starvation. Includingup to 8000 Australians military men.Tribunals were set up by the Allies, and war crimes trials were conducted in thewake of the war both against the Germans and against the Japanese.14
-3-Australia in World War TwoEmma StockburnBeaufort area, Borneo. 1945-07-22. members of 24 infantry brigade aboard the unit operated jeep train enroute to Weston. (Source: Australian War Memorial, 111852)Prime Minister Robert Gordon Menzies announced the beginning of Australia'sinvolvement in the Second World War on the 3 September 1939. Theannouncement aired on every national and commercial radio station in Australia.15
Over the course of almost six years, Australian men and women served and foughton many fronts. This included; Europe, the Mediterranean and North Africa, againstthe German and Italian armies. Closer to home the Australian army fought theJapanese in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.World War Two was the first time the Australian mainland came under directattack, with the Japanese aerial bombing locations in north-west Australia andsubmarines entering Sydney Harbour.The Australian army was not involved in combat until 1941, with the arrival of the6th, 7th and 9th Divisions joining the Allies in the Mediterranean and North Africa.During 1940, the Royal Australian Navy and Air Force had joined in operationsagainst Italy and was part of the Battle of Britain.The Australian Army were in the Mediterranean theatre of war from 1941 to the endof 1942. During 1941, they saw success against the Italian military and defeatagainst the Germans in Greece, North Africa and Crete. As well as success duringthe Syrian Campaign, which involved operations in both Lebanon and Syriaagainst the French Pro- Nazi, Vichy Government.One of the first major battles Australian forces were involved in was the Siege ofTobruk. The Australian soldiers were given the name, the Rats of Tobruk, for thei
5 June New Zealand begins raising an infantry brigade group for Fiji 10 June Italy declares war on Great Britain and France 11 June Australia, New Zealand and South Africa declare war on Italy 20 August German raider . Orion. sinks the steamer . Turakina. off Cape Egmont 10 September Advance party of 8 Infantry Battalion leave for Fiji 27
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Parramatta to Olympic Park travelling further East parallel to the river before crossing over at Wentworth Point. Combined with the existing heavy rail and bus interchange, as well as the proposed future Sydney Metro West link, the enhanced transport network will play a key role in connecting workers to jobs in the Parramatta CBD.
