S PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION THE T WENTIES IN

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BECOMING MODERN: AMERICA IN THE 1920SPRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTIONTHETWENTIES*Eight political cartoons examining Prohibition fromwet and dry perspectives appear on the followingpages. They span the years from 1921, when thenation was one year into the “Noble Experiment,”to early 1930, when its path to repeal was hastenedby the Great Depression.INPOLITICAL CARTOONSPROHIBITIONTo analyze a political cartoon, consider its: CONTENT. First, basically describe what is drawn inthe cartoon (without referring to the labels). What isdepicted? What is happening? CONTEXT. Consider the timing. What is happeningin national events at the time of the cartoon? Checkthe date: what occurred in the days and weeks beforethe cartoon appeared? LABELS. Read each label; look for labels that are notapparent at first, and for other written content in thecartoon. SYMBOLS. Name the symbols in the cartoons. Whatdo they mean? How do they convey the cartoon’smeaning? TITLE. Study the title. Is it a statement, question,exclamation? Does it employ a well-known phrase, e.g.,slang, song lyric, movie title, radio show, political orproduct slogan? How does it encapsulate and enhancethe cartoonist’s point?“Spirit of Prohibition: ‘Get Down and Give the LadyYour Place,’” Life, January 29, 1921 TONE. Identify the tone of the cartoon. Is it satirical,comic, tragic, ironic, condemning, quizzical, imploring?What adjective describes the feeling of the cartoon?How do the visual elements in the drawing align withits tone? POINT. Put it all together. What is the cartoonist’spoint?QUESTIONS What arguments for and against Prohibition arepresented in the cartoons? what benefits, harm, andunforeseen consequences? How is “the public” depicted? Uncle Sam? ardent wetsand drys? How do cartoonists employ these genericcaricatures? What perspectives are expressed in the cartoonspublished in Kansas and Nebraska? in Chicago?in New York City? Why?*“Bullet Proof”Chicago Daily Tribune, April 29, 1926National Humanities Center: AMERICA IN CLASS, 2012: americainclass.org/. Title font “The Twenties” (TestarossaNF) courtesy of Nick’s Fonts at FontSpace.Complete image credits at dits.htm.

“Spirit of Prohibition: ‘Get Down andGive the Lady Your Place’”Life, January 29, 1921Cartoonist: William H. WalkerThe “Spirit of Prohibition” is depicted as a preacher-reformer, his “wings” implying aholier-than-thou attitude.Temperance activist Carrie Nation carries a book of blue laws, laws that restrictcommercial activities, especially the sale of alcohol, on Sunday, the Christian Sabbath.Permission request in process to Digital Holdings, Inc. Digital image from original publication.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

“Pigs in Clover”Kansas City Times, September 10, 1921Cartoonist: Herbert JohnsonReproduced by permission of the Indiana Historical Society.“Pigs in clover”: those living in their ideal setting, in luxury.Pigs in Clover, a popular puzzle toy introduced in 1889,“never was considered an easy puzzle to work.”Blind pigs: speakeasies.12 mile limit: offshore range in which the U.S. enforcedProhibition (later modified).Farmer: Uncle Sam; U.S. government.Courtesy of the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, IndianaJerry Slocum Mechanical Puzzle CollectionNational Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

“Regular Hallowe’en Scare’”The North Platte Semi-Weekly TribuneNorth Platte, Nebraska, October 17, 1922Booze interests. Uncle Sam. Bumper crops [exceptionally large]. 1922 business progress. To continued prosperity.In folklore, finger-snapping repels ghosts.On October 5, 1922, U.S. Attorney General Harry Daugherty announced that it would henceforth be illegal for anyships, American or foreign, to carry or sell liquor within the three-mile limit of U.S. coastal waters. The U.S. ShippingBoard opposed the move, arguing that foreign shippers would trade at Canadian instead of American ports. Thisconcern was not shared by many Americans enjoying renewed prosperity and record agricultural yields in 1922.Courtesy of Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress. Cartoonist unknown; signature illegible.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

“The Unhappy Couple”Chicago Daily Tribune, September 21, 1925Cartoonist: Carey OrrThe wife is depicted as a caricature of the female temperance activist of the 19th and early 20th centuries.Reproduced by permission of the Chicago Tribune. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

“Bullet Proof”Chicago Daily Tribune, April 29, 1926Cartoonist: Carey OrrThe law. Justice. Organized crime. Bootleg profits. Gang rule. Pardon. Bond money. Money to bribe politicians.Money to bribe jurors. Money to beat the law. Money to hire “best” lawyers.“Organized crime” is depicted as an armored, hooded executioner with a bloody axe, wearing money bags.Reproduced by permission of the Chicago Tribune. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

“What a Queer Looking Camel”The New York Times, July 8, 1928Cartoonist: Edwin MarcusUncle Sam. Prohibition. Bigotry. Religious prejudice.The camel, which can subsist long periods without water, became a cartoon symbol for the drys(Prohibition supporters).Prohibition opponents (wets) included many Roman Catholics, most notably the 1928 Democraticpresidential candidate Al Smith, whose religion became a central issue in the campaign.Reproduced by permission of the Marcus family. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest -Historical Newspapers.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

“Some People Are Like That”The Atlanta Constitution, July 4, 1929Cartoonist: BrownPublic. Drys. Prohibition muddle swamp. Graft. Bribery. Crime. Contempt for law.Permission request in process to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

UntitledThe Washington Evening Star, January 6, 1930Cartoonist: Clifford Kennedy BerrymanAfter 1928 the Prohibition debate became centered on the issue of enforcement. “If the law is upheld only bygovernment officials,” stated President Hoover in his December 1929 State of the Union address, “then all law is atan end.” Responding to a last-ditch campaign by the drys, Congress had passed the Jones “Five and Ten” Act inMarch 1929, increasing the penalties for violating the Volstead Act (five years in prison and/or a 10,000 fine), butthe national will for aggressive enforcement had waned. After the stock market crash of October 1929, economicnecessity brought the long-debated Smoot-Hawley tariff bill to the top of the priority list (it was passed in June 1930).There was no further federal legislation for Prohibition enforcement until its repeal in 1933.Courtesy of the U.S. National Archives & Records Administration, Center for Legislative Archives.National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition

National Humanities Center Political Cartoons from the 1920s: Prohibition “Spirit of Prohibition: ‘Get Down and Give the Lady Your Place’” Life, January 29, 1921 Cartoonist: William H. Walker The “Spirit of Prohibition” is depicted as a preacher-reformer, his “wings” implying a holier-than-thou attitude.File Size: 987KB

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