KVMSwitching And Extension Guide - Black Box

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BLACK BOX KVMDesktoplSwitching andExtension GuideData CenterlEnterprisewww.black-box.de/KVM 0811/5541-551www.blackbox.com/go/KVM888-327-3114

KVM Switching and Extension GuideThis guide presents education resources and the technology solutions needed to set up high-performanceKVM extension and switching applications. Black Box simplifies the job of having to configure KVM,extension, and peripheral matrix switching systems, making it easier for users to plan and launch fullyintegrated extension and switching systems for their specific industry.Technology OverviewApplication SolutionsLearn about some of the emerging technologies to be awareof as systems are designed.Find application diagrams and case studies from specificindustries.Questions? Talk to a Black Box KVM expert 24/7 at 0811/5541-551

What’s InsideTechnology Overview. 4-13Video Extension.4-6Digital to Analog Migration.7Video Standards.8Signal Extension Technologies.9True USB Emulation.10-11Ergonomics.12Matrix Switching.13KVM Applications. 14-29Introduction.14-15Broadcast.16-19Energy. 20-22Transportation. 23Healthcare.24Financial.25Military.26Law Enforcement.27Retail.28Manufacturing.29KVM Products.30-80Products nterpriseEShare PCs, servers and video contentamong multiple users.Data CenterManage local and remote serversfrom a central location.DesktopReduce costs and clutter, improveproductivity and manage workflow. xtensionEImprove office ergonomics and equipmentsafety by backracking servers and CPUs whilegetting the benefits of high-definition digitalvideo, audio and USB signal extension.FREE, Live Application EngineeringFor more information and our online store, visit www.black-box.deIntroduction. 30-31Enterprise KVM. 32-41DKM FX. 32-35DCX3000. 36-37Agility. 38-39InvisaPC.40-41KVM Switches. 42-59Data Center . 42-47Desktop.48-55Secure.56-57KVM Console Trays. 58-59KVM Extenders. 60-71Digital.62-68Analog. 69-71KVM Multiviewer.72-73KVM Components. 74-75KVM Accessories.76-80Black Box Technology Solutions.81Call: 0811/5541-551Chat: black-box.de1

KVM Overview IntroductionControl, Convenience and Total Cost SavingsKVM (Keyboard, Video and Mouse) switches and extenders give users accessto a variety of target devices, such as CPUs, digital signage, servers and othersources. Users are able to monitor workflow and gain flexible control of visualand peripheral elements. Switching and extension provide effective managementof technology elements in broadcasting, air traffic control, control rooms,and other collaborative environments.BA2Questions? Talk to a Black Box KVM expert 24/7 at 0811/5541-551

IntroductionAdditionally, KVM technology gives users: A small total cost of ownership (TCO). Improved operability and quick ROI. Maximum flexibility, scalability and improved reliability. Green IT solutions with energy-saving designand distribution.A Command and Control Room with Remote KVM User StationsB Data Centre with Target SourcesC Office with Desktop KVMCFor more information and our online store, visit www.black-box.de3

Technology Overview Video ExtensionTaking Video Extension the Distance It Needs to GoBy Erik Indresøvde, KVM Product ManagerAnalog versus Digital VideoDVI and HDMI InterfacesAnalog video (VGA)Digital Video Interface (DVI)An analog signal is continuously variable.Composite video, Component video, RGBHV,and VGA are types of analog video signals,with VGA being the most common videoformat used with PCs —  at least until recently.DVI is the standard digital interface for PCs.The DVI standard is based on transitionminimized differential signaling (TMDS).DVI comes in two formats: single-link anddual-link. Single-link DVI has a maximumfrequency of 165 MHz and dual-link DVI,as one would expect, has double themaximum frequency. A single-linkinterface can transmit a resolution of1920 x 1200 vs. 2560 x 1600 for dual link.Digital videoHowever, what you will get when the maximumsupported cable length is exceeded is the “cliff”effect, where the digital signal drops off and thepicture is completely lost. To overcome distancelimitations, use extenders or repeaters.4100%The most common DVI connectors are: DVI-D: A digital-only connector for usebetween a digital video source andmonitors. DVI-D eliminates the analogpins. DVI-I (integrated): Supports both digitaland analog RGB connections. It cantransmit either a digital-to-digital signalor an analog-to-analog signal. It is usedon products instead of separate analogand digital connectors.High-Definition MultimediaInterface (HDMI)HDMI is the standard digital interfacefor HDTV. It was the first digital interfaceto combine uncompressed HD video, upto eight channels of uncompressed digitalaudio and intelligent format and commanddata in a single cable. It is now the de factostandard for consumer electronics and HDvideo, although it is beginning to facecompetition from the newer DisplayPort(DP) interface. In addition, HDMI also usesTMDS signaling, like DVI and is backwardcompatible.Cable LengthPicture quality of an analog signal graduallydeclines over longer lengths of cable.100%Picture QualityWhile analog video signals travel in a sine-likewave form, digital signals travel in a square-likewaveform. A digital signal is broken into abinary format where the audio or video datais represented by a series of 1s and 0s. Likeanalog signals, digital video also suffers fromloss, but as long as the cable is of sufficientquality and within the maximum supporteddistance, the signals don't suffer from blurringor color skew.Analog vs. Digital Picture QualityPicture QualityAn analog video signal can be run over longlengths of native VGA cable as long as thediameter and shielding of the cable are goodenough. However, regardless of the cable quality,signal attenuation increases with video frequencyand cable length. This means that after 10 to15 metres, the image quality will start todegrade.This leads to color skew and smeared-lookingtext. To solve for signal degradation in VGAapplications, use an extender that compensatesfor signal loss. A good extender has separateadjustments for high and low frequencies; HFloss is usually greater than LF loss.HDMI offers an easy, standardized way to setup AV equipment over one cable. Use it toconnect equipment such as digital signageplayers, set-top boxes and AV receivers with HDTVs and video projectors. If the HDMI equipmentsupports higher-resolution HDMI standards,3D displays can also be connected.Cable LengthPicture quality of digital signal (e.g. HDMI)suddenly drops at a certain length of cable(cliff effect).Questions? Talk to a Black Box KVM expert 24/7 at 0811/5541-551

Video ExtensionHDMI also supports multiple audio formats,from standard stereo to multichannel surroundsound. In addition, the interface provides twoway communications between the video sourceand HDTV, enabling simple, remote, point-andclick configurations.HDMI supports high-bandwidth digital contentprotection (HDCP), which prevents distributionand copying of digital audio and video contentsent over HDMI cable. If a device between thesource and the display supports HDMI but notHDCP, the transmission won’t work if the contentis copyright protected.HDMI is backward compatible with DVIequipment because, like DVI, it uses TMDSsignaling. A DVI-to-HDMI adapter can be usedwithout a loss of video quality to enable theconnection. Because DVI only supports videosignals, not audio, the DVI device simply ignoresthe extra audio data. However, dual link is notcommon in HDMI. DVI displays usually also arenot able to display HDCP protected and/orcomponent encoded (YCbCr) HDMI signals.DisplayPort InterfaceDisplayPort is the most recent digital videointerface to be developed for commercial use.It is a standard for PCs.The DisplayPort standard was designed as areplacement for DVI connectors on computerhardware. The connector is smaller and screwlessfor easier installation. The connector still has alocking mechanism to hold it in place, addressinga weakness of the HDMI connector. It is similarin specifications to HDMI, but it is more commonfor computers than for televisions.DisplayPort uses a packet type of interface, justlike an IP network does. The network-like designmeans a single connection can send multiplestreams, so a single DisplayPort port canconnect to more than one display.DisplayPort uses very high speeds, enabled bythe packet-type delivery that is implementedthrough chipsets. One can think of it as a highspeed network for digital video. DisplayPort usesa serial interface with up to four main data lanesthat can carry multiplexed video and audio data.Each data lane supports a raw data rate of 1.62Gbps, 2.7 Gbps, or 5.4 Gbps (DisplayPort 1.2or later). Additionally, unlike with DVI, an audiochannel is supported — up to eight channels of16- or 24-bit at 48 KHz, 96 KHz, or 192 KHz.DisplayPort and DVIDisplayPort and DVI use different signalprocessing methods, but converting betweenthe two can be done with adapters. SomeDisplayPort ports have internal componentsto make them passively compatible with DVIsignals, but this is not a DisplayPort requirement.This is known as Dual Mode, or DP . Itappears that DisplayPort is converted to DVI,but the hardware outputs a DVI signal througha DisplayPort port. If the hardware in use can’toutput the DVI signal, then a DisplayPort-to-DVIadapter won’t operate. Users should look forthe DP symbol.DVI offers no audio support, which givesanother advantage to DisplayPort. An additionaladvantage for DisplayPort is that packetizingdata lowers demand on bandwidth. DVI usesseparate data channels for each color, requiringhigh bandwidth all the time. DisplayPort supports the DPCP (DisplayPortContent Protection) standard in addition toHDCP. DisplayPort is an open standard, availableto all manufacturers at no cost; HDMI islicensed, which raises costs. DisplayPort supports resolutions up to 4K.Connector TypesDVI-D Receptacle ConnectorDisplayPort and HDMISince HDMI and DVI use the same signaltechnology, HDMI and DisplayPort have similarcompatibility issues noted already.DVI-I Receptacle ConnectorHDMI is the digital standard targeted to hometheater and DisplayPort was developed foruse with computer electronics. However,feature-wise, DisplayPort is very similar to HDMI,including the inclusion of the HDCP contentprotection standard. Some differences include:HDMI Connector DisplayPort has a maximum bandwidth that islarger than the maximum bandwidth of HDMI(10.8 Gbit/sec, compared to HDMI at 10.2).DisplayPort ConnectorFor more information and our online store, visit www.black-box.de5

Technology Overview Video ExtensionTaking Video Extension the Distance (continued from previous page)Technical Aspects of Digital Video ExtensionLossless proprietary extensionWhen the TMDS signal collapses because of attenuation or too long ofa cable it is no longer readable by a display. However, an extender orrepeater uses a proprietary digital algorithm to transmit and receive signalsover a specific distance and can equalize and reshape the TMDS signal forthe end display. Proprietary extension technology enables users to extendHDMI or DVI to a remote display up to 30–35 metres away without any lossor signal degradation. Extension is possible over native HDMI or DVI cablingwith a repeater device equalizing the signal, or over CATx with an extendersetup that consists of transmitter and receiver devices.HDBaseT extensionHDBaseT is the first technology to enable long-reach wired connectivityof uncompressed HD multimedia content via a single LAN cable. HDBaseTenables transmission of DVI or HDMI video and audio, 100BASE-T Ethernet,power and control signals from a source to a display over a standard CATxcable. By using sophisticated encoding and equalization techniques, itis possible to transmit the video signal as well as the peripheral signalsuncompressed up to 100 metres. The chip has proven to be veryreliable and is the only solution on the market today allowing transmissionof uncompressed video on standard CATx cables at that distance.Compressed digital extension and IP extensionAnother technique to extend video over longer distances using reducedbandwidth is to use compression. Compression makes it possible to runthe signal over longer-distance cable, up to 120 metres; to transmitit wirelessly; or to send it over a standard IP network, the local areanetwork (LAN).Compression does not have to mean low-quality video. Compressionsmay be lossy or lossless. The compressions used on cable TV or Internetvideo streams are usually lossy compressions, such as H.264. Althoughthese compressions give sufficient image quality for digital signals, theyare not suitable for high-quality computer images in control rooms ormedical applications. These applications require higher bandwidth butusually run over a LAN where bandwidth is not an issue, not over theInternet. The best compression algorithms today make it possible to runFull HD computer images and video over the local network without anyvisual loss in quality.IP extension is a way to extend an application over long distances. IPextension is flexible and expandable and provides the option of usingeither CATx or fibre optic cabling, depending how far the video has to go.IP-based extenders usually send data over a 100 metres segment, but canbe extended farther by using Ethernet switches as repeaters; or,if using fibre cable, go even farther, up to 16 km.Fibre optic extensionFor the really long runs exceeding 120 metres, the best option is fibre opticextension, unless multiple repeaters can be used or the signal is run overan IP network. The biggest advantage with optical extension is thevery high bandwidth compared to copper cable. This makes it possible totransmit lossless, full HD signals over great distances — up to hunderdsof metres. Furthermore, using a fibre cable makes the connection opticallyisolated, getting rid of any issues with ground loops, etc. This is usuallyrequired in hospitals and other critical applications. An optical connectionis also immune to EMI noise, making it the perfect choice for industrialapplications.Lossy to lossless compression.6Questions? Talk to a Black Box KVM expert 24/7 at 0811/5541-551

Digital to Analog Migration6 Reasons to Switch to Digital KVM TodayBy Dawn Mangine, KVM MarketerAnalog technology can’t keep up in the digital marketplace. Digitalvideo is sharper and digital KVM is faster.1. The VGA standard is being discontinued.As of 2015, the VGA standard is no longer supported by leadingmanufacturers. Analog KVM and video won’t work any longer either.VGA sources and displays are getting increasingly difficult to find. BlackBox recently heard from a customer who had to buy VGA parts on eBay.2. Digital technology provides better image quality.Digital technology improves users’ experiences by providing crystal-clearimages at any supported distance. HD video is delivered pixel by pixelto digital displays at higher resolutions and increased color depth.3. Digital systems are more scalable and flexible.New larger switching matrices and IP-based systems increase flexibilityand enable connecting to a much higher number of endpoints.Thousands of devices can be incorporated into one unified system.On a digital matrix system, I/O ports are interchangeable, makingchanges and adds as simple as plugging a device into a port.4. HD video switching is faster than analog switching.Digital systems provide instantaneous HD video switching with nodelay. Digital KVM switching is much faster, too, nearly instant ratherthan having to wait several seconds for video to show up.5. Digital KVM improves the user experience.Digital KVM systems feature improved USB support and compatibilitywith most other USB devices on the market: touchscreens, flash drives,tablet computers, as well as the workhorses, keyboards and mice.6. Higher resolutions mean better images.Increased bandwidth gives users the capability to work with imagesat higher detail levels as well as fit more content on the desktop for amore efficient workflow. Future-proof systems accommodate supportfor WQXGA (2560 x 1600) and 4K/UHD (3840 x 2160). Wherever usersneed pixel-perfect image transmission, they can now get it via CATx orfibre cabling. Plus, send USB, serial and digital audio signals.For more information and our online store, visit www.black-box.de7

Technology Overview Video StandardsMaking the Transition to 4K VideoBy Dawn Mangine, KVM MarketerProAV, media and broadcasting professionalsshould be aware of developments in 4K, themost recent video standard to reach audiences.Even though it is currently being adopted by asmall group of technology enthusiasts, the largermainstream market isn’t far behind.Manufacturers of 4K sources and displaysmust take a holistic approach to testing theirproducts to ensure that they are up to thechallenges of an integrated 4K system, liberatingsystem designers and integrators from havingto take on this daunting challenge themselves.Display technology is evolving and 4K screensare already available from most displaymanufacturers. The giant leaps in resolutionquality coupled with declining prices make thistechnology very attractive to the consumer market.4K Technology Overview4K video, also referred to as Ultra High Definition(UHD), delivers stunning beauty and resolution indigital signage and video extension applications.As with all disruptive innovation, it presents issuesthat can make deployment tricky.Enormous bandwidth is required to deliver 4Kvideo at 30 frames per second (fps)— 10 Gbits/second. For 4K at 50–60 fps, thebandwidth requirements are greater. This placesunprecedented demands on infrastructure.To be successful in real-world applications,4K distribution systems must be designed andengineered to address some challenging issues.84K refers to video signals with a horizontalresolution on the order of 4,000 pixels(generally 3840 pixels). Previous generationsof video resolutions were described by thevertical resolutions (e.g. 1080p refers to asignal with 1080 vertical lines).The increase in resolution presented by 4Kis tremendous. An increasing number of displaysshow resolutions that fall between 1080pand 4K; these resolutions are referred to as“tweener resolutions.” Even if a given systemis not being designed for 4K content, hardwaredesigned for 2K signals will not carryhigher resolutions.they are not interchangeable. As far as aconsumer is concerned, there is little practicaldifference, but they do mean different things.Simply put, 4K is a professional productionand cinema standard. UHD is the standard forconsumer displays and broadcast. To get a betterunderstanding of 4K technology, the followingpuzzle pieces need to be addressed: Mismatched resolutions Bandwidth requirements Supporting 4K with multiple AV interfaces New cable lengthsThese technologychallenges are addressedin a white paper fromBlack Box, PiecingTogether the 4K Puzzle.Learn more and downloadthe white paper at www.black-box.de/KG24K.In some professional spheres, the terms 4Kand UHD have become conflated; however,Questions? Talk to a Black Box KVM expert 24/7 at 0811/5541-551

Signal Extension TechnologiesA Brief Overview of Video and Peripheral ExtensionOne of the most common typesof video and peripheral extensionis keyboard, video and mouse(KVM) technology extension.These types of extenders connect users viahuman interface devices (HIDs), like keyboards,monitors, touchsceens and mice, to targetdevices  —  servers, workstations, computers —without the need for drivers to be installed onthe target devices. Although these solutionsprimarily extend or switch HD video and KVMsignals, most extenders also support audio,RS-232 and USB signals. The goal of videoand peripheral extension technology is to shareresources and improve operability transparently.In general, good extension solutions have a lowtotal cost of ownership (TCO) because they lastseven to ten years. This means they survive atleast two generations of targets (PCs or servers)and peripheral devices, which usually areupdated much more quickly. Good video andperipheral extension devices shouldn’t need tobe replaced that soon. They shoulddemonstrate future compatibility throughconnections, cascadability and scalability.Video and peripheral extension solutionsshould also offer a quick return oninvestment (ROI). By improving operability,ergonomics and work time savings, this typeof extension leads to a more efficient use ofhuman resources. In addition, video andperipheral extension is a green IT solution,leading to energy and cost savings.A Brief Overview of USB Peripheral ExtensionUSB EssentialsUSB’s main attraction is that it makes addingperipherals to your computer incredibly easy.A USB peripheral plugs right into the portand works.Virtually every operating system (OS) on themarket today is USB enabled. USB technologiescome in a variety of versions and speeds,from standard USB 1.1 to USB 3.1, the latesttechnology. The most common version inuse today is USB 2.0.USB ExtensionAlthough USB is a versatile serial interface,it’s subject to an inherent distance limitationof five metres. With USB 3.0 and 3.1 devices, thedistance limitation is 3 metres, plus they requirehigher speeds. USB extenders enable USBperipherals to be placed wherever users needthem, up to 2 kilometres from a host computer.With a USB extender, peripheral devices functionas if they were within the five-metre limitspecified by USB Implementors' Forum (USB-IF),which prepares the specifications for USBtechnology.USB extenders preserve standard USBfunctionality and timing restrictions whileaccommodating the increased signalpropagation delay incurred in extendedrange transmissions.USB extenders are composed of two unitsconnected by a transmission line. These unitsare referred to as the local extender and remoteextender. The local unit is connected to adownstream-facing port of a USB host controlleror hub; the remote unit is connected to theupstream-facing port of a USB hub or device.Once operational, the entire USB extendersystem operates like a single standard USB hub.that support USB hubs and requires noadditional software to be loaded.Because the system appears to be aconventional hub (albeit a very long one),it can be connected to other hubs to the fulldepth permitted by USB. The system can beused as the first, last, or any intermediate hubin a chain. Multiple systems can also be usedin parallel within a single domain — a commonsituation when opposite ends of a building needto be reached from a central computer room ortelecom closet.The only restriction placed on the configurationis that multiple USB extenders cannot beconnected in series. Most USB extenders useCAT5 cable; if you require extra distance, youmight need to consider a different cable type,such as fibre.As a standard USB hub, the USB extendersystem is compatible with all operating systemsDDC, EDID (binary Data)TransmitterReceiverVID (Vendor ID)PID (Product ID)Device ClassVideo DVI-DTransmitterInterconnectReceiverDVI-D VideoUSBKeyboardFor more information and our online store, visit www.black-box.deMouse9

Technology Overview True USB EmulationThe Development of True USB Emulation for Better SwitchingBy Black Box EngineeringThe earliest USB KVM switches relied upon standard keyboard and mousetemplates to tell each computer system how to deal with the connectedperipherals. High-performance KVM switches and HD video and peripheralmatrix switches that support true USB emulation technology channelthe identities of the connected keyboard and mouse and present those“real” profiles to every connected system concurrently. This means evenspecialized keyboards and mice (i.e. USB Sun keyboards, Glidepoint mice, jog wheels and more) are fully supported.Enumerated USBIn the beginning, when USB connectors first were becoming common,there was simply enumerated USB. The name is derived from the initiationprocess (enumeration) that every USB device goes through each time it isconnected to a computer. With enumerated switches, a connected USBdevice is required to perform a full initiation every time it is switched.This leads to latency issues, especially with mice and keyboards.Emulated USBDue to the complexity of the USB signals and standards, a straightforwardway to read inputs of USB data streams, strip out the switching controlinformation and then repackage the remainder for the computer hadbeen difficult to achieve. Eventually, emulated USB solved the problem.Now, USB devices became, in effect, “hot-swappable” — each time theyare switched, the initiation process doesn’t need to be performed again.In other words, in emulated, or basic, USB switching, the characteristics ofthe attached USB device are recreated once the required switching controlinformation has been removed from the data stream. A neat side effectof the technique is that each computer can be “fooled” into thinking thatthe USB device is permanently connected to it, even when the device isswitched to another computer.Enumerated USBUSB KeyboardEmulated USBUSB MouseUSB MouseUSB KeyboardConnectionto DeviceHost ControllerUSB HubDiagram FormatRule Size: 0.013CPUPHRLCTRLPC 1PC 2PC 3PC 4The inside view of a typical enumerated USB switch.The keyboard and mouse are linked to a hub, which then feedsvia a simple electronic switch to the selected computer.PC 1PHRLCTRLPHRLCTRLPHRLCTRLPC 2PC 3PC 4The inside view of a typical emulated USB switch.The keyboard and mouse are linked to a host controller (a sophisticatedUSB hub) and then through to the microprocessor (CPU) which performsthe data capture and switching processes.The currently active connection is then linked via a peripheral controllerto the selected computer.10Questions? Talk to a Black Box KVM expert 24/7 at 0811/5541-551

True USB EmulationLearn morewww.black-box.de/KG2whitepapersHowever, although emulated switches cured a number of shortfallsassociated with their enumerated cousins, there was still one mainlimitation to their operation. It remained a complex task to dynamicallyassume the identity of a USB device, distribute it among the connectedcomputers and maintain all the necessary signals, states and processes.True USB EmulationUSBKeyboardUSB MouseUSB DeviceTrue USB EmulationTrue USB emulation was developed to overcome the limitations associatedwith even emulated USB switching techniques.With true USB emulation, or advanced USB switching, the completeidentity of the keyboard and mouse can be copied and then presented,fully supported, to all the connected computers. This means that anykeyboard offering special function keys or any mouse with extra featureswill be fully supported at each computer instantly, with no latency. As withthe previous emulation method, the unselected computers continueto see the identities of the keyboard and mouse, which means that noenumeration is necessary when their link becomes active once again. Thisnot only helps to make reconnecting faster, it also increases switchingreliability. This is important because USB links are at their most vulnerableduring the enumeration process.Host C 1PC 2PC 3PC 4A high-speed circuit fully emulates the USB device identities and itinterprets keyboard and mouse data streams. The result is full supportfor KVM switching via hotkey presses or the third button/scroll wheelof a mouse. For local installations, this is useful; for remote applications,such as KVM over IP, it’s essential.Because other USB devices don’t necessarily need the benefits of trueemulation like USB keyboards and mice do, there are one or even twoenumerated circuits along the true USB emulation feature. This enablesthe other USB devices to operate at their highest speeds without anyintervention. The enumerated circuits benefit greatly from the USB hubsthat are jointly used with the true emulation system. Because they interfacedirectly and permanently with each computer, they help to stabilizethe dormant links, making errors during enumeration much less likely.The dual switching arrangement provides further flexibility becausethe true emulation and enumerated sections can be switched in unisonor independently of each other, as required. Thus, various peripheralscan operate with different computers at the same time.The inside view of a true emulation USB switch.The emulated section of the switch is shown in blue and handles onlythe keyboard and mouse. This section relies heavily on the emulationengine, a custom circuit that is closely allied with each of the USB hubs.These ensure that all connections to the computers remain active.The enumerated section of the switch is shown in green and handlesother USB devices and also uses the USB hubs to link with thecomputers.For more information and our online store, visit www.bla

DVI comes in two formats: single-link and dual-link. Single-link DVI has a maximum frequency of 165 MHz and dual-link DVI, as one would expect, has double the maximum frequency. A single-link interface can transmit a resolution of 1920 x 1200 vs. 2560 x 1600 for dual link. The most common DVI connectors are:

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