Bob Coecke & Aleks Kissinger, Picturing Quantum Processes

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Bob Coecke & Aleks Kissinger,Picturing Quantum Processes,Cambridge University Press, to appear.

Bob:Ch. 01Ch. 02Ch. 03Ch. 04Ch. 05Ch. 06Aleks:Ch. 07Ch. 08Ch. 09Ch. 10Processes as diagramsString diagramsHilbert space from diagramsQuantum processesQuantum measurementPicturing classical processesPicturing phases and complementarityQuantum theory: the full pictureQuantum computingQuantum foundations

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —Philosophy [i.e. physics] is written in this grand book—I mean theuniverse—which stands continually open to our gaze, but it cannot beunderstood unless one first learns to comprehend the language andinterpret the characters in which it is written. It is written in thelanguage of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles,and other geometrical figures, without which it is humanly impossibleto understand a single word of it; without these, one is wanderingaround in a dark labyrinth.— Galileo Galilei, “Il Saggiatore”, 1623.Here we introduce: process theories diagrammatic language

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– processes as boxes and systems as wires –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– processes as boxes and systems as wires –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– processes as boxes and systems as wires –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– processes as boxes and systems as wires –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– processes as boxes and systems as wires –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– processes as boxes and systems as wires –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing processes –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing processes –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing processes –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing processes –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing processes –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing processes –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –. consist of: set of systems S set of processes P , with ins and outs in S,

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –. consist of: set of systems S set of processes P , with ins and outs in S,which are: closed under “plugging”.

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –. consist of: set of systems S set of processes P , with ins and outs in S,which are: closed under “plugging”.They tell us: how to interpret boxes and wires, and hence, when two diagrams are equal.

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– process theories –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– diagrams symbolically –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– diagrams symbolically –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– diagrams symbolically –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– diagrams symbolically –Thm. Diagrams these symbolic expressions.

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing diagrams –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing diagrams –Two operations:“f g” : “f while g ”“f g” : “f after g ”

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing diagrams –Two operations:“f g” : “f while g”“f g” : “f after g”

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– composing diagrams –Two operations:“f g” : “f while g ”“f g” : “f after g”These are: associative have as respective units:– ‘empty’-diagram– ‘wire’-diagram

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– circuits –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– circuits –Defn. . : can be build with and .

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– circuits –Defn. . : can be build with and .Thm. Circuit no box ‘above’ itself.

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– circuits –Defn. . : can be build with and .Thm. Circuit no box ‘above’ itself.Corr. Circuit admits ‘causal’ interpretation.with

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– circuits –Defn. . : can be build with and .Thm. Circuit no box ‘above’ itself.Corr. Circuit admits ‘causal’ interpretation.Not circuit:

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since equations come for free!(f g) h f (g h)

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since equations come for free! f (g h)(f g) h f 1I f

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since equations come for free!?

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since all equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since all equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since all equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since all equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since all equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– why diagrams? –Since ‘by definition’ circuits can be build by means ofsymbolic connectives, why bother with diagrams?Since all equations come for free!

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –State :

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –State : Effect / Test :

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –State : Effect / Test : Number :

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –Born rule :

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –Dirac notation :

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –Separable disconnected :

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –Separable disconnected : E.g.:

— Ch. 1 – Processes as diagrams —– special processes/diagrams –Non-separable : way more interesting!

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —When two systems, of which we know the states by their respectiverepresentatives, enter into temporary physical interaction due to knownforces between them, and when after a time of mutual influence thesystems separate again, then they can no longer be described in thesame way as before, viz. by endowing each of them with a representative of its own. I would not call that one but rather the characteristictrait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departurefrom classical lines of thought.— Erwin Schrödinger, 1935.Here we: introduce a wilder kind of diagram define quantum notions in great generality derive quantum phenomena in great generality

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –Exists state and effect :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –Exists state and effect :such that:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –proof of duality:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –proof of duality:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –Change notation:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– process-state duality –Change notation:so that now:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– definition –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– definition –Thm. TFAE: circuits with process-state duality and:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– definition –Thm. TFAE: circuits with process-state duality and: diagrams with in-in and out-out connection:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– definition –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –. :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –. :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Prop. The transpose is an involution:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Prop. Transpose of ‘cup’ is ‘cap’:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Clever new notation:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Clever new notation: just what happens when yanking hard!

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Prop. Sliding:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Prop. Sliding:Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– transpose –Prop. Sliding:. so this is a mathematical equation:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– trace –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– trace –. :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– trace –Partial . :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– trace –Prop. Cyclicity:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– trace –Prop. Cyclicity:Redundant but fun ‘ferris wheel’ proof:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Thm. All states separable rubbish theory.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Thm. All states separable rubbish theory.Lem. All states separable wires separable.Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Perfect correlations:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Perfect correlations:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Logical reading:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Operational reading:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Realising time-reversal (and make NY times):

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Thm. No-cloning from assumptions: ψ, π :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –Pf.

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– ‘quantum’-like features –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– adjoint & conjugate –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– adjoint & conjugate –A ‘ket’ sometimes wants to be ‘bra’:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– adjoint & conjugate –Conjugate : 7 Adjoint : 7

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– adjoint & conjugate –Unitarity/isometry :

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– adjoint & conjugate –Teleportation:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– adjoint & conjugate –Entanglement swapping:

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– designing teleportation –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– designing teleportation –

— Ch. 2 – String diagrams —– designing teleportation –

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —I would like to make a confession which may seem immoral: I do notbelieve absolutely in Hilbert space any more.— John von Neumann, letter to Garrett Birkhoff, 1935.Here we introduce: ONBs, matrices and sums (multi-)linear maps & Hilbert spaceand relate: string diagrams (multi-)linear maps & Hilbert space

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– ONB –

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– ONB –A set:is pre-basis if:

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– ONB –Orthonormal :

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– ONB –Orthonormal : Canonical :

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– matrix calculus –

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– matrix calculus –Thm. We have:so there is a matrix:with

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– matrix calculus –But one also may want to ‘glue’ things together:

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– matrix calculus –Sums : for {fi}i of the same type there exists:which ‘moves around’:

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– matrix calculus –In:the intuition is:

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– matrix calculus –In:the intuition is:but better (see later):

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– definition –

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– definition –Defn.Linear maps : String diagrams s.t.: each system has ONB sums numbers are C

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– definition –Defn.Linear maps : String diagrams s.t.: each system has ONB sums numbers are C

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– definition –Defn.Linear maps : String diagrams s.t.: each system has ONB sums numbers are C

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– definition –Defn.Linear maps : String diagrams s.t.: each system has ONB sums numbers are C

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– definition –Defn.Linear maps : String diagrams s.t.: each system has ONB sums numbers are CHilbert space : states for a system with Born-rule.

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– model-theoretic completeness –

— Ch. 3 – Hilbert space from diagrams —– model-theoretic completeness –THM. (Selinger, 2008)An equation between string diagrams holds, if and onlyif it holds

Bob: Ch. 01Processes as diagrams Ch. 02String diagrams Ch. 03Hilbert space from diagrams Ch. 04Quantum processes Ch. 05Quantum measurement Ch. 06Picturing classical processes

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