March 12, 2019 (XXXVIII:7) David Lean: DR ZHIVAGO (1965 .

Lean: DR. ZHIVAGO—3Oscar for Best Music, Score for Lawrence of Arabia, beginning astring of other wins and nominations at the Academy Awardsthroughout the rest of his career. His other Oscar wins are forLean films: Doctor Zhivago* (1965) and A Passage to India*(1984). He also received Best Music, Score nominations for Lesdimanches de Ville d'Avray (1962), The Message (1976), Witness(1985), Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey (1988),and Ghost (1990). He was also nominated for Best Music,Original Song for "Marmalade, Molasses & Honey," in The Lifeand Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972). These are some of theother films he composed for: He composed scores for 173 films,including: Hôtel des Invalides (1952 Documentary short),L'univers d'Utrillo (1955 Documentary short), Sur le pontd'Avignon (1956 Short), Head Against the Wall (1959), Crack inthe Mirror (1960), The President (1961), Les oliviers de lajustice (1962), 1962 The Longest Day (1962), Sundays andCybèle (1962), Présence d'Albert Camus (1962 Documentaryshort), To Die in Madrid (1963 Documentary), Behold a PaleHorse (1964), The Train (1964), The Collector (1965), Is ParisBurning? (1966), The Professionals (1966), The Night of theGenerals (1967), Isadora (1968), Villa Rides (1968), TheDamned (1969), Topaz (1969), Ryan's Daughter* (1970), TheOnly Game in Town (1970), Plaza Suite (1971), Red Sun (1971),A Season in Hell (1971), The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-inthe-Moon Marigolds (1972), Pope Joan (1972), The MacKintoshMan (1973), Ash Wednesday (1973), The Island at the Top of theWorld (1974), Posse (1975), Mandingo (1975), The Man WhoWould Be King (1975), The Last Tycoon (1976), MourningBecomes Electra (1978 TV Mini-Series), Ishi: The Last of HisTribe (1978 TV Movie), The Tin Drum (1979), Winter Kills(1979), The Magician of Lublin (1979), The Black Marble(1980), Resurrection (1980), Shogun (1980 TV Mini-Series),Lion of the Desert (1980), Firefox (1982), The Year of LivingDangerously (1982), Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985),Tai-Pan (1986), The Mosquito Coast (1986), No Way Out(1987), Fatal Attraction (1987), Julia and Julia (1987), MoonOver Parador (1988), Dead Poets Society (1989), Enemies: ALove Story (1989), Jacob's Ladder (1990), Only the Lonely(1991), Sunshine (1999), and I Dreamed of Africa (2000).*Directed by David LeanFREDDIE YOUNG (b. October 9, 1902 in London, England,UK—d. December 1, 1998 (age 96) in London, England, UK)was a British cinematographer (130 credits), best known for hiswork on David Lean's films Lawrence of Arabia (1962), DoctorZhivago (1965) and Ryan's Daughter (1970), all three of whichwon him Academy Awards for Best Cinematography. He alsoworked on 49th Parallel (1941), a film that David Lean edited.He was also nominated for Oscars for Best Cinematography forNicholas and Alexandra (1971) and Ivanhoe (1952). These aresome other films he did cinematography for: Victory (1928), TheTonic (1928 Short), White Cargo (1929), Canaries SometimesSing (1930), Tilly of Bloomsbury (1931), The Blue Danube(1932), The King's Cup (1933), Nell Gwyn (1934), The King ofParis (1934), Fame (1936), A Royal Divorce (1938), Goodbye,Mr. Chips (1939), The Young Mr. Pitt (1942), Caesar andCleopatra (1945), Escape (1948), Edward, My Son (1949),Treasure Island (1950), Terror on a Train (1953), Mogambo(1953), Bedevilled (1955), Bhowani Junction (1956), Lust forLife (1956), The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1957), Island in theSun (1957), Indiscreet (1958), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness(1958), Solomon and Sheba (1959), Lord Jim (1965), Rotten tothe Core (1965), You Only Live Twice (1967), Sinful Davey(1969), Battle of Britain (1969), Luther (1974), GreatExpectations (1974 TV Movie), The Executioner (1975),Bloodline (1979), Rough Cut (1980), and Invitation to theWedding (1985).OMAR SHARIF (b. April 10, 1932 in Alexandria, Egypt—d.July 10, 2015 (age 83) in Cairo, Egypt), whose adopted surnamemeans "noble" or "nobleman", was born as Michel DimitriChalhoub in Alexandria, Egypt, to a Melkite Catholic family,either of Syrian or Lebanese descent: he belonged to a smallethnocultural minority known as the Levantine 'Antiochian'Greek Catholics of Egypt (Rum Katuleek), an offshoot of theGreek Orthodox Church of Antioch. Sharif graduated from CairoUniversity with a degree in mathematics and physics and workedfor a while in his father's precious wood business beforebeginning his acting career in Egypt. In 1955, Sharif changed hisname to Omar El-Sharif and converted to Islam in order to marryfellow Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. In 1954, Sharif beganhis acting career in Egypt with a role in The Blazing Sun. Thatyear, he was also in Shaytan Al-Sahra (Devil of the Desert) andSira Fi al-Wadi (Struggle in the Valley). He quickly rose tostardom, appearing in The Lebanese Mission (1956) (a Frenchfilm), Goha (1958) (a Tunisian film that marked the debut ofClaudia Cardinale), For the Sake of a Woman (1959), Lady of theCastle (1960), The Beginning and an End (1960), and al-Qasr,the Anna Karenina adaptation Nahr el hub (The River of Love) in1961 and There is a Man in our House (1961). Sharif's firstEnglish-language role was that of (the fictitious) Sherif Ali inDavid Lean's historical epic Lawrence of Arabia in 1962. Sharifwas after several other actors, more known to English-speakingaudiences, for one reason or another could not take the part.Steven Charles Caton notes, Lean insisted on using ethnic actorswhen possible to make the film authentic. Sharif would later usehis ambiguous ethnicity in other films: "I spoke French, Greek,Italian, Spanish and even Arabic", he said. As Sharif noted, hisaccent enabled him to "play the role of a foreigner withoutanyone knowing exactly where I came from", which he statedproved highly successful throughout his career. While makingGenghis Khan (1965), Sharif heard that Lean was making DoctorZhivago (1965), an adaptation of Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel.Sharif was a fan of the novel and pitched himself for one of thesupporting roles; Lean decided to cast him in the lead, as YuriZhivago, a poet and physician. Film historian Constantine Santas

Lean: DR. ZHIVAGO—4argues that Lean intended the film to be a poetic portrayal of theperiod, with large vistas of landscapes combined with a powerfulscore by Maurice Jarre, noting that Sharif's role is "passive", hiseyes reflecting "reality" which then become "the mirror of realitywe ourselves see." In a 2001 commentary on the film, Sharifdescribed Lean's style of directing as similar to a generalcommanding an army. These are some of the other films (118credits) he acted in: The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964),Behold a Pale Horse (1964), The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964),Marco the Magnificent (1965), The Mamelukes (1965), ThePoppy Is Also a Flower (1966), 1967 The Night of the Generals(1967), Mayerling (1968), Mackenna's Gold (1969), Che!(1969), Three Men on a Horse (1969), The Last Valley (1971),The Horsemen (1971), The Tamarind Seed (1974), The PinkPanther Strikes Again (1976), Ashanti (1979), Oh Heavenly Dog(1980), Inchon (1981), Green Ice (1981), The Far Pavilions(1984 TV Mini-Series), Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna (1986TV Movie), Keys to Freedom (1988), War in the Land of Egypt(1991), Gulliver's Travels (1996 TV Mini-Series), HeavenBefore I Die (1997), The 13th Warrior (1999), Monsieur Ibrahim(2001), One Night with the King (2006), and Rock the Casbah(2013).JULIE CHRISTIE (b. April 14, 1940 in Chabua, AssamProvince, British India [now Assam, India]) is a British actresswho has appeared in six films that were ranked in the BritishFilm Institute's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century.Christie's breakthrough film role was in Billy Liar (1963). Shecame to international attention for her performances in Darling(1965), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress,and Doctor Zhivago (1965). In the following years, she starred inFahrenheit 451 (1966), Far from the Madding Crowd (1967),Petulia (1968), The Go-Between (1971), McCabe & Mrs. Miller(1971), for which she received her second Oscar nomination,Don't Look Now (1973), Shampoo (1975), and Heaven Can Wait(1978). She has continued to receive significant criticalrecognition for her work, including Oscar nominations for theindependent films Afterglow (1997) and Away from Her (2007).These are some of the other films (54 credits) she has acted in:Crooks Anonymous (1962), Young Cassidy (1965), Nashville(1975), Demon Seed (1977), Heat and Dust (1983), SeparateTables (1983 TV Movie), Power (1986), DragonHeart (1996),Hamlet (1996), The Miracle Maker (2000), Troy (2004), HarryPotter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Finding Neverland(2004), New York, I Love You (2008), Red Riding Hood (2011),The Company You Keep (2012), and The Bookshop (2017).GERALDINE CHAPLIN (b. July 31, 1944 in Santa Monica,California) has acted in 159 films and gained recognition for herportrayal of Tonya in David Lean's Doctor Zhivago (1965).Chaplin has also acted in critically recognized Spanish andFrench films. These are some of the other films she has acted in:Limelight (1952), Crime on a Summer Morning (1965), TheDoctor and the Devil (1965), A Countess from Hong Kong(1967), Casino Royale (1967), I Killed Rasputin (1967), TheHawaiians (1970), The Garden of Delights (1970), The ThreeMusketeers (1973), Marriage a la Mode (1973), The FourMusketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974), Nashville (1975), BuffaloBill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976),Welcome to L.A. (1976), Roseland (1977), A Wedding (1978),The Mirror Crack'd (1980), My Cousin Rachel (1983 TV MiniSeries), White Mischief (1987), The Moderns (1988), The Returnof the Musketeers (1989), I Want to Go Home (1989), TheChildren (1990), Off Season (1992), Chaplin (1992), The Age ofInnocence (1993), Jane Eyre (1996), Crimetime (1996), Talk toHer (2002), The Bridge of San Luis Rey (2004), Diary of aNymphomaniac (2008), There Be Dragons (2011), The Apostle(2012), Three-60 (2013), Another Me (2013), Jurassic World:Fallen Kingdom (2018), and Holy Beasts (2019).ROD STEIGER (b. April 14, 1925 in Westhampton, NewYork—d. July 9, 2002 (age 77) in Los Angeles, California) wasan American film actor (148 credits) closely associated withmethod acting, a technique where the actor aims to embody acharacter. He played Marlon Brando's mobster brother Charley inOn the Waterfront (1954), the title character Sol Nazerman inThe Pawnbroker (1964), roles for which he was nominated forAcademy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and BestActor in a Leading Role, respectively, and as police chief BillGillespie opposite Sidney Poitier in In the Heat of the Night(1967), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor.His penchant for playing offbeat, maladjusted characters madehim a natural fit, early in his career, for the role of the surly JudFry in Oklahoma! (1955) and in later films such as the CarsonMcCullers novella adaptation The Ballad of Sad Café (1991) andas himself in one of Robert Altman’s overwhelming ensemblesin The Player (1992). These are some of the other films he actedin: The Big Knife (1955), The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell(1955), Jubal (1956), The Harder They Fall (1956), Across theBridge (1957), Al Capone (1959), The Longest Day (1962), TheLoved One (1965), Doctor Zhivago (1965), No Way to Treat aLady (1968), The Sergeant (1968), The Illustrated Man (1969),Three Into Two Won't Go (1969), Duck, You Sucker (1971),Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1971), Lucky Luciano (1973),F.I.S.T. (1978), The Amityville Horror (1979), Lion of the Desert(1980), Cattle Annie and Little Britches (1981), American Gothic(1987), Men of Respect (1990), The Specialist (1994), MarsAttacks! (1996), Truth or Consequences, N.M. (1997), Legacy(1998), Body and Soul (2000), The Last Producer (2000), TheFlying Dutchman (2001 TV Movie), and Poolhall Junkies(2002).ALEC GUINNESS (b. April 2, 1914 in Marylebone, London,England, UK—d. August 5, 2000 (age 86) in Midhurst, Sussex,

Lean: DR. ZHIVAGO—5England, UK) was an English actor (64 credits). After an earlycareer on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of theEaling Comedies, including The Ladykillers (1955) and KindHearts and Coronets (1949). Perhaps his most significantworking relationship was with David Lean, for whom he acted insix films: Great Expectations (1946), Oliver Twist (1948), TheBridge on the River Kwai (1957, for which he won the AcademyAward for Best Actor), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), DoctorZhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984). He is alsoknown for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas'soriginal Star Wars trilogy (Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hopein 1977, Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back in1980, and Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi in 1983);for the original film, he was nominated for Best SupportingActor at the Academy Awards. At the height of his Star Warsfame, he was awarded an Honorary Award at the 1980 AcademyAwards. He was also nominated for Oscars for performances inThe Lavender Hill Mob (1951) and Little Dorrit (1987) and forBest Writing for The Horse's Mouth (1958). These are someother films he acted in: Evensong (1934), The Man in the WhiteSuit (1951), The Captain's Paradise (1953), The Detective(1954), The Prisoner (1955), The Horse's Mouth (1958), OurMan in Havana (1959), Tunes of Glory (1960), The Fall of theRoman Empire (1964), Hotel Paradiso (1966), The QuillerMemorandum (1966), The Comedians (1967), Cromwell (1970),Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972), Hitler: The Last Ten Days(1973), Caesar and Cleopatra (1976 TV Movie), Murder byDeath (1976), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1979 TV Mini-Series),Raise the Titanic (1980), Smiley's People (1982 TV Mini-Series),A Handful of Dust (1988), and Kafka (1991).TOM COURTENAY (b. February 25, 1937 in Kingston-UponHull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, UK) is an English stageand screen actor (59 film credits) who earned recognition in theearly 1960s with a succession of films, including The Lonelinessof the Long Distance Runner (1962), Billy Liar (1963), andDoctor Zhivago (1965). Since the mid-1960s, he has been knownprimarily for his work in the theatre, although he receivedAcademy Award nominations for Doctor Zhivago and the filmadaptation of The Dresser (1983), which he had performed in theWest End and on Broadway. These are some other films he hasappeared in: King & Country (1964), Operation Crossbow(1965), King Rat (1965), The Night of the Generals (1967), ADandy in Aspic (1968), Otley (1969), One Day in the Life of IvanDenisovich (1970), Catch Me a Spy (1971), Leonard Part 6(1987), Last Orders (2001), Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Flood(2007), The Golden Compass (2007), Quartet (2012), Gambit(2012), Night Train to Lisbon (2013), Barney Thomson (2015),King of Thieves (2018), and The Queen's Corgi (2019).SIOBHÁN MCKENNA (b. May 24, 1923 in Belfast, NorthernIreland, UK—d. November 16, 1986 (age 63) in Dublin, Ireland)was an Irish stage and screen actress. She was still in her teenswhen she became a member of an amateur Gaelic theatre groupand is remembered for her English language performances at theAbbey Theatre in Dublin, the cultural nationalist theatre foundedby W.B. Yeats. Although primarily a stage actress, McKennaappeared in a number of made-for-television films and dramas(36 credits). She also appeared in several motion pictures such asKing of Kings in 1961, as Virgin Mary. In 1964, she performedin Of Human Bondage and the following year in Doctor Zhivago.She also appeared in The Last Days of Pompeii (1984), asFortunata, wife of Gaius (Laurence Olivier). These are someother films and filmed plays she appeared in: Hungry Hill(1947), Daughter of Darkness (1948), The Lost People (1949),Saint Joan (1958 TV Movie), Playboy of the Western World(1963), and The Christophers (1964 TV Series).RALPH RICHARDSON (b. December 19, 1902 in TivoliRoad, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, UK—d. October10, 1983 (age 80) in Marylebone, London, England, UK) was anEnglish actor who, with Peggy Ashcroft, John Gielgud, andLaurence Olivier, dominated British theater in the mid-twentiethcentury. He worked in films throughout most of his career (86credits). Richardson's film career began as an extra in 1931, andhe was soon cast in leading roles in British and American filmsincluding Things to Come (1936), The Fallen Idol (1948), LongDay's Journey into Night (1962), for which he won Best Actor atCannes, and Doctor Zhivago (1965). Richardson was twicenominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor,first for The Heiress (1949) and again (posthumously) for hisfinal film, Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes(1984). These are some other films he acted in: The Ghoul(1933), Friday the Thirteenth (1933), The Return of BulldogDrummond (1934), Java Head (1934), Alias Bulldog Drummond(1935), The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936), Othello(1937 TV Movie), The Citadel (1938), Clouds Over Europe(1939), The Four Feathers (1939), The Lion Has Wings (1939),The Avengers (1942), Anna Karenina (1948), Outcast of theIslands (1951), Richard III (1955), Smiley (1956), Our Man inHavana (1959), Exodus (1960), The 300 Spartans (1962),Chimes at Midnight (1965), Khartoum (1966), Oh! What aLovely War (1969), The Looking Glass War (1970), Alice'sAdventures in Wonderland (1972), A Doll's House (1973), OLucky Man! (1973), Frankenstein: The True Story (1973 TVMovie), Rollerball (1975), The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 TVMovie), Watership Down (1978), Dragonslayer (1981), TimeBandits (1981), and Invitation to the Wedding (1985).RITA TUSHINGHAM (b. March 14, 1942 in Garston,Liverpool, England, UK) is an English film actress (75 credits)best known for her starring roles in films including A Taste ofHoney (1961), a kitchen sink realist play adaptation for whichshe won Best Actress at Cannes, The Leather Boys (1964), TheKnack and How to Get It (1965), Doctor Zhivago (1965), andSmashing Time (1967). Some of her other film appearancesinclude: A Place to Go (1963), Girl with Green Eyes (1964), TheTrap (1966), Diamonds for Breakfast (1968), The Guru (1969),The Bed Sitting Room (1969), Resurrected (1989), TheLegendary Life of Ernest Hemingway (1989), Hard Days, Hard

Lean: DR. ZHIVAGO—6Nights (1989), Being Julia (2004), Seamonsters (2011), and MyName Is Lenny (2017).Joe McGasko: “Hisory Hasn’t Killed It: The Story Behind‘Dr. Zhivago’” (Biography)In today’s era of overstuffed action movies and raunchycomedies, the epic Hollywood love story is mostly a thing of thepast. There was a time, however, when it was a moviegoingstaple. Starting with Gone with the Wind, which set the standardfor the genre back in 1939, historical romances on a monumentalscale were big business for decades. Even by the mid-60s, whenthe Hollywood studio system was beginning to crumble, an epiclove story could still command an epic audience.Case in point: Doctor Zhivago, released in 1965,remains one of the Top 10 highest-grossing films of all-time(once totals are adjusted for inflation). Audiences flocked to thistale of doomed love set during the Russian Revolution, andalthough many reviewers were stingy with their praise at thetime, critical opinion has since sided with the people whocrowded the theaters. Today, most cinema buffs of all stripeswould agree that Zhivago is one of the classics of its genre.How did this extravagant movie about the RussianRevolution shot during the Cold War and featuring two lesserknown stars come to break box-office records and merit frequentand enthusiastic reappraisal? On the occasion of its 50thanniversary, today Bio looks at the story behind Doctor Zhivago.Zhivago: The BookBefore it became a film, of course, Doctor Zhivago hadbeen a novel—one with quite an interesting and controversialhistory.Its author, Boris Pasternak, was born into a literaryenvironment in Moscow in 1890. His father was an illustratorwho created illustrations for the work of family friend LeoTolstoy. Pasternak became a poet, and for a time, after his firstbook of poems was published in 1917, he was one of the mostfamous poets in the Soviet Union. His writing rarely kowtowedto the state’s view of things, however, and by the 1930s,Pasternak’s poetry was not only publicly disparaged by theSoviets but often banned outright.The reaction of the authorities to Pasternak’s prose wasequally dour. Undeterred by censorship, Pasternak continued towrite, longing to create a work on a grand scale in the vein of hisidol Tolstoy. He began Zhivago after World War II but did notcomplete it until 1956. A real-life conflict between Pasternak, hiswife, and his mistress inspired the love triangle that formed theheart of the book. Pasternak viewed the completed work asprimarily a romance novel, but when he tried to convince hisSoviet publishers to publish it, they refused, branding it antiSoviet because of its implicit criticism of the fallout of theRussian Revolution.Fiercely proud of his work, Pasternak took theextremely risky step of having it smuggled out of the SovietUnion to be published in Italy. “You are hereby invited to watchme face the firing squad,” he is said to have remarked as hehanded over his manuscript. Despite many attempts from theSoviet authorities to prevent it, the book was published in Europein 1957 and was an immediate hit. It was translated into Englishand dozens of other languages in 1958, and Pasternak wasnominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.It was at this point that the CIA got involved. Asdetailed in last year’s book by Peter Finn and Petra Couvée, TheZhivago Affair: The K

1957 novel Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, but the Communist Party of the Soviet Union forced him to decline the prize, though his descendants were later to accept it in his name in 1988. CARLO PONTI (b. December 11, 1912 in Magenta, Lombardy, Italy—d.