Understanding The Benefits - Social Security Administration
2021Understanding the BenefitsSSA.gov
What’s insideSocial Security: a simple concept1What you need to know about Social Securitywhile you’re working4What you need to know about benefits6Benefits for your family11When you’re ready to apply for benefits14Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program 16Right to appeal16Online “my Social Security” account17Medicare18Some facts about Social Security22Contacting Social Security23
Social Security: a simple conceptSocial Security reaches almost every family, and at somepoint, touches the lives of nearly all Americans.Social Security helps older Americans, workers whobecome disabled, and families in which a spouse orparent dies. As of June 2020, about 180 million peopleworked and paid Social Security taxes and about 65million people received monthly Social Security benefits.Most of our beneficiaries are retirees and their families— about 49 million people in June 2020.But Social Security was never meant to be theonly source of income for people when they retire.Social Security replaces a percentage of a worker’spre-retirement income based on your lifetime earnings.The amount of your average wages that Social Securityretirement benefits replaces varies depending on yourearnings and when you choose to start benefits. If youstart benefits in 2021 at your “full retirement age” (see our“Full retirement age” section), this percentage rangesfrom as much as 78 percent for very low earners, to about42 percent for medium earners, to about 28 percent forhigh earners. If you start benefits after full retirementage, these percentages would be higher. If you startbenefits earlier, these percentages would be lower. Mostfinancial advisers say you will need about 70 percent ofpre-retirement income to live comfortably in retirement,including your Social Security benefits, investments, andpersonal savings.We want you to understand what Social Security canmean to you and your family’s financial future. Thispublication, Understanding the Benefits, explains thebasics of the Social Security retirement, disability, andsurvivors insurance programs.1
The current Social Security system works like this: whenyou work, you pay taxes into Social Security. We use thetax money to pay benefits to: People who have already retired.People who are disabled.Survivors of workers who have died.Dependents of beneficiaries.The money you pay in taxes isn’t held in a personalaccount for you to use when you get benefits. We useyour taxes to pay people who are getting benefits rightnow. Any unused money goes to the Social Security trustfunds, not a personal account with your name on it.Social Security is more than retirementMany people think of Social Security as just a retirementprogram. Most of the people receiving benefits are retired,but others receive benefits because they’re: Disabled. A spouse or child of someone getting benefits. A divorced spouse of someone getting or eligible forSocial Security. A spouse or child of a worker who died. A divorced spouse of a worker who died. A dependent parent of a worker who died.Depending on your circumstances, you may beeligible for Social Security at any age. In fact, SocialSecurity pays more benefits to children than any othergovernment program.Your Social Security taxesWe use the Social Security taxes you and other workerspay into the system to pay Social Security benefits.2
You pay Social Security taxes based on your earnings, upto a certain amount. In 2021, that amount is 142,800.Medicare taxesYou pay Medicare taxes on all of your wages or netearnings from self-employment. These taxes are forMedicare coverage.If you work forsomeone elseSocial SecuritytaxMedicare taxYou pay6.2%1.45%Your employer pays6.2%1.45%If you’re self-employedYou pay12.4%2.9%Additional Medicare taxWorkers pay an additional 0.9 percent Medicare tax onincome exceeding certain thresholds. The following chartshows the threshold amounts based on tax filing status:Filing StatusThreshold AmountMarried filing jointly 250,000Married filing separately 125,000Single 200,000Head of household(with qualifying person) 200,000Qualifying widow(er) withdependent child 200,000Where your Social Security tax dollars goIn 2021, when you work, 85 cents of every Social Securitytax dollar you pay goes to a trust fund that pays monthlybenefits to current retirees and their families and tosurviving spouses and children of workers who have died.About 15 cents goes to a trust fund that pays benefits topeople with disabilities and their families.3
From these trust funds, Social Security also pays thecosts of managing the Social Security programs. TheSocial Security Administration is one of the most efficientagencies in the federal government, and we’re workingto make it better every day. Of each Social Security taxdollar you pay, we spend less than one penny to managethe program.The entire amount of Medicare taxes you pay goes toa trust fund that pays some of the costs of hospital andrelated care for all Medicare beneficiaries. The Centersfor Medicare & Medicaid Services, not the Social SecurityAdministration, manages Medicare.What you need to know about Social Securitywhile you’re workingYour Social Security numberYour link with Social Security is your Social Securitynumber. You need it to get a job and pay taxes. We useyour Social Security number to track your earnings whileyou’re working and your benefits after you’re gettingSocial Security.Don’t carry your Social Security card. You should becareful about giving someone your Social Securitynumber. Identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimestoday. Most of the time, identity thieves use your SocialSecurity number and your good credit to apply for morecredit in your name. Then, they use the credit cards anddon’t pay the bills.Your Social Security number and our records areconfidential. If someone else asks us for information wehave about you, we won’t give any information withoutyour written consent, unless the law requires or permits it.4
Contact us if you need a Social Security number, or ifyou need to change your name on your current card.If you just need a replacement Social Security card,you can request one online using your free, personalmy Social Security account as long as you are notrequesting a name change or any other change to yourcard, and you meet other requirements. If you are unableto request a replacement card online, please contact us.If you need to change your name on your current card,we will ask you to complete a simple application and askto see certain documents. We need to see originals orcopies certified by the issuing office. We can’t acceptphotocopies or notarized copies of documents.To get a Social Security number or a replacement card,you must prove your U.S. citizenship or immigrationstatus, age, and identity. We don’t need proof of yourU.S. citizenship and age for a replacement card if they’realready in our records. We only accept certain documentsas proof of U.S. citizenship. These include your U.S. birthcertificate, U.S. passport, Certificate of Naturalization,or Certificate of Citizenship. If you aren’t a U.S. citizen,we must see your immigration document proving workauthorization. If you don’t have work authorization,different rules apply.For proof of identity, we accept current documentsshowing your name, identifying information and preferablya recent photograph, such as a driver’s license or otherstate-issued identification card, or a U.S. passport.To apply for a change of name on your Social Securitycard, you must show a recently issued document thatproves your name has been legally changed.Be sure to safeguard your Social Security card. We limitthe number of replacement cards you can get to three ina year and 10 during your lifetime. Legal name changesand other exceptions don’t count toward these limits. For5
example, changes in noncitizen status that require cardupdates may not count toward these limits. These limitsmay not apply if you can prove you need the card toprevent a significant hardship.For more information, read Your Social Security Numberand Card (Publication No. 05-10002). If you aren’t acitizen, read Social Security Numbers for Noncitizens(Publication No. 05-10096).All of our card services are free. Social Security nevercharges for the card services we provide.How you become eligible for Social SecurityAs you work and pay taxes, you earn Social Security“credits.” In 2021, you earn one credit for each 1,470 inearnings — up to a maximum of four credits per year. Theamount of money needed to earn one credit usually goesup every year.Most people need 40 credits (10 years of work) to qualifyfor benefits. Younger people need fewer credits to beeligible for disability benefits or for their family members tobe eligible for survivors benefits when the worker dies.What you need to know about benefitsSocial Security benefits only replace some of yourearnings when you retire, become disabled, or die. Webase your benefit payment on how much you earnedduring your working career. Higher lifetime earnings resultin higher benefits. If there were some years when youdidn’t work, or had low earnings, your benefit amount maybe lower than if you worked steadily.Retirement benefitsChoosing when to start receiving retirement benefits isone of the most important decisions you’ll make in yourlifetime. If you choose to start receiving benefits when6
you reach your full retirement age, you’ll receive yourfull benefit amount. We will reduce your benefit amountif you begin benefits before reaching full retirement age.You can also choose to keep working beyond your fullretirement age. If you do, your benefit will increase fromthe time you reach full retirement age, until you startreceiving benefits, or until you reach age 70.Full retirement ageIf you were born from 1943 to 1960, the age at which fullretirement benefits are payable increases gradually to age67. In 2021, if your birth year is 1954 or earlier, you arealready eligible for your full Social Security benefit. Usethe following chart to find out your full retirement age.Year of birthFull retirement age1943-195466195566 and 2 months195666 and 4 months195766 and 6 months195866 and 8 months195966 and 10 months1960 or later67NOTE: Although the full retirement age is rising, youshould still apply for Medicare benefits three monthsbefore your 65th birthday. If you wait longer, yourMedicare medical insurance (Part B) and prescriptiondrug coverage (Part D) may cost you more money.Delayed retirementIf you choose to delay receiving benefits beyond yourfull retirement age, we’ll increase your benefit a certainpercentage, depending on the year of your birth. We’lladd the increase automatically each month from thetime you reach full retirement age, until you start taking7
benefits or reach age 70, whichever comes first. Thereis more information on delayed retirement credits on ourwebsite at tml.Early retirementYou may start receiving benefits as early as age 62. Wereduce your benefits if you start early by about one-half ofone percent for each month you start receiving benefitsbefore your full retirement age. For example, if your fullretirement age is 66 and ten months, and you sign up forSocial Security when you’re 62, you would only get about70.8 percent of your full benefit.NOTE: The reduction will be greater in future years asthe full retirement age increases.Once you’ve made the decision about whento start benefits, you can apply for SocialSecurity retirement benefits on our website atwww.ssa.gov/benefits/retirement/apply.If you work and get benefitsYou can continue to work and still receive retirementbenefits. Your earnings in (or after) the month you reachfull retirement age won’t reduce your Social Securitybenefits. In fact, working beyond full retirement age canincrease your benefits. We’ll have to reduce your benefits,however, if your earnings exceed certain limits for themonths before you reach your full retirement age.If you work, but start receiving benefits before fullretirement age, we deduct one dollar in benefits for eachtwo dollars in earnings you have above the annual limit. In2021, the limit is 18,960.8
In the year you reach your full retirement age, we reduceyour benefits by one dollar for every three dollars youearn over a different annual limit ( 50,520 in 2021) untilthe month you reach full retirement age.Once you reach full retirement age, you can keepworking, and we won’t reduce your Social Securitybenefit, no matter how much you earn.For more information about how work affects yourbenefits, read How Work Affects Your Benefits(Publication No. 05-10069).NOTE: People who work and receive disability orSupplemental Security Income payments have differentearnings rules. They must immediately report alltheir earnings to Social Security no matter how muchthey earn.Retirement benefits for widows and widowersIf you’re receiving widow’s or widower’s benefits, youcan switch to your own retirement benefits as early asage 62, assuming your retirement benefit is more thanthe amount you receive on your deceased spouse’searnings. Often, you can begin receiving one benefit ata reduced rate and then switch to the other benefit at thefull rate when you reach full retirement age. The rules arecomplicated and vary depending on your situation, sotalk to a Social Security representative about the choicesavailable to you.For more information about retirement benefits, readRetirement Benefits (Publication No. 05-10035).Disability benefitsIf you can’t work because of a physical or mentalcondition that’s expected to last at least one year orresult in death, you may be eligible for Social Securitydisability benefits.9
Our disability rules are different from private or othergovernment agency plans. Qualifying for disabilityfrom another agency or program doesn’t mean youwill be eligible for disability benefits from us. Havinga statement from your doctor saying you’re disableddoesn’t mean you’ll automatically be eligible for SocialSecurity disability benefits. For more informationabout Social Security disability benefits, readDisability Benefits (Publication No. 05-10029). You canapply for Social Security disability benefits on our websiteat www.ssa.gov/benefits/disability.People, including children, who have little income andfew resources, and who have a disability, may beeligible for disability payments through the SupplementalSecurity Income (SSI) program. For more informationabout SSI, read Supplemental Security Income (SSI)(Publication No. 05-11000).If you become disabled, file for disability benefits as soonas possible, because it usually takes several months toprocess a disability claim. We may be able to processyour claim more quickly if you have the following whenyou apply: Medical records and treatment dates from yourdoctors, therapists, hospitals, clinics, and caseworkers. Your laboratory and other test results. The names, addresses, phone, and fax numbers ofyour doctors, clinics, and hospitals. The names of all medications you’re taking. The names of your employers and job duties for thelast 15 years.Your benefits may be taxableSome people who get Social Security will have to paytaxes on their benefits. About 40 percent of our currentbeneficiaries pay taxes on their benefits.10
You may have to pay taxes on your benefits if you filea federal tax return as an “individual” and your totalincome is more than 25,000. If you file a joint return,you may have to pay taxes if you and your spouse havea total income that is more than 32,000. For moreinformation, call the Internal Revenue Service’s toll-freenumber, 1-800-829-3676.Benefits for your familyWhen you start receiving Social Security retirement ordisability benefits, other family members may also beeligible to receive benefits. For example, benefits can bepaid to your spouse: If they’re age 62 or older. At any age if they’re caring for your child (the childmust be younger than 16 or disabled and entitled toSocial Security benefits on your record).Benefits can also be paid to your unmarried childrenif they’re: Younger than 18. Between 18 and 19 years old, but in elementary orsecondary school as full-time students. Age 18 or older and disabled (the disability must havestarted before age 22).Under certain circumstances, we can also pay benefitsto a stepchild, grandchild, step-grandchild, or an adoptedchild. If you become the parent of a child after you beginreceiving benefits, let us know about the child, so we candecide if the child is eligible for benefits.How much can family members get?Each family member may be eligible for a monthly benefitthat is up to half of your retirement or disability benefitamount. However, there is a limit to the total amount of11
money that can be paid to you and your family. The limitvaries, but is generally equal to about 150 to 180 percentof your retirement or disability benefit.If you’re divorcedIf you’re divorced, your ex-spouse may qualify for benefitson your earnings. In some situations, they may getbenefits even if you aren’t receiving them. To qualify, adivorced spouse must: Have been married to you for at least 10 years. Have been divorced from you at least two years if youhave not filed for benefits yet. Be at least 62 years old. Be unmarried. Depending on the circumstances, not be entitled to oreligible for a benefit on their own work that is equal toor higher than half the full amount on your record.Survivors benefitsWhen you die, your family may be eligible for benefitsbased on your work.Family members who can collect benefits include a widowor widower who is: 60 or older. 50 or older and disabled. Any age if they’re caring for your child who is youngerthan 16 or disabled and entitled to Social Securitybenefits on your record.Your children can receive benefits, too, if they’reunmarried and: Younger than 18 years old. Between 18 and 19 years old, but in an elementary orsecondary school as full-time students.12
Age 18 or older and disabled (the disability must havestarted before age 22).Additionally, your parents can receive benefits on yourearnings if they were dependent on you for at least half oftheir support.One-time payment after deathIf you have enough credits, a one-time payment of 255also may be made after your death. This benefit maybe paid to your spouse or minor children if they meetcertain requirements.If you’re divorced and have a surviving ex-spouseIf you’re divorced, your ex-spouse may be eligible forsurvivor’s benefits based on your earnings when you die.They must: Be at least age 60 years old (or 50 if disabled) andhave been married to you for at least 10 years. Be any age if they’re caring for a child who is eligiblefor benefits based on your earnings. Not be entitled to a benefit based on their own workthat is equal or higher than the full insurance amounton your record. Not be currently married, unless the remarriageoccurred after age 60 or after age 50 if disabled.Benefits paid to an ex-spouse won’t affect the benefitrates for other survivors receiving benefits on yourearnings record.NOTE: If you’re deceased and your ex-spouse remarriesafter age 60, they may be eligible for Social Securitybenefits based on either your work or the new spouse’swork, whichever is higher.13
How much will your survivors get?Your survivors receive a percentage of your basic SocialSecurity benefit — usually in a range from 75 to 100percent each. However, there is a limit to the amount ofmoney that can be paid each month to a family. The limitvaries, but is generally equal to about 150 to 180 percentof your benefit rate.When you’re ready to apply for benefitsYou should apply for benefits about four months beforethe date you want your benefits to start. If you aren’t readyto apply for retirement benefits yet but are thinking aboutit, you should visit our
Social Security: a simple concept. Social Security reaches almost every family, and at some point, touches the lives of nearly all Americans. Social Security helps older Americans, workers who become disabled, and families in which a spouse or parent dies. As of June 2020, about 180 million people worked and paid Social Security taxes and about 65
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