PC-1000/Laser 1000 User Manual - Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000/Laser 1000 User ManualPanoramic Corporation Dental Panoramic/Cephalometric X-ray MachinePMC6000PMC6000RevRevD C Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
Table of ContentsTable of Contents . 2Introduction . 3-4Purpose . 3Statement of Compatibility . 3Warning of Voltage Regulators . 4X-Ray Shielding Requirements . 4PC-1000 Components . 5PC-1000 Pre-Patient Setup . 6-8PC-1000 Patient Positioning . 9-14Prepare The Patient . 9-10Position The Patient . 11-12Set The kVp . 12Recheck Patient Positioning . 12Take The Exposure . 13Release The Patient . 13Reset The Machine . 13-14Process The Film . 14PC-1000 TMJ Pre-Patient Setup . 15-17PC-1000 TMJ Patient Positioning . 18-25Prepare The Patient . 18-19Position The Patient . 20-21Set The kVp . 21Recheck Patient Positioning . 21Take The Exposure . 22-24Release The Patient . 25Process The Film . 25Notes . 26Laser 1000 Components . 27Laser 1000 Pre-Patient Setup . 28-32Laser 1000 Patient Positioning . 33-36Cephalometric To Panoramic Setup . 37-38Panoramic Radiography . Appendix ADarkroom Procedures . Appendix BManual ProcessingAutomatic ProcessingDarkroom Light Leak TestLoading The Panoramic CassetteLoading The Cephalometric CassetteMaintenance Schedule . Appendix CPC-1000/Laser 1000 Labeling . Appendix DPC-1000/Laser 1000 Specifications . Appendix EPC-1000/Laser 1000 Space Requirements . Appendix F2 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
IntroductionPurposePanoramic Corporation provides this printed manual as a guide for the operation of the PC-1000 dentalpanoramic X-ray machine and the PC-1000/Laser 1000 dental panoramic/cephalometric dental X-raymachine.The PC-1000 will enable the user to take panoramic X-ray images. The PC-1000/Laser 1000 will enablethe user to take panoramic X-ray images, as well as cephalometric X-ray images. A laser alignmentdevice is incorporated into the PC-1000/Laser 1000.The information contained in this manual is not all inclusive and Panoramic Corporation should becontacted for assistance and clarification when necessary.It is imperative that this equipment be installed, serviced, and used by personnel familiar with theprecautions required to prevent excessive exposure to both primary and secondary radiation. Thisequipment features protective designs for limiting both the primary and secondary radiation produced bythe X-ray beam. However, design features cannot prevent carelessness, negligence, or lack ofknowledge.Only personnel authorized by Panoramic Corporation are qualified to install and service this equipment.Any attempt to install or service this equipment by anyone not so authorized will void the warranty andmay create hazardous exposure to X-radiation.Statement of CompatibilityJanuary 1, 1988Please address any comments/questions concerning this statement of compatibility to:Panoramic Corporation 4321 Goshen Road Fort Wayne, IN 46818 USA Attn: Director of EngineeringThe only components compatible with the PC-1000 are those supplied with the machine.Regardless of possible statements made by other manufacturers, no one is authorized or certified to makeadditions or deletions to this machine. Only the combination of components delivered with the machine iscertified compatible by the manufacturer. As compatible accessories become available, PanoramicCorporation will certify them as compatible and make them available to the user.Statement of Compatibility AddendumOctober 1, 1988The Laser 1000 Cephalometric Attachment is certified by Panoramic Corporation to be compatible with thePC-1000 dental X-ray machine, provided installation is performed by an authorized representative utilizingspecific installation instructions furnished by Panoramic Corporation.Statement of Compatibility AddendumOctober 1, 1995Laser 1000 Cephalometric Attachments manufactured after October 1, 1995 are compatible only withPC-1000 X-ray machines manufactured after October 1, 1995. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation3
IntroductionVoltage Regulator WarningDo not plug this machine into ANY voltage regulating device. Contact Panoramic Corporation with anyquestions regarding this.X-ray Shielding RequirementsThe requirements for panoramic and cephalometric shielding for building, operator, and patient, depend onstate and local regulations. Contact your state Department of Health for compliance information.Compliance could involve a blueprint review, facility check, wall construction, film badge implementation,remote switch installation, and/or a lead apron. It is beyond the scope of this manual to advise on theseregulations.4 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 ComponentsPC-1000Top CoverRotating ArmTemple SupportsCassette SleeveFilm DrumForehead SupportMirrorTubeheadkVp Setting KnobChinrestControl PanelHandlesExposure SwitchBase Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation5
PC-1000 Pre-Patient Setup1. In a lighttight darkroom, load a panoramic film inthe cassette sleeve between the intensifyingscreens.2. Power the PC-1000 on by depressing thePOWER switch on the control panel.3. Rotate the function switch on the control panelto either PANORAMIC L or PANORAMIC R.PANORAMIC L will cause the film drum tostart on the patient's left side, PANORAMIC Rwill cause the film drum to start on the patient'sright side. The PC-1000 will automaticallyrotate the film drum to the proper side, if thefunction switch is changed.4. If the film drum is not in it's "home" position(patient's left side on PANORAMIC L, patient'sright side on PANORAMIC R), momentarilydepress the RESET switch on the controlpanel. The PC-1000 will rotate the film drumto the proper side.5. Loosen the knob on the rear of the film drum.6. Load a film cassette sleeve on the film drum:a. Place the loaded cassette sleeve on thefilm drum with the lower edge of thecassette sleeve resting on the lower lip ofthe film drum.b. Attach the vertical velcro at the end of thecassette sleeve to the mating velcro on theend of the film drum. Ensure the cassettesleeve is flat against the film drum.6 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 Pre-Patient Setupc. Attach the velcro tab of the cassette sleeveto the mating velcro on the center post ofthe film drum.d. The FUNCTION switch on the control panelwill determine on which side (patient's) thefilm drum will reset and start. Align thepointer on the rear of the film drum to theappropriate mark. If the FUNCTIONswitch is set to PANORAMIC L, align thepointer to L1. If the FUNCTION switch isset to PANORAMIC R, align the pointer toR1.e. Tighten the film drum knob on the rear ofthe film drum.Note: The film drum will rotate with increasedfriction after the film drum knob is tightened.Manual rotation, while the knob is tight, shouldbe avoided to prevent abnormal wear.7. Using the knob at the rear of the foreheadsupport, adjust the forehead support towardthe mirror to allow room for positioning thepatient. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation7
PC-1000 Pre-Patient Setup8. Slide the temple supports apart to allow roomfor positioning the patient's head.9. Using the UP/DOWN switch on the chinrestarm, adjust the chinrest arm until it is slightlyhigher than the patient's chin.This will ensure that the patient stands up asstraight as possible.10. If a stool is to be used, place the stool so thatthe seat is centered under the chinrest.This will help ensure that the patient's neck isstraight.8 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 Patient PositioningPrepare The Patient1. Ask the patient to remove any metal objects,such as glasses, earrings, removabledentures, hearing aids, hair pins, neck chains,bib chains, and collar zippers from their headand neck area.These objects can prevent X-rays fromreaching the film, causing poor diagnosticquality images.2. If a lead apron is used, and a panoramicponcho is not available, place the lead apronon the patient's back. Ensure that it does notcover the back of the neck.As the tubehead rotates around the patient,the X-rays pass through the head at a slightupward angle. This allows the X-ray beam topass through the skull more efficiently byavoiding the denser area of the patient's skull.3. Guide the patient into the PC-1000. Use theUP/DOWN switch on the chinrest arm to adjustthe chinrest arm until it is slightly higher thanthe patient's chin.This will ensure that the patient is standing upas straight as possible. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation9
PC-1000 Patient Positioning4. Have the patient hold on to the handles andmove his/her feet under the chinrest.This will help ensure that the patient's neck isstraight.5. Place the appropriate chinrest on thepermanent, black chinrest on the chinrest arm:a. Small child - removable, black plasticchinrestMay be needed to allow the child'sforehead to reach the forehead support.b. Adolescent and adult - no additionalchinrestMajority of patients require no additionalchinrest.c. Edentulous - removable, clear plasticchinrestAids in centering and consistentlypositioning the patient.10 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 Patient Positioning6. If the patient is not edentulous, insert adisposable bite-guide in the permanent, blackchinrest. Have the patient bite on thedisposable bite-guide. Ensure that the biteguide is centered between the central incisors.For edentulous patients, have the patient biteon a 1 1/2" cotton roll to keep the maxilla andmandible separated.Position The Patient1. Place your hand at the base of the patient'sskull and apply pressure vertically to stretchthe neck while slowly lowering the machineuntil the patient's Frankfort Plane is horizontal(parallel to the red guidelines on the templesupports).The Frankfort Plane is the imaginary line fromthe middle of the ear opening to the bottom ofthe eye orbit. A level Frankfort Plane willensure that the upper and lower anterior teethare in one vertical plane and will help stretchthe patient's neck enough to allow X-rays topass between the vertebrae.2. Using the knob on the rear of the foreheadsupport, adjust the forehead support until ittouches the patient's forehead.3. Center the patient's head using the red line onthe forehead support. Turn the mirror to seethe patient to verify centering. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation11
PC-1000 Patient Positioning4. Gently slide the temple supports against thepatient's head. These will help keep thepatient centered and measure the width of theskull to determine the amount of kVp requiredto penetrate the skull.Set The kVp1. Note which number the arrow points to on thekVp scale decal on the outside of the templesupport rod.2. Using the kVp setting knob on the control panel,set the kVp meter to the number from the kVpscale decal on the temple support rod(previous step). This sets the penetratingpower of the X-rays.Re-check Patient Positioning1. Ensure that the:a. patient's chin is firmly seated on the chinrestb. patient's head is centeredc. patient's Frankfort Plane is horizontald. patient's neck is stretchede. patient's forehead is resting on the forehead supportf. temple supports are against the patient's headg. kVp meter is set to the number on the temple support rod12 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 Patient PositioningTake The Exposure1. Instruct the patient to close his/her lips aroundthe disposable bite-guide, swallow, place his/her tongue on the roof of his/her mouth, andremain still during the exposure.This will help equalize tissue densities andhelp prevent unwanted artifacts and blurring.2. Depress and hold the exposure switch. Thearm will begin to rotate around the patient aftera second. After 12 seconds, the exposure willautomatically terminate.To prematurely terminate an exposure, releasethe exposure switch at anytime during theexposure.Release The Patient1. Slide the temple supports away from thepatient's head to release the patient.2. Instruct the patient to step out of the machine.Reset The Machine1. Discard the disposable bite-guide. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation13
PC-1000 Patient Positioning2. Depress the RESET switch on the control panelto reposition the film drum to its "home"position.Process The Film1. Loosen the film drum knob on the rear of thefilm drum and remove the cassette sleeve fromthe film drum.2. Under lighttight darkroom conditions, processthe film.14 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 TMJ Pre-Patient SetupA TMJ series is simply four two-second panoramicimages exposed on one film. The TMJ film willshow the patient's right closed, right open, leftopen, and left closed temporomandibular joints.1. In a lighttight darkroom, load a panoramic film inthe cassette sleeve between the ftOpen(L2)LeftClosed(L1)2. Power the PC-1000 on by depressing thePOWER switch on the control panel.3. Rotate the FUNCTION switch on the controlpanel to TMJ L. The PC-1000 willautomatically rotate the film drum to thepatient's left side, if the function switch ischanged.4. If the film drum is not in it's "home" position (leftside), momentarily depress the RESET switchon the control panel. The PC-1000 will rotatethe film drum to the patient's left side. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation15
PC-1000 TMJ Pre-Patient Setup5. Loosen the knob on the rear of the film drum.6. Load a film cassette sleeve on the film drum:a. Place the loaded cassette sleeve on thefilm drum with the lower edge of thecassette sleeve resting on the lower lip ofthe film drum.b. Attach the vertical velcro at the end of thecassette sleeve to the mating velcro on theend of the film drum. Ensure the cassettesleeve is flat against the film drum.c. Attach the velcro tab of the cassette sleeveto the mating velcro on the center post ofthe film drum.d. Align the pointer on the rear of the film drumto L1.e. Tighten the film drum knob on the rear ofthe film drum.Note: The film drum will rotate with increasedfriction after the film drum knob is tightened.Manual rotation, while the knob is tight, shouldbe avoided to prevent abnormal wear16 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 TMJ Pre-Patient Setup7. Using the knob at the rear of the foreheadsupport, adjust the forehead support towardthe mirror to allow room for positioning thepatient.8. Slide the temple supports apart to allow roomfor positioning the patient's head.9. Using the UP/DOWN switch on the chinrestarm, adjust the chinrest arm until it is slightlyhigher than the patient's chin.This will ensure that the patient stands up asstraight as possible.10. If a stool is to be used, place the stool so thatthe seat is centered under the chinrest.This will help ensure that the patient's neck isstraight. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation17
PC-1000 TMJ Patient PositioningPrepare The Patient1. Ask the patient to remove any metal objects,such as glasses, earrings, removabledentures, hearing aids, hair pins, neck chains,bib chains, and collar zippers from their headand neck area.These objects can prevent X-rays fromreaching the film, causing poor diagnosticquality images.2. If a lead apron is used, and a panoramicponcho is not available, place the lead apronon the patient's back. Ensure that it does notcover the back of the neck.As the tubehead rotates around the patient,the X-rays pass through the head at a slightupward angle. This allows the X-ray beam topass through the skull more efficiently byavoiding the denser area of the patient's skull.3. Guide the patient into the PC-1000. Use theUP/DOWN switch on the chinrest arm to adjustthe chinrest arm until it is slightly higher thanthe patient's chin.This will ensure that the patient is standing upas straight as possible.18 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 TMJ Patient Positioning4. Have the patient hold on to the handles andmove his/her feet under the chinrest.This will help ensure that the patient's neck isstraight.5. Place the appropriate chinrest on thepermanent, black chinrest on the chinrest arm:a. Small child - removable, clear plasticchinrestAids in centering and consistentlypositioning the patient.b. Adult - removable, clear plastic chinrestAids in centering and consistentlypositioning the patient.c. Edentulous - removable, clear plasticchinrestAids in centering and consistentlypositioning the patient. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation19
PC-1000 TMJ Patient PositioningPosition The Patient1. Place your hand at the base of the patient'sskull and apply pressure vertically to stretchthe neck while slowly lowering the machineuntil the patient's Frankfort Plane is horizontal(parallel to the red guidelines on the templesupports).The Frankfort Plane is the imaginary line fromthe middle of the ear opening to the bottom ofthe eye orbit. A level Frankfort Plane will helpensure that the temporomandibular joints areconsistently vertical.2. Using the knob on the rear of the foreheadsupport, adjust the forehead support until ittouches the patient's forehead.3. Center the patient's head using the red line onthe forehead support. Turn the mirror to seethe patient to verify centering.20 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 TMJ Patient Positioning4. Gently slide the temple supports against thepatient's head.These will help keep the patient centered andmeasure the width of the skull to determine theamount of kVp required to penetrate the skull.Set The kVp1. Note which number the arrow points to on thekVp scale decal on the outside of the templesupport rod.2. Using the kVp setting knob on the control panel,set the kVp meter to the number from the kVpscale decal on the temple support rod (previousstep).This sets the penetrating power of the X-rays.Re-check Patient Positioning1. Ensure that the:a. patient's chin is firmly seated on the chinrestb. patient's head is centeredc. patient's Frankfort Plane is horizontald. patient's neck is stretchede. patient's forehead is resting on the forehead supportf. temple supports are against the patient's headg. kVp meter is set to the number on the temple support rod Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation21
PC-1000 TMJ Patient PositioningTake The Exposure1. Instruct the patient to close his/her lips,swallow, place his/her tongue on the roof ofhis/her mouth, and remain still during the fourexposures.This will help equalize tissue densities andhelp prevent unwanted artifacts and blurring.2. Depress and hold the exposure switch.The arm will begin to rotate around the patientafter a second. After about 2 seconds, theexposure will automatically terminate. Whenthe exposure switch is released, the film drumwill reset to its "home" position on the patient'sleft side.3. Loosen the knob on the rear of the film drum.4. Align the pointer on the rear of the film drum toL2 and tighten the film drum knob.5. Instruct the patient to open his/her mouth.This will place the temporomandibular joints intheir open positions. (A surgical bite blockmay be used to help the patient keep his/hermouth open).22 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 TMJ Patient Positioning6. Depress and hold the exposure switch.The arm will begin to rotate around the patientafter a second. After about 2 seconds, theexposure will automatically terminate. Whenthe exposure switch is released, the film drumwill reset to its "home" position on the patient'sleft side.7. Rotate the function switch on the control panelto TMJ R.The PC-1000 will automatically rotate the filmdrum to the patient's right side.8. Align the pointer on the rear of the film drum toR2 and tighten the film drum knob.9. Instruct the patient to remain still with his/hermouth open. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation23
PC-1000 TMJ Patient Positioning10. Depress and hold the exposure switch.The arm will begin to rotate around the patientafter a second. After about 2 seconds, theexposure will automatically terminate. Whenthe exposure switch is released, the film drumwill reset to its "home" position on the patient'sright side.11. Allow the patient to close his/her mouth.12. Align the pointer on the rear of the film drum toR1 and tighten the film drum knob.13. Depress and hold the exposure switch.The arm will begin to rotate around the patientafter a second. After about 2 seconds, theexposure will automatically terminate. Whenthe exposure switch is released, the film drumwill reset to its "home" position on the patient'sright side.24 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000 TMJ Patient PositioningRelease The Patient1. Slide the temple supports away from thepatient's head to release the patient.2. Instruct the patient to step out of the machine.Process The Film1. Loosen the film drum knob on the rear of thefilm drum and remove the cassette sleeve fromthe film drum.P00472. Under lighttight darkroom conditions, processthe film. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation25
Notes26 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
PC-1000/Laser 1000 ComponentsHorizontal Locking KnobVertical Locking KnobMid-Sagittal to Film ScaleLaser SwitchCephalostat Locking KnobCollimator LeverSuggested Settings DecalPC-1000Cephalostat ArmCephalometricExposure Time ChartPanoramic Corporation Seconds90 kVP 10 mARare Earth Screens And FilmLASER 1000Patient Size:Small ChildLarge ChildAverage AdultLarge 0-2.51.5-3.52.5-4.0Ear PostsNasion SupportEar RingsEar RodsFilm Cassette Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation27
Laser 1000 Pre-Patient SetupCAUTION Do not look into the laser beam when operating.Laser light can cause permanent eye damage. Safe operating instructions must be observed to preventan optical hazard to the patient and/or operator.1. In a lighttight darkroom, load a cephalometricfilm in the film cassette between theintensifying screens.2. Power the PC-1000/Laser 1000 on bydepressing the POWER switch on the controlpanel.3. Rotate the FUNCTION switch on the controlpanel to one of the CEPHALOMETRICSECONDS settings.This will set the duration of the X-ray exposure.Suggested settings can be found on a decal onthe cephalometric arm.If the tubehead is not in it's "home" position(on the opposite side of the cephalometricarm), the PC-1000/Laser 1000 will rotate thetubehead to the proper side.28 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
Laser 1000 Pre-Patient Setup4. Loosen both of the locking knobs on the rear ofthe cassette holder at the end of thecephalometric arm.5. Align the top edge of the sliding portion of thecassette holder to the appropriate mark on thedecal on the rear of the fixed portion ofcassette holder. Use the upper mark,LATERAL, if the film cassette will be orientedhorizontally for lateral views.Use the lower mark, AP-PA, if the film cassettewill be oriented vertically for all other views.6. Tighten the lower knob. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation29
Laser 1000 Pre-Patient Setup6. Place the film cassette into the cassette holderand center it horizontally. Tighten the upperknob.7. Remove the locking pin from the top of thecephalometric head positioner and use the earposts' metal supports only, to temporarilyrotate the head positioner to a 45º position toallow the laser alignment beam to strike thefilm cassette target.Note: Never use the wooden ear posts to rotatethe head positioner or misalignment can result.8. Slide the lever in the collimator assembly on thefront of the tubehead to select the appropriatecollimator based on the orientation of the filmcassette. Select the LATERAL position for acassette oriented horizontally. Select theAP-PA position for a cassette oriented vertically.NOTE: If the collimator is NOT firmly seated in itslocking notch:a. the alignment laser will not fireb. when the exposure switch is depressed, themachine will beep rapidly, but no radiationwill be emitted30 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
Laser 1000 Pre-Patient Setup9. Loosen the two locking knobs on the tubeheadassembly and turn the tubehead towards thecephalometric film cassette.10. Depress the momentary toggle switch on theright side of the tubehead to activate the laser.CAUTION: Do not look into the laser beambecause laser light can cause permanent eyedamage.11. Move the tubehead until the laser alignmentbeam strikes the upright face target on the filmcassette.12. Tighten both horizontal and vertical tubeheadlocking knobs.13. Activate the laser again to verify properalignment. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation31
Laser 1000 Pre-Patient Setup14. Remove the locking pin in the top of thecephalostat head positioner. Without using thewooden ear posts, rotate the head positionerinto its proper position for the appropriate view:lateral,anterior to posterior,posterior to anterior,or any 45º increment.15. Reinstall the locking pin in the top of the headpositioner. Ensure that it is fully seated bygently rotating the head positioner back andforth.32 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
Laser 1000 Patient Positioning1. Verify the setting of the CEPHALOMETRICSECONDS on the function switch on thecontrol panel.Suggested settings can be found on a decal onthe cephalometric arm.2. Using the kVp setting knob on the control panel,adjust the kVp to the appropriate setting.Suggested settings can be found on a decal onthe cephalometric arm. This sets thepenetrating power of the X-rays.3. Open the ear posts on the cephalostat headpositioner as far as possible by using the leveron the rear of the head positioner. Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation33
Laser 1000 Patient Positioning4. Using the UP/DOWN switch on the chinrestarm, adjust the height of the ear posts toapproximately the height of the patient's earcanals.5. Have the patient stand directly under the headpositioner looking away from the cephalometricarm. Use the UP/DOWN switch on thechinrest arm until the ear rods can be guidedgently into the patient's ear canals with thelever on the rear of the head positioner. Havethe patient attempt to turn his/her head backand forth slightly and continue to guide the earrods until there is minimal head movement.6. Adjust the patient's head so that the FrankfortPlane is horizontal (level with the floor).The Frankfort Plane is the imaginary line fromthe middle of the ear opening to the bottom ofthe eye orbit.7. Lower and tighten the nasion support over thebridge of the patient's nose to help the patientretain this position.34 Copyright 2007 Panoramic Corporation
Lase
panoramic X-ray machine and the PC-1000/Laser 1000 dental panoramic/cephalometric dental X-ray machine. The PC-1000 will enable the user to take panoramic X-ray images. The PC-1000/Laser 1000 will enable the user to take panoramic X-ray images, as well as cephalometric X-ray images. A laser alignment device is incorporated into the PC-1000 .
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panoramic X-ray machine and the PC-1000/Laser 1000 dental panoramic/cephalometric dental X-ray machine. The PC-1000 will enable the user to take panoramic X-ray images. The PC-1000/Laser 1000 will enable the user to take panoramic X-ray images, as well as cephalometric X-ray images. A laser alignment device is incorporated into the PC-1000 .
Laser treatment parameters for the Laser RAP sites included an average laser spot size of 4.1mm (range: 4-8mm). The average laser fluence used was 5.22J/cm2 (range 1.5-8.3J/cm2). At the Laser‐Only treated sites, a single laser pass was administered using a laser spot size of 4mm at an average laser fluence of 3.9J/cm2(range: 3.-4.6J/cm2).
Laser workers are responsible for complying with all aspects of this laser safety program: 1. Attend laser safety training ; 2. Develop laser safety protocols for the laser systems for which they are responsible ; 3. Comply with all laser safety controls recommended by the LSO. IV. LASER OPERATIONS
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3.LASER UNIT REF No. CODE Q'TY DESCRIPTION REMARKS 1 LY4628001 1 LASER UNIT (SP) (SJ type) *1 1 LU9361001 1 LASER UNIT (SP) (SM type) *1 ADD *1 When replacing the Laser unit, open the front cover of the machine, check the first two characters of the Laser serial label attached on the Laser plate and order the same type of the Laser unit that .
Korean language instruction in order to reduce student attrition. 162 Damron & Forsyth Introduction . Korean is one of many Less Commonly Taught Languages (LCTLs) in America, distinguishing it from Spanish, French, and German. Since the start of the Korean War and the related diaspora of Koreans to the United States and elsewhere, it has become more common for major universities to offer .
