Module 3: Theories Of Urban Sociology Lecture 16: Ernest W .
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthThe Lecture Contains:Burgess' Theory of City GrowthA Model of the Modern CityCriticisms of the Concentric ModelReferencesfile:///D iology/lecture16/16 1.htm [5/31/2013 10:30:58 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthErnest W. Burgess (1886-1966) along with Park established adistinctive program of urban research in the sociologydepartment at the University of Chicago in the earlytwentieth century. According to Burgess the rural to urban shift has been morelogical and rapid in the USA than in Europe. But how does one explain the expansionprocess of the cities?Burgess developed a theory of city growth and differentiation based on the social Darwinist principles found in the work ofPark. The focus of the work has been devoted to earmarking the ‘natural areas’ in the city. According to Burgess theexpansion of the city is best explained by a series of concentric circles. The other general assumption that lies at the heartof his work is that the spatial order of the city is a product of and reflects the moralorder. However, the diagram he presents is not as neat in real life, as complications were introduced by the lake front,the Chicago river, railroad lines as well as resistance of communities to invasion.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 2.htm [5/31/2013 10:30:59 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthAccording to Burgess the city continuously grew due to population pressures. As a result of spatialcompetition new activities are attracted to the centre of the city. This he described as central agglomeration.At the same time, other activities are repelled to the fringe of the city which he described as commercialdecentralization. The activities which were located on the fringe were pushed further out from the city. Thus, thecity continually grew outward as activities that lost out in the competition for space in the central city were relocated toperipheral areas.In Burgess’s theory, the modern city grows up around the market. Therefore, the city would eventually take on the form of ahighly concentrated central business district that would dominate the region and be the site for the highest competitive landprices, while the surrounding areas would comprise of four distinct concentric rings.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 3.htm [5/31/2013 10:30:59 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban Growthfile:///D iology/lecture16/16 4.htm [5/31/2013 10:30:59 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthThe diagram represents an ideal construction of the tendencies of any town or city to expand radially from its CBD or the loop.Here is found the greatest density and mobility of population. Encircling the downtown area is the zone of transition. Itis in this ecological area (composed of warehouses and slums) that vice, poverty, depersonalization, and social disorganizationare most pronounced.Beyond the zone of transition is the zone largely populated by the working-class families. This wasa primary residential area composed of second-generation immigrants who still found their employment in the centre of the citybut had been able to escape from the zone of transition.Still further towards the periphery of the city we find residential zone populated largely by middle-class persons living either insingle dwelling or well-maintained apartment buildings. Finally comes the suburban zone composed of economicallyadvantaged, geographically stable, upper-class commuters to the city.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 5.htm [5/31/2013 10:30:59 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthAccording to Burgess the expansion of the city takes place due to the tendency ofeach inner zone to extend its area by the invasion into the next outer zone. This processis called succession—a term taken from plant ecology. Earlier all zones were located at the circumference of the city andthen they moved into concentric circles.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 6.htm [5/31/2013 10:31:00 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthBurgess’s model explained the shifting of population and activities within the space of the city according to two distinct butrelated processes: centralization and decentralization. His theory explicitly related social processes to spatialpatterns. Burgess explained the pattern of homes, neighbourhoods, and industrial and commercial locations in terms of theecological theory of competition over ‘location’. In short, competition produced a certain social organization in space.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 7.htm [5/31/2013 10:31:00 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthThus, for Burgess the characteristics of the social organization of the urban population were spatially deployed. The extensiveuse of mapping is supposed to reveal the spatial distribution of social problems. It was found that individualtraits such as mental illness, gang membership, criminal behaviour, and racialbackground were found to be clustered along the centre/periphery gradient of thecity. Using the census data, the Chicago researcher showed that the incidence of social pathology decreased from thecentral business district to the outskirts, whereas homeownership and the number of nuclear family increased. The innerzones, therefore, were discovered to be the sites of crime, illness, gang warfare, broken homes and many other indicators ofsocial disorganization or problems.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 8.htm [5/31/2013 10:31:00 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthCriticisms of the Concentric ModelTheorists have argued that cities had multiple centres rather than a single urban core. This perspective was also known as the‘sector theory’ that suggested that cities were carved up not by concentric zones but by unevenly shaped sectorswithin which different economic activities tended to congregate together. Homer Hoyt (1939)suggested that the cities do not take the ecological pattern suggested by Burgess. Thus the city grew in irregular blobs ratherthan in Burgess’s neat circles. According to Hoyt, the city grew along the lines of economic activities and main lines oftransportation. The city is shaped more like a starfish or a spoked wheel.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 9.htm [5/31/2013 10:31:00 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthIn the ‘multiple nuclei’ approach it is argued that within any city, separate functions and their particular needs requireconcentration within specific and specialized districts. Thus, within cities similar activities are often located in the same area,forming agglomerations or mini-centres. Cities often grow asymmetrically around these multiple nuclei.11Here one can discuss the different sectors of any Indian cities. For example Surat city has zari industry at the city centre,diamond cutting industry on one side of the city and a petro-chemical industry at Hazira for which the Reliance company hadacquired 1000 acres of land near Tapti river. Each of these economic centres functioned like a separate nucleus.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 10.htm [5/31/2013 10:31:01 AM]
Objectives templateModule 3: Theories of Urban SociologyLecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban GrowthReferences Burgess, Ernest. 2005 (1925). “ Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project”. In The UrbanSociology Reader. Lin, Jan and Christopher Mele (ed.) London: Routledge. Gottdiener, Mark and Ray Hutchison (2006) The New Urban Sociology. Boulder: West View Press.file:///D iology/lecture16/16 11.htm [5/31/2013 10:31:01 AM]
Objectives_template Module 3: Theories of Urban Sociology Lecture 16: Ernest W. Burgess's Model of Urban Growth According to Burgess the city continuously grew due to population pressures. As a result of spatial competition new activities are attracted to the centre of the city. This he described as central agglomeration. At the same time, other activities are repelled to the fringe of the .
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Teacher’s Book B LEVEL - English in school 6 Contents Prologue 8 Test paper answers 10 Practice Test 1 11 Module 1 11 Module 2 12 Module 3 15 Practice Test 2 16 Module 1 16 Module 2 17 Module 3 20 Practice Test 3 21 Module 1 21 Module 2 22 Module 3 25 Practice Test 4 26 Module 1 26 Module 2 27 Module 3 30 Practice Test 5 31 Module 1 31 Module .
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 63-81 Learning Objectives 63 Key Terms 63 Role Theories 65 Motivational Theories 67 Learning Theories 69 Cognitive Theories 73 Symbolic Interaction Theories 75 Socio-Cultural Theories 77 Evolutionary Theories 78 Summary and review 80 review QueStionS 81 4. SELF AND IDENTITY 82-107
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2 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Theories can be used to study society—millions of people in a state, country, or even at the world level. When theories are used at this level they are referred to as macro-level theories, theories which best fit the study of massive numbers of people (typically Conflict and Functional theories).
The present bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974-91 and Urban History from 1992. The arrangement and format closely follows that of pre- . VIII Shaping the urban environment Town planning (and environmental control) Urban renewal IX Urban culture Urban renewal Urban culture .
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