Performance-Based Building Design Of High-Rise Residential .
sustainabilityArticlePerformance-Based Building Design of High-RiseResidential Buildings in IndonesiaSulfiah Dwi Astarini * and Christiono Utomo *Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia* Correspondence: sulfiahdwiastarini@gmail.com (S.D.A.); christiono@ce.its.ac.id (C.U.)Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 21 August 2020; Published: 31 August 2020 Abstract: The complexity of the design and completion of buildings poses a challenge for theconstruction industry in terms of meeting user needs. Performance-based building design (PBBD)is a design concept that describes these needs as performance requirements, designing buildingsaccording to an iterative process of translating and evaluating the performance requirements of thebuildings. PBBD is a concept that is used to produce buildings with high performance. This studyaims to identify which PBBD factors are applied by architect and engineers in the planning anddesign of high-rise residential building in Surabaya, Indonesia. Primary data were collected bya survey using observation. A questionnaire was distributed to designers who were involved indesign processes. A total of 68 respondents responded to the questionnaire. A descriptive analysisthrough a scatter plot was used to rank the application of PBBD. Factor analysis was used for theapplication of the PBBD concept. Four factors were identified: the interests of occupants, buildingmanagement, process of design collaboration and risk of loss. Future research is needed to measurethe success model of PBBD and to integrate PBBD into BIM (building information modeling) toallow interoperability.Keywords: performance-based building design; PBBD; high-rise residential1. Introduction1.1. BackgroundBuildings are complex systems and are designed to meet certain criteria. However, in thecomplicated design process, the design often does not achieve integrated results [1], and problems arisein the implementation of construction projects [2]. Another important issue is the decision-makingprocess for design solutions. The research presented in [3] considers a process that focuses onvalue. After all, the design determines whether the building provides support for the accommodatedactivities. The building performance requirements are translated by the designer and then processedand evaluated in terms of the achievement of the desired characteristics. Performance requirements arethen integrated into a design; this is process is called performance-based building design (PBBD) [4].The concept is not new; many countries have implemented it, and it is rapidly developing as a meansfor minimizing the risk of buildings in terms of natural and man-made hazards. This can be analyzedat an early design stage [4]. The key concepts of PBBD according to the work presented in [5] are:(1) performance parameters that are clear and refer to the target; (2) parameters that can be monitoredin terms of acceptance of performance; (3) objective criteria; (4) if performance criteria are not achieved,it is ensured that this do not cause other problems; and (5) flexible performance parameters thatthey can be developed. The development of performance criteria means that they can be reused asdata or information. For building owners during operation and maintenance, this is aspect becomesimportant in relation to the information available about the design process of the new building [6].Sustainability 2020, 12, 7103; ability
Sustainability 2020, 12, 71032 of 17Meetingthe needsof xtheis not the designer’s only task; the designer needs to suit2 theSustainability2020, 12,FORbuildingPEER REVIEWof 17needsof the user/occupants, but also to provide a mechanism so that the building can adapt to changes thatdesignduringprocessitsofplannedthe new building[6]. Meeting the needs of the building is not the designer’s onlywill occurlife cycle.task; the designer needs to suit the needs of the user/occupants, but also to provide a mechanism soThe aim of this research is to identify the factors, in consideration of the application of PBBD,that the building can adapt to changes that will occur during its planned life cycle.that should be applied by designers in high-rise residential buildings in the city of Surabaya. The studyThe aim of this research is to identify the factors, in consideration of the application of PBBD,beginswith a literature review and continues with the distribution of a survey through a questionnairethat should be applied by designers in high-rise residential buildings in the city of Surabaya. Thedistributedto 68 respondentswhowere andexperienceddesigninghigh-risebuildingsstudy beginswith a literaturereviewcontinues inwiththe distributionof residentiala survey througha inSurabaya.This studyis expectedto supportwhothe weredevelopmentofinPBBDresearchandresidentialits practice inquestionnairedistributedto 68 uildingperformancein n Surabaya.This studyis expected tosupportthe developmentof PBBD research and itspractice in achieving building performance in accordance with user/occupant requirements.1.2. Geographic Context1.2. Geographic ContextIndonesia is located between the continents of Asia and Australia. Jakarta is the nation’s capital.is locatedbetweenthe continentsof Asiaand Australia.Jakartathe nation’sthecapital.IndonesiaIndonesiais borderedby othercountries;it sharesthe islandof Borneowithis Malaysia,island slandofBorneowithMalaysia,theislandofPapua with Papua New Guinea and the island of Timor with Timor Leste. Figure 1 shows the mapofPapua with Papua New Guinea and the island of Timor with Timor Leste. Figure 1 shows the mapIndonesia with the location of Surabaya.of Indonesia with the location of Surabaya.Figure 1. Map of Surabaya location.Figure 1. Map of Surabaya location.Surabaya is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, with a population of 3,158,943 based onSurabaya is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, with a population of 3,158,943 based oninformation from the statistical bureau in 2019. The dynamics of population growth will continue toinformation from the statistical bureau in 2019. The dynamics of population growth will continue toincrease, because Surabaya occupies a strategic position regionally and nationally that has businessincrease,becauseSurabayaoccupies aforstrategicpositionregionallyand nationallyhas businesspotentialfor economicdevelopmentIndonesia.This hasled to increasedmigrationthatto ncreasedmigrationto Surabaya;thus, forthe economicneed for housingcontinuesforto grow.BecauseThislandhaspricescity of Surabayaare relativelythus, expensivethe need tyofSurabayaarerelativelyand land availability is limited, apartments are one of the best solutions for providingverticalandhousing.date, basedisoninternationalColliersaredatafromthe numberof apartmentexpensiveland Toavailabilitylimited,apartmentsoneof 2018,the bestsolutionsfor providingunitsin the citySurabayawaswith an occupancyrate fromof 52%.A homeis a 471,internationalColliers data2018,the numberof apartmentthislong-termthat shouldratebe adaptedhabitsresidents.basicunitsneed,in theandcityof representsSurabayaawas31,471,investmentwith an occupancyof 52%.toAthehomeis ofa person’sresidentialdevelopmentis importantto ensurethe needsof residentsbeneed,Therefore,and this high-riserepresentsa long-terminvestmentthat shouldbe thatadaptedto thehabits ofcanresidents.handled properly, and that the performance of a building is also guaranteed [7]. Occupant satisfactionTherefore, high-rise residential development is important to ensure that the needs of residents can beis a complex matter that refers to residential units and satisfaction with the area and the environment.handled properly, and that the performance of a building is also guaranteed [7]. Occupant satisfactionBy conducting a post-occupancy evaluation, a designer can determine the occupants’ needs and thenis a complexmatterrefersto residentialand satisfactionwith the area and the environment.implementthemthatin thenext designprocess unitsof residential[8].By conducting a post-occupancy evaluation, a designer can determine the occupants’ needs and then2. Literatureimplementthem Reviewin the next design process of residential [8].2.1. PBBDReview2. LiteratureThe definition of performance is an action or process of carrying out a task. In the constructionindustry, the performance of a building refers to how well the building can perform its functions [9].2.1. PBBDThe definition of performance is an action or process of carrying out a task. In the constructionindustry, the performance of a building refers to how well the building can perform its functions [9].
SustainabilityFOR PEER REVIEWSustainability 2020,2020, 12,12, x71033 3ofof 1717This is a key concept of PBBD. The benefit of using the PBBD concept is that it provides designersThis innovationsis a key conceptof PBBD.The benefitof usingdesignthe PBBDconceptis thatit providesdesignerswithin termsof producingalternativesolutionsrelatedto problemsthatarise gnsolutionsrelatedtoproblemsthatbuildings. Common problems are related to safety, health [9], poor maintenance management,arisethein buildings. ofCommonproblemsto safety, [10]healthpoor maintenancemanagement,deteriorationbuildingquality areandrelatedpoor usabilityby [9],occupants.PBBD is knownas anthe andfocusespoor usabilityoccupants.PBBDis knownas animplementationmore on[10]thebyresultsachievedby nce with its performance requirements, without specifying work methods and what materialsaccordancewith ructuralmethods andwhat materialsshouldbe used.However,the buildingas a wholemusthave goodstability,which isshould bebyused.However,the buildingas a whole must have good structural stability, which isachievedanalyzingthe materialsused [11].achievedby analyzing thematerialsused [11].Performance-baseddesignis a designconcept that focuses on performance targets required forPerformance-baseddesignis a etsforthe userneeds [12]. Basically,performancecandifferbasedthe perspectivesof requiredthe keholders. For example, the client is the owner of the building that will rent or sell the property;stakeholders.example,withthe clientis theaspectsowner ofbuildingthat willsell the property;theytheyare moreForconcernedfinancialto theincreaseprofitsand rentthe ordurabilityof the entireare morewhileconcernedto increaseprofits andInthedurabilityof the entirearefacility,facility,only awithfew financialconsider aspectsthe well-beingof eneursarealsointerestedininterested in meeting occupants’ needs at a minimal cost. The situation is different for owners asmeeting occupants’at a theminimalcost. Theis differentownersas gaftersituationfinishingas end forusers;theyusually set strictoccupy the buildingafter finishingas end users;theyusuallyset ple,buildingaspectsrelatedto durabilityandrequirements—forenergy. Anotherexample,aspectsrelatedto ensuresdurabilityenergy.Anothercancasebecouldbe thatof a regulatorcasecouldbuildingbe that ofa regulatorthattheandneedsof end-usersrealized;additionally,thethat ensurestherequireneeds ofcan nd-usersenhancementof realized;environmentalaspects thedueregulatorto the and that the economic stability of the building must be maintained. Furthermore, designers areof the buildingmustwithbe maintained.Furthermore,designersfocused involveon dealingwith performancefocusedon the designprocess[11]. involve scientific disciplines during the design process [11].Building dsarearetwotworelatedmatters.Gopikrishnanand PaulPauldivided[13] dividedthe user/occupantrequirementsto buildingsintothree thesefactors:are[13]the user/occupantrequirementsrelatedrelatedto buildingsinto threefactors:arethesephysicalphysical performanceto atedtotohealthyhealthyperformancerelated relatedto atedoccupants and financialcapitalcostsor [4] discussedthis furtherby addingperformanceand processTherefore,andÇelebi[4] discussedthis furtherby socialaddingsocial performanceandperformance.process performance.by setting thegoals tothebegoalsachievedthe beginningthe design,thedesign,step willTherefore,by settingto beatachievedat the ofbeginningof thethefocusstep thewilldesigner’sfocus theefforts on aspectsIn Figure 2, 14Inperformancefactorsare categorizeddesigner’sefforts ofonimprovingaspects ofperformance.improving performance.Figure 2, 14performancefactors intoareperformanceintocriteriabased on sedon literature studies.Concepts ofof variables
Keywords: performance-based building design; PBBD; high-rise residential 1. Introduction 1.1. Background Buildings are complex systems and are designed to meet certain criteria. However, in the complicated design process, the design often does not achieve integrated results [1], and problems arise in the implementation of construction projects [2].
BUILDING CODE Structure B1 BUILDING CODE B1 BUILDING CODE Durability B2 BUILDING CODE Access routes D1 BUILDING CODE External moisture E2 BUILDING CODE Hazardous building F2 materials BUILDING CODE Safety from F4 falling Contents 1.0 Scope and Definitions 3 2.0 Guidance and the Building Code 6 3.0 Design Criteria 8 4.0 Materials 32 – Glass 32 .
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Incorporates performance analysis, such as safety and valuations (“bang for the buck”) Based on fundamentally understanding design controls and then establishing the corresponding design values Best supported by performance-based analysis Emphasized as Performance Based Practical Design (PBPD)
COVER_Nationa Building Code Feb2020.indd 1 2020-02-27 2:27 PM. Prince Edward Island Building Codes Act and Regulations 1 . Inspection - means an inspection by a building official of an ongoing building construction, building system, or the material used in the building's construction, or an existing or completed building, in order .
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