Hinduism And Buddhism - 6th Grade Social Studies

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Hinduism andBuddhismHistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.5 Studentsanalyze the geographic,political, economic,religious, and socialstructures of the earlycivilizations of India.Looking Back, Looking AheadContent VocabularyMuch of Indian civilization isbased on Aryan ideas and culture,which you learned about in the lastsection. One of the most importantand long-lasting contributions of theAryans is the main religion of India,Hinduism.Hinduism (HIHN doo IH zuhm)Brahman (BRAH muhn)reincarnationFocusing on the Hinduism grew out of the ancientbeliefs of the Aryans. (page 247) A new religion, Buddhism, appealedto many people in India and otherparts of Asia. (page 249)Locating PlacesNepal (nuh PAWL)Tibet (tuh BEHT)Meeting PeopleSiddhartha Gautama (sih DAHR tuh GOW tuh muh)Dalai Lama (DAH LY LAH muh)(REE ihn kahr NAY shuhn)dharma (DAHR muh)karma (KAHR muh)Buddhism (BOO DIH zuhm)nirvana (nihr VAH nuh)theocracy (thee AH kruh see)Academic Vocabularyaffect (uh FEHKT)require (rih KWYR)area (AR ee uh)aware (uh WAR)Reading StrategySummarizing Information Createa web diagram like the one below. Inthe ovals, identify major beliefs ofHinduism.Hinduism1500 B.C.800 B.C.100 B.C.NEPALGan ges R.SRILANKA246CHAPTER 4 Early Indiac. 1500 B.C.c. 563 B.C.c. 200 B.C.Aryans bring earlyHindu ideas to IndiaThe Buddhais born inNepalTheravada Buddhismspreads to Sri Lanka

WH6.5.3 Explain the major beliefs and practices of Brahmanism in India and how they evolved into early Hinduism.HinduismHinduism grew out of the ancientbeliefs of the Aryans.Reading Connection Have you ever wondered whymost people try to behave properly or do good deeds?As you read this section, find out how a Hindu wouldanswer this question.Hinduism (HIHN doo IH zuhm) is one ofthe oldest religions in the world, and today itis the third largest. The basic principles ofwhat is known today as Hinduism werealready formulated by 1500 B.C. They are tobe found in the four Vedas. The Aryansbelieved in many deities who controlled theforces of nature and governed society. Weknow about Aryan religion from their sacredhymns and poetry, especially their epics, orlong poems.For centuries, the priests, or Brahmins,recited these works, and much later theywere written down in Sanskrit. Over thecenturies, Aryan religion changed. It borrowed some religious ideas from the peoplethe Aryans conquered in India. This mix ofbeliefs eventually became Hinduism.Early HinduismHinduism grew out of thereligious customs of many people overthousands of years. This might explain whyHinduism has thousands of deities. Hindustend to think of all deities as different partsof one universal spirit. This universal spiritis called Brahman (BRAH muhn). In its earliest forms, the worship of this spirit is sometimes called Brahmanism.The search for a universal spirit isdescribed in the ancient sacred texts knownas the Upanishads (oo PAH nih SHADZ).Those writings say that every living beinghas a soul that wants to be reunited withBrahman and that this happens when a person dies.The Upanishads describe how a personunites with Brahman: A soul that becomesone with Brahman is like a lump of saltthrown into water. The lump of salt is gone,but the water tastes salty. The salt hasbecome part of the water.Hindu templeFire sacrifice accompanied by readingfrom the Veda. What ancient scripturesdescribe a universal spirit?247(l)Robert Harding Picture Library, (r)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY

Major Hindu DeitiesNameRealmBrahmacreator of the worldVishnupreserver of the worldSivadestroyer of the worldGaneshalord of existing beings; remover of obstaclesKrishnateacher of the worldLakshmideity of light, beauty, good fortune, and wealthSaraswatideity of knowledge, music, and creative artsParvatiuniversal motherSuryadeity of the sunGaneshaWhat Is Karma?Hindus believe that asoul is not joined to the Brahman immediately after a person dies. Instead, a personmust pass through many lives to be unitedwith Brahman. On its journey, a soul mightbe reborn into a higher caste. If an individual lived a bad life, he or she might bereborn into a lower caste or life-form.This idea of passing through many livesto reach the Brahman is called reincarnation(REE ihn kahr NAY shuhn). It is very important in Hinduism and it influences howHindus live their daily lives. It even affectshow they treat animals because they consider all life sacred.To earn the reward of a better life in theirnext life, Hindus believe they must performtheir duty. Dharma (DAHR muh) is thedivine law. It requires people to performthe duties of their caste. A farmer has different duties than a priest and men have different duties than women.248CHAPTER 4 Early India(t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, (b)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NYSivaBrahma, Vishnu, and Siva are considered to bethe three main Hindu deities.1. Which deity is known as the “teacher of theworld”?2. Conclude Why does Hinduism have somany deities?The consequences of how a person livesare known as karma (KAHR muh). Hindusbelieve that if they do their duty and live agood life, they will have good karma. Thisgood karma moves them closer to theBrahman in their next life.How did the belief in reincarnationaffect Indians? For one thing, it made themmore accepting of the caste system. Peoplebelieved they had to be happy with their rolein life and do the work of their caste.A dedicated Hindu believes that the people in a higher caste are superior and thatthey are supposed to be on top. The belief inreincarnation gave hope to everyone, evenservants. If servants did their duty, theymight be reborn into a higher caste in theirnext life.Explain How did the beliefsof the Aryans influence Hinduism?

WH6.5.5 Know the life and moral teachings of the Buddha and how Buddhism spread in India, Ceylon, and Central Asia.BuddhismA new religion, Buddhism, appealed tomany people in India and other parts of Asia.Reading Connection What do you think makes a person free and happy? Find out how the Buddha answeredthis important question as you read this section.By 600 B.C., many Indians began to question Hindu ideas. The Brahmin priestsseemed to focus only on their temple ceremonies and not on the needs of the people.Ordinary Hindus wanted a simpler, morespiritual religion. Many would find whatthey needed in Buddhism (BOO DIH zuhm),a new religion founded by SiddharthaGautama (sih DAHR tuh GOW tuh muh).Who Is the Buddha?Prince SiddharthaGautama was born around 563 B.C. in asmall kingdom near the Himalaya. Today,this area is in southern Nepal (nuh PAWL).Siddhartha seemed to have it all. He waswealthy and handsome, happily married,and had a fine new son. Then one day hedecided to explore the kingdom beyond thepalace walls. As he traveled, he became veryupset. He saw beggars, people who were ill,and people broken down by age with nohome and nowhere to go. For the first time,he was truly aware of suffering.Then and there, Siddhartha decided toseek an answer to this great riddle: Why didpeople suffer and how could their sufferingbe cured? He left his family and riches andbegan his search. At first he lived like a hermit, fasting and sleeping on the hardground. Siddhartha nearly starved, but hestill had no answer to his questions.Then he decided to meditate for as longas it took to get the answer. Legend tells usthat Siddhartha sat under a tree to meditate,and after 49 days, he finally understood. Itwas as if he had seen a great light.This shrine in northern India marks the locationwhere it is believed the Buddha delivered hisfirst sermon. With what groups of Indians didthe Buddha’s message become popular?Siddhartha spent the rest of his life wandering the countryside and telling peoplewhat he had discovered. His lessons aboutlife and the nature of suffering becameknown as Buddhism. To his followers, hebecame known as the Buddha, or“Enlightened One.”What Is Buddhism?To understand theBuddha’s ideas, one first has to see the worldas he did. Like any good Hindu, Siddharthadid not think that the normal, everydayworld was real. Trees, houses, animals, thesky, and the oceans were just illusions. Sowere poverty, sickness, pain, and sorrow.Siddhartha believed that the only wayto find the truth about the world was togive up all desires. By giving up the desirefor fame, the desire for money, and thedesire for all worldly things, pain and sorrow would vanish.If a person gave up all desires, he orshe would reach nirvana (nihr VAH nuh).Nirvana is not a place but a state of wisdom.The word nirvana came from the Sanskritword for blowing out a candle flame.CHAPTER 4 Early India249Rajesh Bedi/National Geographic Image Collection

1. Know and understand the Four NobleMorality in theEightfold PathThis passage describes the way a personshould act according to the Eightfold Path.“He avoids the killing ofliving beings. . . . Heavoids stealing, andabstains from [avoids]taking what is not givento him. Only what isgiven to him he takes,waiting till it is given;and he lives with aheart honest and pure. . . .He avoids lying. . . . Hespeaks the truth, isdevoted to the truth,reliable, worthy ofconfidence, nodeceiver of men.”The Buddha—The Word of theBuddha,Nyanatiloka, trans.According to the passage, what is thecorrect way to accept something?Truths.2. Give up worldly things and don’t harmothers.3. Tell the truth, don’t gossip, and don’tspeak badly of others.4. Don’t commit evil acts, like killing, stealing, or living an unclean life.5. Do rewarding work.6. Work for good and oppose evil.7. Make sure your mind keeps your sensesunder control.8. Practice meditation as a way of understanding reality.One reason the principles of Buddhismbecame popular was that the Buddha did notaccept the caste system. A person’s place inlife depended on the person, he thought. TheBuddha did believe in reincarnation, butwith a difference. If people wanted to stopbeing reborn into new lives, the Buddha said,they would only have to follow his EightfoldPath.Many people liked the Buddha’s message, especially Untouchables and low-casteIndians. For the first time, these groups heardthat they, too, could reach enlightenment.Buddhism in Southeast AsiaThe heart of the Buddha’s teachings iscontained in the Four Noble Truths. TheFour Noble Truths are:1. Life is full of suffering.2. People suffer because they desire worldlythings and self-satisfaction.3. The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things.4. The only way to stop desiring things is tofollow the Eightfold Path.The Buddha’s fourth truth says peopleshould follow eight steps to eliminate suffering. These eight steps, known as theBuddha’s Eightfold Path, are:250Borromeo/Art Resource, NYCHAPTER 4 Early IndiaFor more than40 years, the Buddha preached his ideas.Disciples gathered around him, and after hisdeath, they spread his message all over Asia.As more and more people practicedBuddhism, disagreements arose about theBuddha’s ideas. Finally, Buddhists split intotwo groups. The first was TheravadaBuddhism. Theravada means “teachings ofthe elders.” It sees the Buddha as a greatteacher, not a god.Buddhist teachers and merchants spreadthe ideas of Theravada to the south and to theeast. It was adopted in Ceylon in the200s B.C. Ceylon, an island located near thesouthern tip of India, is now called Sri Lanka.

6.4.6. Compare and contrast life in AthensWH6.5.5Knowthe life andmoralrules inandSparta, withemphasison theirteachingsthePeloponnesianBuddha and howBuddhismthePersianofandWars.spread in India, Ceylon, and Central Asia.THE BUDDHAC.The Buddha563–483 B.C.Siddhartha Gautama—the thinker and teacher whowould later be called the Buddha—was born in what isnow Nepal. According to legend, his mother had a dreamshortly before his birth that was interpreted to meanthat her son would become a great leader.The Gautama family belonged to the warrior caste.Siddhartha’s father, Suddhodana, ruled a group calledthe Shakyas. His mother, Maya, died shortly after hisbirth.Siddhartha was very intelligent. According tolegend, the young man knew 64 languages andmastered all his studies without needing instruction.At age 29,Siddhartha realizedthat he wanted to search fortruth, enlightenment, and away to rise above suffering. Heleft his wife, Yasodhara, andson, Rahula, to study withpriests.At age 35, Siddhartha issaid to have reached fullenlightenment while sittingbeneath a tree. The Buddhabegan traveling to teach othersabout his discoveries and aboutthe nature of life and suffering.Sculpture of theBuddha sittingon a cobra“Our life is shaped byour mind; we becomewhat we think.”—The BuddhaWhat types of present-day occupations ofteninvolve traveling to teach others? Why is thistype of teaching easier today than in ancienttimes?251(l)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (r)Christie’s Images, London/Bridgeman Art Library/SuperStock

Theravada Buddhismalso became popular inMyanmar, Thailand,Cambodia, and Laos.Mahayana BuddhismThe second kind ofBuddhism is calledMahayana Buddhism.It teaches that theBuddha is a god whoA Tibetan monkcame to save people.todayMahayana Buddhistsbelieve that following the Eightfold Path istoo hard for most people in this world. Theybelieve that by worshiping the Buddhainstead, people will go to a heaven after theydie. There, they can follow the Eightfold Pathand reach nirvana.Mahayana Buddhists also have specialaffection for the bodhisattvas (BOH dih SUHT vuhz). Bodhisattvas are the enlightened people who postpone going to heaven.Instead, bodhisattvas have decided to stayon Earth to help others and do good deeds.Mahayana Buddhism spread northwardinto China and from there to Korea andJapan. A special kind of Mahayana Buddhismdeveloped in central Asia in the country ofTibet (tuh BEHT). There it mixed with Tibet’straditional religion and with Hinduism.In Tibet, the Buddhist leaders, calledlamas, also led the government. When religious leaders head a government, it iscalled a theocracy (thee AH kruh see). TheDalai Lama (DAH LY LAH muh) was thelama who headed the government, and thePanchen Lama was the lama who led thereligion. Both were considered reincarnations of the Buddha.Today, many Buddhists live in countrieslike Thailand, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka,but few live in India where the Buddhafirst preached.252Sheldan Collins/CORBISCHAPTER 4 Early IndiaWhat Is Jainism? While Buddhism did notlast in India, another religion that challenged Hindu beliefs has survived. This religion is called Jainism. Followers of Jainismbelieve that there were 24 saints who taughtJainism to the world. The last and greatestwas named Mahavira. Jains believe thatMahavira is the 24th Tirthamkara(pathfinder) who like his predecessorsretold how to achieve spiritual liberation.Mahavira lived at about the same timeas the Buddha. Like the Buddha, Mahavirawas also born in northern India to a noblefamily. He, too, gave up his wealthylifestyle and traveled throughout the country. After many years he became enlightened and began to teach Jainism.Jainism rejected the caste system ofHinduism. Mahavira’s followers stress theidea of ahimsa, or nonviolence to all livingthings. Because all life is sacred, the Jains, asMahavira’s followers came to be called,tried to avoid harming any other livingcreature. They would even use brooms tosweep aside insects so that they would notstep on them. Jains refused to farm for fearof plowing under living things.Jains believe in living a very strict life.By living this way and practicing ahimsa,Jains hope to achieve nirvana. They alsopractice tolerance toward all other religions.Ahimsa’s Impact TodayThe concept ofahimsa has had an important influence inmodern times. Mohandas Gandhi, anIndian political and spiritual leader in the1900s, used ahimsa very effectively. Indiahad been under British control since themiddle of the 1700s. Gandhi and his followers led peaceful protests to gain Britishattention. He practiced passive nonviolentresistance by peacefully disobeying the law.By using nonviolence, he hoped to shamethe British into discussing the situation in

India. His efforts eventually helped Indiagain its independence.Occasionally political leaders in theUnited States have adopted Gandhi’s beliefin ahimsa and used nonviolent protest tobring about change. Perhaps the mostfamous example of this was Martin LutherKing, Jr., who led civil rights protests in the1950s and 1960s. During this period in U.S.history, many African Americans did nothave the same opportunities as other people. There were also laws in parts of theUnited States that kept African Americansand white Americans segregated, or separate, from each other.Martin Luther King, Jr., learned and followed many concepts taught by Gandhi.King believed that living by the principlesof ahimsa and practicing passive resistancewould be more effective than violence ingaining rights for African Americans. LikeGandhi (left) andMartin Luther King, Jr.,(below) both believedin nonviolent protest.Gandhi, King was able to bring about greatchange in his country.Describe How didBuddhism spread throughout Asia?Study Central Need help understandingHinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.Reading SummaryWhat Did You Learn?1. What are the Upanishads?Review the2. What is reincarnation? Hinduism is an old religion withCritical Thinking3. Compare and Contrastmany deities. Hindus believe inreincarnation and that a person’splace in life is determined by hisor her karma. In the 500s B.C., SiddharthaGautama founded the religionof Buddhism in northern India.According to Buddhism, a personwho follows the Four NobleTruths and the Eightfold Pathcan achieve nirvana.Draw a chart like the onebelow. Then add details tocompare the two mainbranches of Buddhism.CA 6RC2.4Branches of BuddhismTheravadaMahayanaBuddhismBuddhism4. Analyze How has ahimsainfluenced people today?CA HI2.5. Explain What is the importance of the Four Noble Truthsand the Eightfold Path?CA HR4.6.How did thebelief in reincarnationstrengthen the caste systemand provide hope for the lowerclasses? CA HI3.7. Narrative Writing Write ashort story describingSiddhartha Gautama’s journeyto enlightenment. CA 6WA2.1CHAPTER 4 Early India253

Selected and edited by Joseph JacobsBefore You ReadThe Scene: The story takes place in India, near a jungle.The Characters: A Brahman man walking through a jungle comes across atiger who is caught in a cage. Later on, the Brahman meets a friendly jackalwho tries to help him.The Plot: A fearsome tiger is trapped in a cage. As a friendly Brahman walksby, the tiger asks him for help.Vocabulary Previewcontrary: exactly oppositedexterously: expertly donefodder: dry food for animalspious: religiousrefuse: garbage or trashvain: having no successwretched: very miserable orunhappyHave you ever tried to dosomething good for someone butit ended up hurting you? In thisstory, a friendly man tries to helpa trapped tiger, only to bethreatened afterward.254

As You ReadThroughout India, tales of right and wrong are told even today.Much like Aesop’s fables, many of these tales have animals asmain characters. A collection of Indian stories called the Jatakascontains many of this type of story. What kinds of lessons aboutright and wrong can this story teach us? Once upon a time, a tiger was caught in a trap. He tried in vain to get out through the bars, androlled and bit with rage and grief when he failed.By chance a poor Brahman came by. “Let me out of this cage, oh pious one!” cried the tiger.1“Nay, my friend,” replied the Brahman mildly, “you would probably eat me if I did.”“Not at all!” swore the tiger with many oaths; “on the contrary, I should be for ever grateful, andserve you as a slave!”Now when the tiger sobbed and sighed and wept and swore, the pious Brahman’s heart softened,and at last he consented to open the door of the cage. Out popped the tiger, and, seizing the

Hinduism Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans. Reading ConnectionHave you ever wondered why most people try to behave properly or do good deeds? As you read this section, find out how a Hindu would answer this question. Hinduism (HIHN doo IH zuhm) is one of the oldest religions in the world, and today it is the third .

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