EFFECTS OF NANOMATERIALS ON POLYMER COMPOSITES - AN .
40 Adv. Mater. Sci. 38M.S.Rev.(2014)Senthil40-54Kumar, N. Mohana Sundara Raju, P.S. Sampath and L.S. JayakumariEFFECTS OF NANOMATERIALS ON POLYMERCOMPOSITES - AN EXPATIATE VIEWM.S. Senthil Kumar1, N. Mohana Sundara Raju2, P.S. Sampath1and L.S. Jayakumari31Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode,TamilNadu, India2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Institute of Technology, Tiruchengode, TamilNadu, India3Department of Rubber and Plastics Technology, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chennai, TamilNadu, IndiaReceived: September 01, 2013Abstract. This paper portrays the various combinations of nanomaterials and matrix materialswhich were used to fabricate the nanocomposite laminates with and without fiber. An in-depthanalysis was made on the various ways of preparing the nano influenced matrix and compositepanels. In addition to this, an effort has been made to afford an outline of the impact of nanofillerswithin the matrix from the results of numerous tests made with the laminated composites.Conjointly, a distinctive estimation has been made to elaborate the material details, processingsteps and also the impact of the inclusion of nanofillers.1. INTRODUCTIONforcement to volume of reinforcement (V) as suggested by McCrum et al. [3].Among varied nanoclays, Montmorillonite (MMT)is a naturally occurring 2:1 phyllosilicate, which hasa similar layered and crystalline structure as talcand mica but a different layer charge as noted byGiese and Van Oss [4]. Recently, the behavior ofnano materials in epoxy adhesive for the aim of enhancing the interfacial properties of composites wasinvestigated. During this state of affairs, nanoparticleswith higher active surface composition will act asstress concentrators and a binding bridge at theinterphase. In addition to this, these nanoparticlesas a new material have been extensively used toimprove the strength, stiffness and toughness ofresin composites [5]. Moreover, the discovery ofNowadays, polymer nanocomposite materials arecoming up with the incorporation of nano fillers likenano clays, nano particles, nano tubes, nano fibers,etc., additionally, this incorporation of nano reinforcements into elastomers, which considerably enhances their mechanical and thermal barrier properties in conjunction with noticeable improvementsin adhesion, rheological and processing behavior.Furthermore, better dispersion of these fillers withinthe matrix provides high performance nano composites and also the properties of the nano scale fillerare significantly higher than those of the base matrix [1-2]. Owing to this fact, a very important parameter for characterizing the effectiveness of reinforcement is the ratio of surface area (A) of reinCorresponding author: M.S. Senthil Kumar, e-mail: sentms@gmail.comm) ( 5TfQ SUTGdeTi7U dUb7 %@dT%
Effects of nanomaterials on polymer composites - an expatiate viewcarbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their subsequent useto fabricate composites exhibiting some of the distinctive CNT related mechanical, thermal and electrical properties superimposed a new and interesting dimension to this area. The likelihood of spinning CNTs into composite products and textilesmade further inroads for the process and applications of CNT containing nanomaterials [6-10]. Paviaand Curtin [11] suggested that the development ofnanofiber and nano/micro hybrid CMCs ought to besteered by an accurate understanding of the underlying toughening/strengthening mechanisms imparted by the nanofibers because these propertiesrely upon several system and material parameters.H dXU QedXbpc [ g UTWU dXUi]Ubnanocomposites could be devised as shown in thefollowing flow chart. From the above facts, an efforthas been made to elaborate the effects of polymerreinforced nano composites.412. NANO COMPOSITES WITHNANOCLAYSTable 1 clearly picturizes several processing stepscarried out by some of the researchers in reinforcing nano clay within the nano composite system.As stated earlier, many of the studies had beenconducted with Montmorillonite, whereas very fewconcentrated on organic rectorite clay and nanomer.Montmorillonite (MMT) is a colloidal layered silicatemineral generally formed by the deposit of volcanicash in lakes. It is a member of the Smectite family,stacks of plate like structures or platelets with octahedral sheet covered by tetrahedral sheets on bothsides like sandwich (Fig. 1) and its basic structureis:MgOAl2 O 2 SiO 2 n H2 O.From Table 1 one could clearly understand thepromising results achieved by researchers in adding nanoclay within the matrix system.3. NANOCOMPOSITES WITHNANOPARTICLESFig. 1. Idealized structure of 2:1 layered silicatesshowing two tetrahedral-site sheets fused to anoctahedral-site sheet. Open circles representhiWU pccXQTUTSYbSUcQbUXiTbhic%HXUWQUbies in the pristine silicates are usually occupied byhydrated alkali metal cations. Reprinted with permission from E. P. Giannelis // Adv. Mater. 8 (1996)1, (c) 1996 Wiley.The rapid advances of chemistry in the developmentof nanoparticles over the recent years have verifiedtremendous improvements in the field. The notionof using nanoparticles as fillers in polymer materials have conveyed the attention of researchers dueto their exclusive mechanical, electrical, optical, andthermal properties [19-24]. Variety of nanoparticlessuch as alumina [25], Micro and nanosized siliconcarbide [26], Silica [27], Zinc [28], calcium carbonate [29], carbon black nanoparticles [30], etc., wereused as fillers to enhance the material propertiesfor polymer nanocomposites. In general,nanoparticle and matrix are mixed together by solvent casting method, melt mixing method and insitu polymerization. Fig. 2 shows the common processing steps of nano particles-polymer composites and Table 2 exemplifies the step-by-step procedure implicated by various researchers to fabricate the nano composite panels.
42M.S. Senthil Kumar, N. Mohana Sundara Raju, P.S. Sampath and L.S. JayakumariTable 1. Various processing steps and inferences made on nanoclays.Ref.[12]Nano ClaySamplesProcessing StepsInferences[13]Nano ClaySamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences[14]Nano ClayLoadingProcessing StepsInferences[15]Nano ClayCloisite 20A and Nanomer I.30P with SILRES BS1701 Silane7 YcYdU) 5o(gd%gd% Q T,gd% BQ ]Ub % Do(gd%gd%and 5 wt.%1. MMT was mixed with silane and ultra sonicated (70 W, 42 KHz) for 3h. 2.The mixture was applied as coating on concrete surface and cured at roomtemperature for 7 days. 3. With and without coating was examined by usingFEM (Finite element method) software.Y@ gUbfYcS cYdi %)DQpc V,gd% Nanomer I.30P was more suitable forcoating.YLower contact angle of droplet (42.6l) of 5 wt.% Nanomer I.30P gave betteradhesion and wettability for coating.YMoisture barrier performance of 5 wt.% Nanomer I.30P was slightly greaterthan neat silane, but 5 wt.% Cloisite 20A was almost twice better than theneat silane.YChloride content was reduced to an average of 92% for neat silane, but itreduced by about 69% for nano composite coatings.MMT nano clay with DDM curing agent and SCA (Silane types: APS, GPS,MPS).1. Na-MMT (Non-treated MMT), 2. as-received (MMT after ion exchange), 3.AP-MMT (APS - treated MMT), 4. GP-MMT (GPS - treated MMT), and 5. MPMMT (MPS - treated MMT).YAll above samples were 5wt.% loading with epoxy.1. SCA was dispersed in a solvent of 90% methanol and 10% distilled water.2. SCA was then hydrolyzed at 4.0 pH for 1 h. 3. MMT was dipped in ahydrolyzed solution for 1h and then dried at 120 lC. 4. Modified MMT wasdispersed in epoxy at 80 lC for 30 min and then ultra sonicated for 30 min. 5.Mixtures were degassed at 50 lC for 2h and subsequently poured into themold. 6. Finally, cured at 120 lC for 2h.YKIC and ILSS improved for all treated MMT/epoxy composites; highest KIC(3.55 MPa m1/2) and ILSS (13.8 MPa) value yield for AP-MMT.YInclusion of SCA improved the interfacial adhesion between MMT and epoxymatrix.Cloisite 30B with EPON 815C epoxy, carbon fiber, ternary ammonium saltand aromaticdiamine curing agent.2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 6 wt.%; with and without reinforcement of fiber.1. 10 grams of epoxy was added with silicate; using a mechanical stirrer thismixture was mixed for 20 min. 2. Additionally two grams of curing agent wasadded with the mixture and then mixed for 5 min. 3. Mixture was then infusedinto carbon fiber by VARIM and allowed through hydraulic press for 4 h at 150lC. 4. Finally, degassed in vacuum for 4 h at 150 lC.YILSS for FRC with 2% loading drop by 11%, but for 4% and 6% loading, adrop by 18% and 14% was evident.YFlexural modulus and flexural strength increased for Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) by 31% and 24%, respectively.YFlexural modulus for silicate nano composites drop by 8% for 2% loading,but increased by 12% and 18%, respectively for 4% and 6% loading.YTg increased to 136 lC for 2% loading, whereas an increase in 131 lC for 4%loading and 130 lC for 6% loading was apparent.Nanomer 1.28E with SC-15 epoxy and carbon fiber.
Effects of nanomaterials on polymer composites - an expatiate viewSamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences[16]Nano ClaySamplesProcessing StepsInferences[17]Nano ClaySamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences[18]Nano ClaySamples /LoadingProcessing Steps43(%6 , 6YQhYQ n ,l )%H , HbYQhYQ n ,l) QT %H- HbYQhYQ n- l)) with1 wt.% and 2 wt.% clay loading.1. The clay was heated up to 100 lC for 2 h in order to remove moisture. 2.Heated clay was mixed with epoxy and magnetically stirred for 4 h at 40-50lC. 3. Clay mixture was then added with hardener and magnetically stirred for5 min. 4. Composite panels were fabricated by VARIM process at room temperature and allowed to post cure at 100 lC for 5 h.YFlexural strength and flexural modulus for 1 wt.% B45 panels were improvedby 11% and 33%, respectively. Similarly for 1 wt.% T45 panels as 6.6% and15.3%, respectively, and for 1 wt.% T60 panels as 20% and 12.4%, respectively.YAbsolute energy and impact energy also improved for 1 wt.% loading than 2wt.%.Organically modified MMT nano clay with DGEBA epoxy, aliphatic amine(triethylenetetramine) hardener and S2 glass fiber.1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%.1. Nano clay was dispersed in acetone and then mixed with hardener. 2.Acetone / nano clay / hardener foaming solution was degassed for 1 h. 3.After that the mixture was mixed with resin. 4. Composite laminates werestacked with vacuum assistance and then cured for 24 h at room temperature.YImpact energy absorption improved by 48% for 20J, 15% for 60J, and 4% for80J.YStiffness increased by 11.63% for 3.5% nano clay loading.Y5% loading showed better damping performance.YNano clay inclusion increased stiffness, impact resistance and fracture toughness.Nanocer nano clay with SC-15 epoxy and carbon fiber.1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 3 wt.% at room temperature curing and thermally postcured samples.1. Epoxy was added with nano clay and then stirred for 30 min in sonicator. 2.Nano clay mixture was heated up to 100 lC for 2 h. 3. Epoxy mixture washeated to 40-50 lC and then cooled down to room temperature. 4. The epoxymixture was added with hardener and then degassed by using vacuum oven.5. Laminates were fabricated by VARIM process.YFlexural strength and modulus enhanced greatly for 2 wt.% loading composites cured at room temperature by about 25% and 14%. Similarly for 2wt.% thermally post cured panels by about 14% and 9%, respectively.YTg improved by 9 lC for 2 wt.% room temperature cured panels and 13 lC forthermally cured panels.YBetter storage modulus and loss modulus attained for 2 wt.% room temperature cured panels by about 14% and 9%. Likewise, for 2 wt.% thermallycured panels improved by 52% and 47%, respectively.RXG7000 and Cloisite 30B nano clay with DGEBA based EC157 epoxy, amine(W131) hardener and glass fiberFL;. o(gd% gd% Q T,gd% gYdXQ TgYdX edc YSQdY%7 YcYdU6o(gd%gd% Q T,gd% gYdXQ TgYdX edc YSQdY%1. Nano clay dispersed in resin through shear mixing at 3500 rpm for 1 h. 2.Ultrasonic mixture was made for 40 min. 3. Next hardener was added withthe mixture and shear mixed for 10 min. 4. During entire process resin wascooled by external path. 5. Degassed by for 30 min and then poured intosilicone mould. 6. Panels were made by VARIM with post cure for 12 h at 60lC.
44M.S. Senthil Kumar, N. Mohana Sundara Raju, P.S. Sampath and L.S. JayakumariYFracture toughness improved by 40% for 1 wt.% Cloisite 30B clay modifiedepoxy.YFatigue property increased by 35% for 1 wt.% Cloisite 30B.InferencesMMT - Montmorillonite, SCA - Silane Coupling Agent, DDM - Diamino diphenyl methane, KIC - Criticalstress intensity factor, APS- -amino propyl triethoxy silane, GPS - - glycidoxy propyl methoxy silane,MPS - ]UdXQSi hi b idbY]UdX hicYQU @GG dUbQ]YQbcXUQbcdbUcc :F7o:YRUbbUYVbSUTS ] cYdUc HWo;QccdbQ cYdY dU] UbQdebU G7 (,U hiS dQYcSiS QYXQdYSQ]YU. 0 Q Tpoly oxylalkylamine 10-30% hardener.Fig. 2. Processing steps of nanoparticle reinforced composite.Table 2. Various processing steps and inferences made on nanoparticles.Ref.[31]Nano ParticlesSamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences[32]Nano ParticlesSilica nano particles with CTBN and CSR rubber particles, DGEBA epoxyand H-100 curing agent.1. Pure, 2. Epoxy 10 wt.% Silica, 3. Epoxy 20 wt.% Silica, 4. Epoxy 10wt.% CTBN, 5. Epoxy 10 wt.% Silica 10 wt.% CTBN, 6. Epoxy 10 wt.%CSR and 7. Epoxy 10 wt.% Silica 10 wt.% CSR.1. Synthesized silica particles were uniformly dispersed in DGEBA resin. 2.Modified epoxy was mixed with curing agent 3. Laminates were prepared byvacuum assisted hand-lay-up process with 14 layers.YFracture toughness improved by 82% for silica nanoparticles added withCSR, but merely 48% for silica nanoparticles added with CTBN.Carbon black nanoparticles with Cloisite 93A nanoclay, DGEBA based YD 114E epoxy and polyetheramine (JEFFAMINA D-230) hardener.
Effects of nanomaterials on polymer composites - an expatiate viewSamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences[33]NanoParticlesSamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences[34]NanoParticlesSamplesProcessing StepsInferences[35]NanoParticlesSamples /LoadingProcessing Steps[36]InferencesNano ParticlesSamples /Loading457QbR RQS[o %,gd% (gd% (%,gd% )gd% )%,gd% QTgd%%7 YcYdU0 5o %,gd% (gd% (%,gd% )gd% )%,gd% QTwt.%.1. Nanoparticles manually mixed with epoxy resin followed by a magneticstirrer for 60 min at 60 lC. 2. 0.15 kg of the mixture was added batch wise tothe three roll mill for high shear mixing. 3. Hardener mixing in vacuum at amagnetic stirrer for 30min. 4. Finally mixture was cured for 2 h at 125 lC.YFracture toughness increased by 18% for 2 wt.% carbon black loading and23% increased for 3 wt.% loading.YFor clay loading, the fracture toughness enhanced by 20% for 0.5 wt.%, andKIC improved by 46% for lesser than 1.5 wt.% and 50% greater than epoxy for3 wt.%.YAt the cryogenic temperature (-150 lC), modulus and strength improved by160% and 90%, correspondingly, for nano particle loading. Similarly, fracturetoughness was 2.3 times higher than the room temperature (25 lC).Silica nanoparticles with DGEBA based LY556 epoxy, methylhexahydrophthalic acid anhydride curing agent and E glass fiber.Bulk epoxy - 1. Neat epoxy and 2. 10 wt.% - modified epoxy. Glass FiberReinforced Polymer (GFRP) - 1. Neat matrix and 2. 10 wt.% - modified matrix.(%FUcY]YhdebUgQc ebUTYdbUUQcUSQdUTcdUU] eTc%)%:YUb] eTcwere placed in a circulating air oven with temperature 100 lC and allowed tocure for 2 h. 3. The temperature was then revised to 150 lC for post curing for10 h.YFatigue strength coefficient (FSC) and Fatigue strength exponent (FSE)increased by 34% and 16%, correspondingly, for 10 wt.%-modified epoxyand fatigue life improved by 3 to 4 times than neat epoxy.YFSC increased by 13% for 10 wt.%-modified matrix GFRP.Fullerene (Carbon 60) nanoparticles with Epichlorohydrin and DGEBA basedDOWDER 331 epoxy and cyclokliphatic polyamine (DOW HY 2954) hardener.0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 3 wt.%.(%:eUbU UgQcTYc cUTYddXUU hibUcYgYdXdXUQYT V ebUUdXQ %)%AYhdebUgQcedbQc YSQdUTdQf YTQWW ]UbQdY %% bTUbd bU] fUdXUsolvent before curing agent, the mixture was stirred by high speed dissolvere TUbfQSee]% %:YQidXU]YhdebUgQc ebUTYd ] eTVbSQcdYW%YFor 3 wt.% loading transverse fiber bundle tension (TFBT) strength improvedby 42%, KIC Y] bfUTRi ( Q TdXUie Wpc] Teec dU cYUcdbU WdXand elongation were increased slightly by 6%.YTensile strength improved by 26% for 2 wt.% loading.YGood interfacial bonding was made between fibers and matrix with 3 wt.%(TFBT specimen) and 2 wt.% (GFRP laminate).TiO2 nanoparticles with graphite flake, Polyetherimide (PEI) resin, and SCF.1. Pure Polyetherimide (PEI), 2. Graphite SCF / PEI, and 3. Nano-Tio2 Graphite SCF / PEI.1. PEI composites with different fillers were achieved by a twin screw extruder. 2. Wear specimen was produced using injection molding machine. 3.Two PEI filled composites were prepared with (i) 5% graphite and 15% SCF,and (ii) 5% graphite, 15% SCF, and 5% TiO2 nanoparticles.YWear rate of PEI was decreased by 800 times more than that of neat matrix.Carbon black nano particles and DWCNT with DGEBA based L135i epoxyand amine (H137i) hardener.7QbR 6QS[o %(gd% Q T % gd%%8K7BH %(gd% Q T % gd%%
46M.S. Senthil Kumar, N. Mohana Sundara Raju, P.S. Sampath and L.S. JayakumariProcessing StepsInferences[37]NanoParticlesSamples /LoadingProcessing StepsInferences1. Nano particles were added within the epoxy resin and then batch wiseshear mixing were performed. 2. The Dwell time of each batch of suspensionrolls was 2 min. 3. Suspension was collected and mixed with hardener for 10min by intense stirring. 5. Curing was made for 24 h at room temperaturefollowed by post curing at 60 lC for 24 h.YILSS improved by 9% and 20% for both 0.3 wt.% loading (Carbon black andDWCNT).Silica nanoparicles with teraglycidyldiamino diphenylmethane (Ag-80) epoxy,DDS curing agent and (Methylacryloxy) propyltrimethoxyl silane (KH-570)coupling agent1. Un-sized composites, 2. Nano-SiO2 modified sizing, and 3. Un-modifiedsizing.1. SiO2 particles were pretreated by the SCA and then added to acetonesolution 2. Then SiO2 particles were added to the epoxy resin. 3. Nano particles / Epoxy mixture was placed in ultrasonic wave for homogeneous dispersion and then the mixture were placed in vacuum oven at 80 lC for 30 min.3. Emulsification was carried out by adding deionizer with acute stirring atambient temperature.YILSS enhanced by 14% and 9% for Nano-SiO2 modified sizing and Unmodified sizing composite panels.YInterfacial adhesion improved through sizing.DDS - diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DWCNT - Double Walled Carbon Nano Tube, SCF - Short Carbon Fiber.4. NANOCOMPOSITES WITHNANOTUBESCNT is considered the most promising source amongthe classes of nanofillers and applied as the modifiers of the traditional polymers in order to add multifunctional properties to the material matrix system[38-45]. CNTs are allotropes of carbon with a fullerenerelated cylindrical nano structure which consist ofgraphene cylinders closed at either end with capscontaining pentagonal rings. Figs. 3a-3c clearly showthe types of CNT. Apart from types, the CNTs canbe categorized as single-walled carbon nano tube(SWNT), double-walled carbon nano tube (DWNT),multi-walled carbon nano tube (MWNT), etc.Recently, many of the studies had been carriedout to focus mainly on the strength and stiffness ofCNT reinforced composites [46,47], whereas onlyfew dealt with the fracture behavior of CNT composite systems [48,49]. Based on the above facts, anoverview of the CNT reinforced composite systemshas been discussed in the subsequent paragraphs.Davis et al. [50], analyzed the mechanical properties of a fiber reinforced epoxy composites usingamine functionalized single wall carbon nano tubes(a-SWCNTs). It was evident from the study that theaverage strength and stiffness increased by 10%and 19%, respectively, for the carbon fiber epoxycomposite laminate reinforced with 0.5 wt.%a-SWCNT. On the other hand, the ave
Effects of nanomaterials on polymer composites - an expatiate view 41 carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their subsequent use to fabricate composites exhibiting some of the dis-tinctive CNT related mechanical, thermal and elec- trical properties superimposed a new and interest-ing dimension to this area. The likelihood of spin-ning CNTs into composite products and textiles made further inroads for .
Polymer Indexing Reference Manual – contains Polymer Indexing Code List, Polymer Indexing Molecular Formula List and Polymer Indexing Chemical Aspects Graphical Definitions. Polymer Indexing System Description – provides a detailed description of the Enhanced Polymer Index. CPI Plasdoc Coding Systems - provides details of the
as reinforcements for polymer composites. This replacement could be again synthetic, petroleum-based polymer but prepared as fibers, micro- or nanofibrils. Of course, this approach is not as advantageous as using natural fibers that are biodegradable and eco-friendly. At the same time, the synthetic polymer-polymer composites seem to be much
liquid (polymer melt) partially crystallised perfect crystal polymer Classification of states for polymer materials: 1. Partially crystalline state 2. Viscoelastic state (polymer melt) 3. Highly elastic state (e.g., rubbers) 4. Glassy state (e.g., organic glasses from poly(styrene), poly(methylmethacrylate), etc.) Polymer solutions.
Baeropol "One-Pack" products are used globally by polymer producers, polymer recyclers, compounders and polymer converters to protect their polymer products from degradation. Baeropol custom formulated blends can contain a variety of additives to protect polymer properties and enhance the polymer processing characteristics for speci c end use applications.
nanomaterials differ remarkably from bulk materials. This difference can be mainly attributed to the quantum confinement effects, unique surface phenomena, and efficient energy and charge transfer over nanoscale distances within nanomaterials. The origin of the color difference in the cup is attributed to the
environmental fate and behaviour of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is the first report from the project “Nanomaterials – Occurrence and effects in the Danish Environment” (“NanoDEN”). NanoDEN was commissioned by the D
Important types of modified polymer systems include polymer composites, poly-mer–polymer blends, and polymeric foams. 1.3.1 Types and Components of Polymer Composites Polymer composites are mixtures of polymers with inorganic or organic additives having certain geometries (fibers, flakes, spheres, particulates). Thus, they consist of
Whether baking, roasting, cook-ing or grilling, you will soon see how many ways your oven can be used. Not only is it ideal for well-loved classics such as pizza, cakes, souffles and gra-tins, but roasts, bread and desserts are cooked to perfection too. Features which professional cooks have long taken for granted are now increasingly available to the keen amateur, for whose creativi-ty the .
