Principles Of Historical Geology - West Virginia University

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Principles of Historical GeologyGeology 331

Principles Principle of SuperpositionPrinciple of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Lateral ContinuityPrinciple of Intrusive RelationshipsPrinciple of Cross-Cutting RelationshipsPrinciple of Fossil Succession – willdiscuss in Biostratigraphy Section

Principle of SuperpositionIn any undeformed sequence ofsedimentary rocks, each bed isyounger than the one below it andolder than the one above it.This is the basis of relative agesof all strata and their containedfossils.

The Grand Canyon in Arizona

Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyonin Arizonayoungerolder

Original Horizontality - Sediments usuallyform flat-lying deposits on the earth’s surface.

Original Horizontality - Sedimentaryrocks are horizontal because theoriginal sediments were horizontal.

Original Horizontality – These layers wereonce horizontal. Why are they now tilted?

Principle of Original LateralContinuity Strata originally extended in alldirections until they thinned to zeroat their edges of deposition. Thus, matching strata on oppositesides of a valley can be correlated. This principle is used to trace coalseams from one mountain to thenext in West Virginia.

Original Lateral Continuity

Original Lateral Continuity

Coal Seams in WV on adjacent mountain tops

Principle of IntrusiveRelationships Invading igneous rock is alwaysyounger than the rock it intrudes. This is an indicator of relative ages.

Different types of intrusive igneous bodies

Igneous dikes in black, granite in pink

Can you interpret the sequence ofgeologic events using cross-cuttingrelationships and superposition?5134221

What is the sequence of events?43221

What is the sequence of events?

What is the sequence of events?B (sed. layers), C, E, D, A

The Meaning ofUnconformities

Unconformities Unconformities represent majorgaps of time. They are the result of periods oferosion or non-deposition. They help us to understand thegreat age of the earth.

Layeredsedimentaryrocks(a)8 9NonconformityMetamorphicrockIgneousintrusive lder, 90 million years old)Trilobite(490 million years old)

Angular Unconformity Recognized by tilted or deformedsedimentary rocks below flat-lyingsedimentary rocks.

Disconformity The unconformity is an erosionsurface within a sequence of flatlying sedimentary rocks.

Nonconformity Recognized by sedimentary rocksresting on an eroded surface ofigneous or metamorphic rocks.

Crystalline Rocks

James Hutton, 18th Century founder of Geology

Siccar Point, Scotland, where Huttondiscovered the meaning of unconformities.

Siccar Point, Scotland, where Huttondiscovered the meaning of unconformities.Upper Devonian, 380 MaLower Silurian, 440 Ma

Siccar Point, Scotland, June 2004

Angular Unconformity in the GrandCanyon between Proterozoic andCambrian Rocks500 Ma1,200 Ma

Nonconformity between schist andsandstone in the Grand CanyonSs.500MaSchist1,700Ma

Disconformity within Pennsylvanian agerocks, West Virginia. The disconformityshows an older topography.

Several disconformities withinPennsylvanian age rocks along Rt. 19,West Virginia.

Paraconformity Para means “near”, as innearly conformable An unconformity with noobvious erosion surface. There is a distinct gap inthe fossil record.

Application of the Principles of HistoricalGeology. Examples for finding petroleum.

Application of the Principles of HistoricalGeology. Examples for finding petroleum.Superposition and Original HorizontalityOriginal Lateral ContinuityCross-cutting relationshipsSame as A, plus an Angular Unconformity

Application of the Principles of Historical Geology.What is present on the seismic cross section below?Where might you drill for oil and gas deposits?

Application of the Principles of Historical Geology.What is present on the seismic cross section below?Where might you drill for oil and gas deposits?Well

William Smith,the first 19thCenturygeologist tounderstandstratigraphy andmakecorrelations.

William Smith’sGeologic Map ofEngland and Wales

William Smith’s Geologic Map of part of England

Application of the Principles of Historical Geology. Examples for finding petroleum. Superposition and Original Horizontality. Cross-cutting relationships. Original Lateral Continuity Same as A, plus an Angular Unconformity. Application of the Principles of Historical Geology.

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