FLUID MACHINE - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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FLUID MACHINESFLUID MACHINEA fluid machine is a device either forconverting the energy held by a fluid intomechanical energy or vice versa.Fluid machine may be divided into twogroups;1. Positive displacement group* Reciprocating pump, etcPart one : Introduction of Pump1

FLUID MACHINES2. Rotodynamic group* Pelton wheel, etcDepend on energy movement; fluid machinecould be divided into three categories1. Pump2. Turbine3. JackPart one : Introduction of Pump2

FLUID MACHINESPUMPINTRODUCTIONRotodynamic pump is essentially a turbine‘in reverse’; which mean that mechanicalenergy is transferred from the rotor to thefluid.It is classified according to the direction ofthe fluid path through them.1. Radial / centrifugal flowPart one : Introduction of Pump3

FLUID MACHINES2. Axial flow3. Mixed-flow typeIn general usage, the word ‘PUMP’ isapplied to a machine dealing with a liquid.A machine in which the working fluid is agas is more usually termed as fan, blower orcompressor.Part one : Introduction of Pump4

FLUID MACHINESHEAD OF PUMPPart one : Introduction of Pump5

FLUID MACHINESCENTRIFUGAL PUMPThis type of pumps is the converse of theradial-flow (Francis) turbine. Whereas the flowin the turbine in inwards, the flow in the pumpsis outwards.The rotor (impeller) rotates inside a spiralcasing. The inlet pipe is axial, and fluid entersthe ‘eye’, that is the center of the impeller withlittle, if any, whirl component of velocity.Part two : Centrifugal Pump1

FLUID MACHINESFrom there it flows outwards in the directionof the blades, and having received energy fromthe impeller, is discharged with increasedpressure and velocity into the casing.It then has a considerable tangential (whirl)component of velocity which is normally muchgreater than that required in the discharge pipe.The kinetic energy of the fluid leaving theimpeller is largely dissipated in shock lossesunless arrangements are made to reduce thevelocity gradually.Part two : Centrifugal Pump2

FLUID MACHINESVelocity triangleInlet ;Tangential velocity of impellerU1 ωr1Absolute velocity vector atα1to tangentV1Relative velocity to impeller bladesVr1 V1 U1Components velocity ofV1Vw1 : whirl velocityV f 1 : radial flow velocityInlet blade angleβ1Part two : Centrifugal Pump3

FLUID MACHINESOutlet ;Tangential velocity of impellerU 2 ωr2Absolute velocity vector atα2to tangentV2Relative velocity to impeller bladesVr 2 V2 U 2Components velocity ofV2Vw 2 : whirl velocityV f 2 : radial flow velocityInlet blade angleβ2Part two : Centrifugal Pump4

FLUID MACHINESVelocity triangle for centrifugal pump:Part two : Centrifugal Pump5

FLUID MACHINESCalculation is done base on “Euler’s ies the problem very considerably bymaking the following assumptions:1. The blades are infinitely thin and thepressure difference across them is replacedby imaginary body forces acting on the fluidand producing torque.2. The number of blades in infinitely large. v 0Thus, θ3. No variation of velocity in the meridionalplane (z-axis). Thus,In reality,v f ( r ,θ , z )Part two : Centrifugal Pump6

FLUID MACHINESTorque Rate of change of angular momentumAngular momentum (Mass) x (Tangentialvelocity) x (Radius)Specific energy,Y gE Pm&(unit : J/kg)Euler’s Head ;1H E (vw 2 u2 vw1 u1 )gPart two : Centrifugal Pump(unit : m)7

FLUID MACHINESRelation of u2, vw2 and HE1H E (v2u2 cosα 2 v1u1 cosα1 )gα1 90oÎv w1 0 and v1 v fvw 2 u 2HE gPart two : Centrifugal Pump8

FLUID MACHINESrelation of β2 and HEfrom ;HE vw 2 u 21 C1 C2Q gtan β 2Euler’s head is depends on the value ofPart two : Centrifugal Pumpβ29

FLUID MACHINESvelocity triangle and the position of bladesBlade condition withβ 2 90o has the highestEuler’s head value.Part two : Centrifugal Pump10

FLUID MACHINESRelation ofβ2andH E with Bernoulliequation.Euler’s head :2VH E H P HV H P w 22gReaction degree of pump 2Vf 2 HEVw 21 1 1 HP2 gH E 2 U 2 tan β 2 Part two : Centrifugal Pump11

FLUID MACHINESLOSSES IN PUMP3 major types of losses1. Losses of hydraulic powera. Circulatory flowb. Frictionc. Shocking in impeller2. Loss of volume3. Loss of mechanical energyPart three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump1

FLUID MACHINESa. Circulatory FlowSF : Slip Factor′Vw 2H actualSF Vw 2 H ideal H EPart three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump2

FLUID MACHINESb. Friction lossesh f k1 Q 2h f : Friction lossesk1 : ConstantQ : Flow ratec. Shock losseshsh k2 (Q Qo )2k2 : Shock lossesQ : Designed flow rateQo : Actual flow ratePart three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump3

FLUID MACHINESEFFICIENCY OF PUMPOverall Efficiency :ηo ρgQH mPiMechanical Efficiency :η mech ρg (Q Q)( 1g [Vw 2U 2 Vw1U1 ])PiManometric Efficiency :η manogH m Vw 2U 2 Vw1U1Volumetric Efficiency :Qηv Q QPart three : Losses and Efficiency of Pump4

FLUID MACHINESPart four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine6

the fluid path through them. 1. Radial / centrifugal flow Part one : Introduction of Pump 3. FLUID MACHINES 2. Axial flow 3. Mixed-flow type In general usage, the word ‘PUMP’ is applied to a machine dealing with a liquid. A machine in which the working fluid is a gas is more usually termed as fan, blower or compressor. Part one : Introduction of Pump 4. FLUID MACHINES HEAD OF PUMP Part one .

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