Computer Networking And Internet Protocols: A .
Computer Networking and Internet Protocols:A Comprehensive IntroductionOSPFIPTCPGigabit EthernetRSVPMPLS?Raj JainProfessor of Computer Science and EngineeringWashington University in Saint Louisjain@acm.orghttp://www.cse.wustl.edu/ jain/Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain1
OverviewIP: Addressing, forwarding, IPv6, TCP! Ethernet! Quality of Service (QoS): RSVP! Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS)! Route Discovery Protocols : RIP, OSPF, BGP! Wireless networking! Optical networking!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain2
1. Introduction to TCP/IPTCP/IP Reference Model! Internet Protocol (IP)! Forwarding an IP Datagram! IP Datagram Format! IPv6 Enhancements! Domain Name Service! TCP: Key Features! User Datagram Protocol (UDP)!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain3
2. EthernetCarrier Sense Multiple Access with CollisionDetection (CSMA/CD)! IEEE 802 Address Format! Interconnection Devices! Distance-B/W Principle! Gigabit Ethernet! Spanning Tree! 10Gbps Ethernet PHYs! Metro Ethernet Services!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain4
3. Quality of Service (QoS)ATM QoS and Issues! Integrated Services and RSVP! Differentiated Services:Expedited and Assured Forwarding! Subnet Bandwidth Manager (SBM)! COPS Protocol for Policy! IEEE 802.1D Model!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain5
4. MPLSRouting vs Switching! Label Stacks! Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)! RSVP Extensions! Traffic Engineering! Traffic Trunks! Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF and IS-IS!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain6
5. Routing ProtocolsBuilding Routing Tables! Routing Information Protocol Version 1 (RIP V1)! RIP V2! OSPF! BGP and IDRP.!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain7
6. Wireless NetworksRecent advances in wireless PHY! WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access! Cellular Telephony Generations! WiMAX vs LTE! 4G: IMT-Advanced! 700 MHz!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain8
7. Optical NetworksRecent DWDM Records! OEO vs OOO Switches! More Wavelengths! Ultra-Long Haul Transmission! Passive Optical Networks! IP over DWDM: MPλS, GMPLS! Free Space Optical Comm! Optical Packet Switching!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain9
Day 1: Schedule (Tentative)10:00-10:15! 10:15-11:30! 11:30-11:45! 11:45-1:15! 1:15-2:00! 2:00-3:15! 3:15-3:30! 3:30-5:00!Course IntroductionInternet Protocol (IP), IPv6Coffee BreakDNS, TCPLunch BreakMetro EthernetCoffee BreakQuality of ServiceWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain10
Day 2: Schedule (Tentative)10:00-11:00! 11:00-11:15! 11:15-12:15! 12:15-1:00! 1:00-2:15! 2:15-2:30! 2:30-4:00!MPLS, MPLS-TECoffee BreakRouting ProtocolsLunch BreakWireless NetworkingCoffee BreakOptical NetworkingWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain11
Pre-TestCheck if you know the difference between:" Private addresses and public addresses" Class C vs Class A addresses" Extension header vs base header" Distance vector vs link state routing" Inter-domain vs intra-domain routing" Universal vs multicast bit" Spanning tree vs IS-IS" UBR vs ABR" DiffServ vs IntServ" RSVP vs LDP" CDMA vs OFDMA" OOO vs OEO optical switching" MPLS vs GMPLS" Routing vs switchingWashington University in St. Louis!12 2008 Raj Jain
Pre-Test (Cont)If you checked more than 7 items,you may not gain much from this course.! If you checked only a few or none, don’t worry. Thiscourse will cover all this and much more.!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain13
DisclaimersThis course covers a lot of topics! These topics are normally taught in 3 quarter-courses! Fundamental and basics will be covered! You will need to read RFC’s for detailed info! This course has been designed specifically for you.Please feel free to ask questions, make comments,agree or disagree.! More discussion More relevant topics!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain14
Student Questionnaire!!Name (Optional):Computer networking courses taken:!Telecom Networking background:!What do you want covered in this course:Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain15
Introduction toTCP/IPRaj JainProfessor of Computer Science and EngineeringWashington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USAjain@acm.orghttp://www.cse.wustl.edu/ jain/Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain16
Overview1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.TCP/IP Reference ModelInternet Protocol (IP)Forwarding an IP DatagramIP Datagram FormatIPv6 EnhancementsDomain Name ServiceTCP: Key FeaturesUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain17
TCP/IP Reference ModelTCP Transport Control Protocol! IP Internet Protocol (Routing)!TCP/IP Ref ModelApplicationTransportTCP/IP ProtocolsFTPTelnet HTTPTCPUDPOSI Ref etworkIPNetworkHost toNetworkEther Packet Point-tonet Radio PointDatalinkWashington University in St. LouisPhysical 2008 Raj Jain18
Layered Packet Format!Nth layer control info ispassed as N-1th layerdata.FTPFTP DataHeaderTCPHeaderTCP DataIPHeaderEthernetHeaderIP DataEthernet DataWashington University in St. LouisEthernetTrailer 2008 Raj Jain19
Internetworking!Inter-network NetworkNetworkCollection of networksConnected via routersRouterRouterWashington University in St. LouisNetworkNetwork 2008 Raj Jain20
Internet Collection of Networks!Any computer can talk to any other computerNet 2Net 3Net 1Net 4Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain21
Internet Protocol (IP)Layer 3 protocol that forwards datagrams acrossinternet! Uses routing tables prepared by routing protocols,e.g., Open Shortest Path First (OSPF),Routing Information Protocol (RIP)! Connectionless servicevs connection-oriented (circuits)!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain22
IP Address!Class A:(1 3 bytes)! ClassB:(2 2 bytes)! ClassC:(3 1 bytes)0 Network17Local24bits10 NetworkLocal21416 bits110NetworkLocal3218 bits1110Host Group (Multicast)428bits! ClassD:! Local Subnet Host (Variable length)RouterWashington University in St. LouisRouterSubnet23 2008 Raj Jain
SubnettingAll hosts on a subnetwork have the same prefix.Position of the prefix is indicated by a “subnet mask”! Example: First 23 bits subnetAddress: 10010100 10101000 00010000 11110001Mask:11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000.AND.10010100 10101000 00010000 00000000!NetworkSubnet 1Subnet 2Washington University in St. LouisSubnet n 2008 Raj Jain24
An Addressing 0.0.1 erRouter192.5.48.3RouterRouter192.5.48192.5.48All hosts on a network have the same network prefixWashington University in St. LouisFig 14.625 2008 Raj Jain
Special IP Addresses!!!!!!All-0 host suffix Network AddressAll-0s This computer(In some old networks: 0.0.0.0 broadcast. Not used.)All-0s network This network.E.g., 0.0.0.2 Host 2 on this networkAll-1 host suffix All hosts on the destination net (directedbroadcast),All-0 host suffix Berkeley directed broadcast addressAll-1s All hosts on this net (limited broadcast) Subnet number cannot be all 1127.*.*.* Looback through IP layerWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain26
Private AddressesAny organization can use these inside their networkCan’t go on the internet. [RFC 1918]! 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)! 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)! 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)!PrivateNetworkNetwork slatorWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain27
Forwarding an IP DatagramDelivers datagrams to destination network (subnet)! Routers maintain a “routing table” of “next hops”! Next Hop field does not appear in the datagram!NetNet 11R1R1Table at R2:Washington University in St. LouisNetNet 22R2R2NetNet 33R3R3NetNet 44Destination Next HopNet 1 Forward to R1Net 2 Deliver DirectNet 3 Deliver DirectNet 4 Forward to R3Fig 16.228 2008 Raj Jain
IP Addresses and Routing Table Entries!IF ((Mask[i] & Destination Addr) Destination[i])Forward to .8192.4.0.0192.4.0.0192.4.10.9DestinationMaskNext er direct128.1.0.0255.255.0.0 Deliver direct192.4.10.0 255.255.255.0128.1.0.9Fig 16.3Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain29
Sample Routing TableRouterHostRouter164.107.61.254 164.107.61.210 24.93.104.238 1.210Washington University in St. 64.107.61.210Metric111111111111 2008 Raj Jain30
IP Datagram FormatVers H. Len Service TypeTotal LengthIdentificationFlags Fragment OffsetTime to live ProtocolHeader ChecksumSource IP AddressDestination IP AddressIP Options (May be omitted)PaddingDataWashington University in St. LouisFig 16.431 2008 Raj Jain
IP Header FormatVersion (4 bits)! Internet header length (4 bits): in 32-bit words.Min header is 5 words or 20 bytes.! Type of service (8 bits): Reliability, precedence,delay, and throughput! Total length (16 bits): header data in bytesTotal must be less than 64 kB.! Identifier (16 bits): Helps uniquely identify thedatagram during its life for a given source, destinationaddress!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain32
IP Header (Cont)More flag - used for fragmentationNo-fragmentationReserved! Fragment offset (13 bits): In units of 8 bytes! Time to live (8 bits): Specified in router hops! Protocol (8 bits): Next level protocol to receive thedata! Header checksum (16 bits): 1’s complement sum ofall 16-bit words in the header!Flags (3 bits):Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain33
IP Header (Cont)Source Address (32 bits): Original source.Does not change along the path.! Destination Address (32 bits): Final destination.Does not change along the path.! Options (variable): Security, source route, recordroute, stream id (used for voice) for reservedresources, timestamp recording! Padding (variable):Makes header length a multiple of 4! Data (variable): Data header 65,535 bytes!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain34
Maximum Transmission UnitEach subnet has a maximum frame sizeEthernet: 1518 bytesFDDI: 4500 bytesToken Ring: 2 to 4 kB! Transmission Unit IP datagram (data header)! Each subnet has a maximum IP datagram length: MTU!SSNetNet 11MTU 1500MTU 1500Washington University in St. LouisRRFig 17.335NetNet 22MTU 1000MTU 1000RR 2008 Raj Jain
IPv6 Enhancements1.2.3.4.Expanded address space: 128 bitAddress auto-configuration: Dynamic assignmentIncreased addressing flexibility: Anycast MulticastImproved option mechanism: Extension Headers" Improved speed and simplified router processing5. Support for resource allocation" Replaces type of service" Labeling of packets to particular traffic flowWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain36
Colon-Hex NotationDot-Decimal: 127.23.45.88! Colon-Hex:FEDC:0000:0000:0000:3243:0000:0000:ABCD" Can skip leading zeros of each word" Can skip one sequence of zero words, D" Can leave the last 32 bits in dot-decimal, e.g.,::127.23.45.88" Can specify a prefix by /length, e.g.,2345:BA23:0007::/50!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain37
Local-Use Addresses!Link Local: Not forwarded outside the link, FE:80::xxx10 bits1111 1110 10!!n bits0118-nInterface IDSite Local: Not forwarded outside the site,FE:C0::xxx10 bitsn bits m bits 118-n-m bits1111 1110 11 0Subnet ID Interface IDProvides plug and playWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain38
Extension HeadersBase ExtensionExtensionDataHeader Header 1Header nMost extension headers are examined only at destination1. Hop-by-Hop Options2. Fragmentation: All IPv6 routers can carry 536 Bytepayload3. Routing: Loose or tight source routing4. Destination OptionsWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain39
Extension Header (Cont)#Only Base Header:Base HeaderNext TCP#TCPSegmentOnly Base Header and One Extension Header:Base Header Route HeaderNext Routing Next TCP#TCPSegmentOnly Base Header and Two Extension Headers:Base HeaderNext HopHop Header Routing HeaderNext Routing Next TCPWashington University in St. LouisTCPSegment 2008 Raj Jain40
Domain Name ServiceComputers use addresses! Humans cannot remember IP addresses Need namesExample, Liberia for 164.107.51.28! Simplest Solution: Each computer has a unique nameand has a built in table of name to address translation! Problem: Not scalable! Solution: DNS (Adopted in 1983)! Hierarchical Names: Liberia.cse.wustl.edu!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain41
Name HierarchyUnnamed ncnriWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain42
Name HierarchyUnique domain suffix is assigned by InternetAssigned Number Authority (IANA)! The domain administrator has complete control overthe domain! No limit on number of sub-domains or number oflevels! bdivision.division.company.com! Name space is not related to physical interconnection,e.g., math.wustl and cse.wustl could be on the samefloor or in different cities!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain43
Name eryNameUserResponse Resolver ResponseWashington University in St. rCache44DatabaseDatabase 2008 Raj Jain
Name Resolution (Cont)Each computer has a name resolver routine, e.g.,gethostbyname in UNIX! Each resolver knows the name of a local DNS server! Resolver sends a DNS request to the server! DNS server either gives the answer, forwards therequest to another server, or gives a referral! Referral Next server to whom request should be sent! Servers respond to a full name onlyHowever, humans may specify only a partial nameResolvers may fill in the rest of the suffix, e.g.,Liberia.cis Liberia.cis.wustl.edu!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain45
TCP: Key FeaturesPoint-to-point communication: Two end-points! Connection oriented. Full duplex communication.! Reliable transfer: Data is delivered in orderLost packets are retransmitted.! Stream interface: Continuous sequence of octets!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain46
Transport Control Protocol (TCP)!Key Services:" Send: Please send when convenient" Data stream push: Please send it all now, ifpossible." Urgent data signaling: Destination TCP! pleasegive this urgent data to the user(Urgent data is delivered in sequence. Push at theshould be explicit if needed.)" Note: Push has no effect on delivery.Urgent requests quick deliveryWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain47
TCP Header FormatFTP HTTP SMTPSource Dest Seq Ack DataResvd Control WindowPort Port No No Offset1616 32 3264616CheckUrgent Optionssum1616xPadyWashington University in St. LouisDataSize in bits 2008 Raj Jain48
TCP HeaderSource Port (16 bits): Identifies source user process20 FTP, 23 Telnet, 53 DNS, 80 HTTP, .! Destination Port (16 bits)! Sequence Number (32 bits): Sequence number of thefirst byte in the segment.! Ack number (32 bits): Next byte expected! Data offset (4 bits): # of 32-bit words in the header! Reserved (6 bits)! Window (16 bits): Will accept [Ack] to[Ack] [window]!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain49
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)Connectionless end-to-end service! Unreliable: No flow control.No error recovery (No acks. No retransmissions.)! Used by network management and Audio/Video.! Provides port addressing! Error detection (Checksum) optional.!Source DestCheckLengthDataPortPortsum16161616Size in bitsWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain50
SummaryIP is the forwarding protocol between networks! IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses! IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses! DNS: Maps names to addresses! TCP provides reliable full-duplex connections.! UDP is connectionless and simple. No flow/errorcontrol.!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain51
Raj JainProfessor of Computer Science and EngineeringWashington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USAjain@acm.orghttp://www.cse.wustl.edu/ jain/Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain52
Overview!!!!!!!!CSMA/CDIEEE 802 Address FormatInterconnection DevicesDistance-B/W PrincipleGigabit EthernetSpanning Tree10Gbps Ethernet PHYsMetro Ethernet ServicesWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain53
CSMA/CDAloha at Univ of Hawaii:Transmit whenever you likeWorst case utilization 1/(2e) 18%! Slotted Aloha: Fixed size transmission slotsWorst case utilization 1/e 37%! CSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple AccessListen before you transmit! p-Persistent CSMA: If idle, transmit with probabilityp. Delay by one time unit with probability 1-p! CSMA/CD: CSMA with Collision DetectionListen while transmitting. Stop if you hear someoneelse!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain55
IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CDIf the medium is idle, transmit (1-persistent).If the medium is busy, wait until idle and thentransmit immediately.! If a collision is detected while transmitting," Transmit a jam signal for one slot( 51.2 s 64 byte times)" Wait for a random time and reattempt (up to 16times)" Random time Uniform[0,2min(k,10)-1] slots! Collision detected by monitoring the voltageHigh voltage two or more transmitters CollisionLength of the cable is limited to 2 km!!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain56
Ethernet Standards10BASE5: 10 Mb/s over coaxial cable (ThickWire)! 10BROAD36: 10 Mb/s over broadband cable, 3600 mmax segments! 1BASE5: 1 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP! 10BASE2: 10 Mb/s over thin RG58 coaxial cable(ThinWire), 185 m max segments! 10BASE-T: 10 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP! 10BASE-FL: 10 Mb/s fiber optic point-to-point link! 10BASE-FB: 10 Mb/s fiber optic backbone (betweenrepeaters). Also, known as synchronous Ethernet.!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain57
Ethernet Standards (Cont)10BASE-FP: 10 Mb/s fiber optic passive star segments! 10BASE-F: 10BASE-FL, 10BASE-FB, or 10BASEFP! 100BASE-T4: 100 Mb/s over 4 pairs of CAT-3, 4, 5UTP! 100BASE-TX: 100 Mb/s over 2 pairs of CAT-5 UTPor STP! 100BASE-FX: 100 Mbps CSMA/CD over 2 opticalfiber!Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain58
Ethernet Standards (Cont)100BASE-X: 100BASE-TX or 100BASE-FX! 100BASE-T: 100BASE-T4, 100BASE-TX, or100BASE-FX! 1000BASE-T: 1 Gbps (Gigabit 0BASE-X100BASE-X100BASE-TX100BASE-TXWashington University in St. Louis100BASE-FX100BASE-FX 2008 Raj Jain59
IEEE 802 Address Format!48-bit:1000 0000 : 0000 0001 : 0100 0011: 0000 0000 : 1000 0000 : 0000 1100 80:01:43:00:80:0COrganizationally UniqueIdentifier (OUI)Individual/ Universal/GroupLocal112224 bits assigned byOUI Owner24! Multicast “To all bridges on this LAN”! Broadcast “To all stations” 111111.111 FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FFWashington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain60
Ethernet vs IEEE 802.3IPIPXEthernetIPIPXLogical Link Control (LLC)Media Access Control (MAC)In 802.3, datalink was divided into two sublayers:LLC and MAC! LLC provides protocol multiplexing. MAC does not.! MAC does not nee
12 Washington University in St. Louis 2008 Raj Jain Pre-Test! Check if you know the difference between: " Private addresses and public addresses " Class C vs Class A addresses " Extension header vs base header " Distance vector vs link state routing " Inter-domain vs intra-domain routing " Universal vs multicast bit " Spanning tree vs IS-IS " UBR vs ABR " DiffServ vs IntServ
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St. Anthony Hospital Protocols Operational Protocols 1 Revised 02/14/2018 SYSTEM PROTOCOLS The "Denver Metro Prehospital Protocols" have been implemented for all levels of EMTs, AEMTs, EMT-Is and Paramedics. Any reference in these protocols to the medical acts
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Network Security Protocols -1 . 147. Network Security Protocols -1. The original concept for the Internet had minimal security. Various protocols have been created over the years to address the notion of security. These protocols have been stacked into the OSI and TCP/IP model dependin
Dell EMC Networking S4148F-ON 2.2 Dell EMC Networking S4248FB-ON The Dell EMC Networking S4248FB-ON is a 1-RU, multilayer switch with forty 10GbE ports, two 40GbE ports, and six 10/25/40/50/100GbE ports. Two S4248FB-ON switches are used as leaf switches in the examples in this guide. Dell EMC Networking S4248FB-ON 2.3 Dell EMC Networking Z9100-ON
of the online social networking community of the Internet. I have listed and briefly annotated a number of resources and sites that will start you on your knowledge discovery for online social networking on the Internet. This Internet MiniGuide on Online Social Networking 2021 is a freely available download at the below Subject
Networking 101 . Agenda Introduction Networking Defined Purpose of Networking Types of Networking Meet & Greets Recap Disney Agenda . Did You Know? Approximately 70 percent of all jobs are found through networking Most people you meet have at least 250 contacts
