The Medieval Tournament: Chivalry, Heraldry And Reality

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The Medieval Tournament:Chivalry, Heraldry and RealityAn Edition and Analysis of ThreeFifteenth-Century TournamentManuscripts2 VolumesRalph Dominic MoffatSubmitted in accordance with the requirementsfor the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyThe University of LeedsInstitute for Medieval StudiesAugust 2010

The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriatecredit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others.2

AcknowledgmentsThe production of this thesis is the culmination of a project conceived by mysupervisors Dr Karen Watts and Prof. Wendy Childs. With the funding of the Arts andHumanities Research Council and the Trustees of the Royal Armouries a collaborativedoctoral studentship was secured. This included on-the-job curatorial training at theRoyal Armouries and academic training at the Institute for Medieval Studies,University of Leeds. Both of these were convivial places to work and I am grateful tothe many friends and colleagues who so generously shared their expertise. Mysupervisors have been a constant source of encouragement and guidance allowingme the freedom to take the project in my own direction.I wish to thank my employer Glasgow Museums and in particular my LineManager Ms Jean Walsh for being so flexible and understanding.I would also like to thank the staff of the various archives and libraries consulted.Especial thanks are due to Profs Peter Ainsworth, Sydney Anglo, Noel Fallows, andRichard Morris, Drs Rosalind Brown-Grant, Tobias Capwell, Meredith Cohen,Elizabeth L’Estrange, William Flynn, Alan Murray, Zsuzsa Papp, Katie Stevenson,Mary Swan, and Messrs Philip Abbott, Stuart Carrington, Stuart Ivinson, Arne Koets,Philip Lankester, Thom Richardson, Graeme Rimer, Robert Woosnam-Savage, andMs Alison Martin.My family have been unfailing in their support: Scott and Caroline, Norah andFrank, and Jennie who has had to put up with me in the final stages. This work isdedicated to them.3

AbstractIn the Royal Armouries collection is a codex comprising three fifteenth-centurymanuscripts in French. The codex is not only unpublished, it has never beentranscribed or translated. The content is a primary source for the study of the medievaltournament as well as many other aspects of the elite culture of late-medievalBurgundy, England, and France. It is composed of fourteen different texts calleditems. This edition comprises a transcription of over 50,000 words of text in threedifferent hands and a translation from the medieval French into English.The commentary is tripartite. The first section is a technical physical description,with an investigation of the palaeography, provenance, and miniatures of the threemanuscripts. The second is a discussion of the origin of the production of the codex. Itwill be postulated that it was produced by heralds for heralds. In the third sectionexplanatory notes are given to the fourteen items to allow a greater understanding ofthe codex. Drawing on similar primary source material, much of it unpublished, aclearer definition of the terminology employed for the various forms of combat isoffered. Often subsumed under the category of ‘the tournament’, the examination ofthe organization and regulation of, and specialized equipment used in, these forms ofcombat reveals a more complicated phenomenon than is often represented in currentstudies.4

Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations. 8Introduction 121. The Manuscripts .14Physical Description .14Provenance 192. Function: The Role of the Herald and the Authorship of the Codex 223. Context: Investigation of the Sections .32Item 1. Philippe Bouton’s Challenge [1 May 1467] (fols 6r-7r) 32Item 2. The Declaration of the Pas d’armes of the Golden Tree [Bruges 1468] (fols 7r10r) 51Item 3. The Statute of Arms Concerning Tourneys [by the Parliament of England1292] (fols 10r-10v) .54Item 4. A Copy of the Chapitres of Certain Feats of Arms both on Foot and onHorseback done by Two Gentlemen of Germany [undated] (fols 10v-11r) 60Item 5. The Tourney between the Lord of Jonvelle and the Lord of Commines [before1430] (fols 11r-12v) .62Item 6. To Cry a Joust [Smithfield 1390] (fols 13r-13v) .64Item 7. Untitled [The Ordinance of Thomas of Lancaster, Caen, 3 September 1408](fols 13v-14r) .72Item 8. Chalons [Feats of Arms at Tours, 5 February 1446/7] (fols 14r17r) . .73Item 9. Untitled [Chapitres of the Bastard of Burgundy as the Knight of an OppressedLady for a Pas d’armes, 25 February 1462] (fols 17r-20v) .81Item 10. Untitled [Sir Philippe de Lalaing’s Pas d’armes of the Perron Phae, Bruges1463] (fols 21r-37v) .82Item 11. Untitled [A Short Description of England and a Genealogy of Chalons and DeBueil by John Anstis, eighteenth century] (fols 38r-38v) .85Item 12. Untitled [Feats of Arms at Tours, 5 February 1446/7] (fols 39r-43v) .85Item 13. Jousts of my lord Antoine Bastard of Burgundy done in England [1467] (fols44r-72v) 92Item 14. Feats of Arms of Sir Jehan de Chassa and Louis de Bretelles [1467] (fols 74r84v) .94Item 15. Nuptials of my lord Charles Duke of Burgundy with Lady Margaret of England5

[Bruges 1468] (fols 86r-121r) 974. Editorial Principles .995. Text of the Codex: Transcription and Translation .103Transcription .103Volume IITranslation .236Conclusion 370Glossary of Arms and Armour Terminology .371Bibliography .383List of IllustrationsFig. 1. Detail of MS 1 (fol. 6r) of the codex .16Fig. 2. Detail of MS 2 (fol. 40v) of the codex .16Fig. 3. Detail of MS 3 (fol. 113r) of the codex .17Fig. 4. Yale UL MS 230, c. 1480 .17Fig. 5. Utrecht UL MS 1114, 1460s .17Fig. 6. Letter of René of Anjou, 1472 .18Fig. 7. Inventory of the Library of the Louvre, 1413 .18Fig. 8. BM Cambrai MS 1114, 1460s .18Fig. 9. Presentation Signature of Richard Champeney on fol. 43v of the codex .19Fig. 10. Signature of Thomas Wriothesley on fol. 38r of the codex 20Fig. 11. Detail of a MS miniature of a jousting scene, English, mid-fifteenthcentury .29Fig. 12. Signatures of the witnesses to a feat of arms, 1448 .30Fig. 13 Detail of a painting of c. 1480 .37Fig. 14 Detail of an armour, c. 1415 .37Fig. 15 Detail of Miniature 2 of the codex 37Fig. 16 Detail of a MS miniature of a foot combat scene, English, mid-fifteenthcentury .41Fig. 17 Detail from a painted doorway, Urbino, 1467 41Fig. 18 Sixteenth-century lance with vamplate .41Fig. 19. Detail from a MS recording of Duke Louis of Orleans’s joustingexpenses .42Fig. 20. Detail from the Beauchamp Pageant, c. 1480 .446

Fig. 21. Coronal for a jousting lance, c. 1500 .45Fig. 22. MS miniature of Philippe Bouton’s coat of arms 50Fig. 23. Detail of a fourteenth-century copy of the statute of arms concerning tourneysof 1292 55Fig. 24. Detail from another fourteenth-century copy of the above .55Fig. 25. Detail from the Petworth House MS copy of the same statute 56Fig. 26. Detail from the copy of the same statute in BL MS Lansdwone 285 .57Fig. 27. Detail from the copy of the statute in the codex 57Fig. 28. Detail as in fig. 23 .57Fig. 29. Detail as in fig. 24 .57Fig. 30. Detail as in fig. 25 . .58Fig. 31. Detail from a list of payments for armour in the reign of Edward III .58Figs 32 to 35. Details as in figs 26 & 27 .59Fig. 36. Detail from an English inventory of 1355 .71Fig. 37. Detail of a miniature from the Sherborne Missal, early-fifteenth century .72Fig. 38 Detail of a Scottish tomb effigy, early-fifteenth century 79Fig. 39. Detail of an armour of c. 1440 .79Fig. 40. MS miniature of an arming scene, English, mid-fifteenth century .80Fig. 41. Miniature 1 (fol. 39r) of the codex .86Fig. 42. Sallet, Brescian, c. 1460 .87Fig. 43. Miniature 2 (fol. 40r) of the codex .88Fig. 44. Miniature 3 (fol. 41r) of the codex .89Figs 45 & 46. Miniatures 4 & 5 (fols 41v & 42r) of the codex 90Figs 47 & 48. Miniatures 6 & 7 (fol. 42r) of the codex 91Fig. 49. Miniature 8 (fol. 43r) of the codex .92Fig. 50. Armet, Milanese, c. 1440 371Fig. 51. Barbute, Brescian, c. 1450 .372Fig. 52. Milanese war armour, c. 1440 3757

List of AbbreviationsADArchives départementalesANArchives nationales, ParisA-NDThe Anglo-Norman Dictionary, ed. by L. W. Stone and W. Rothwell(London: MHRA, 1992), online ednArmouriesThe Royal Armouries: The National Museum of Arms and Armour,Leeds, London, PortsmouthBarber and Barker, TournamentsRichard Barber and Juliet Barker, Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry andPageants in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1986)Barker, TournamentJuliet R. V. Barker, The Tournament in England, 1100-1400 (Woodbridge:Boydell, 1986)BECBibliothèque de l’École des ChartesBeltz, Order of the GarterG. F. Beltz, Memorials of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (London:Pickering, 1841)BLBritish Library, LondonBlair, European & American ArmsClaude Blair, European & American Arms, c. 1100-1850 (London:Batsford, 1962)Blair, European ArmourClaude Blair, European Armour, c. 1066-c. 1700 (London: Batsford, 1958)BMBibliothèque municipaleBnFBibliothèque nationale de France, ParisBrassart, Pas du Perron féeLe Pas du Perron fée, tenu à Bruges, en 1463, par le chevalier Philippede Lalaing, ed. by F. Brassart (Douai: Crépin, 1874)ChastellainŒuvres de Georges Chastellain, ed. by Kervyn de Lettenhove, 8vols (Brussels: Heussner, 1863-66)CIPMCalendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, ed. by J. L. Kirby, 4 vols (London:Eyre, 1898)Clepham, Tournament8

R. C. Clepham, The Tournament: Its Periods and Phases (London:Methuen, 1919)CNRSCentre national de la recherche scientifique, ParisCommynesMémoires / Philippe de Commynes, ed. by J. Blanchard, 2 vols(Geneva: Droz, 2007)CPRCalendar of the Patent Rolls, Henry V and VI, ed. by R. C. Fowler andothers, 4 vols (London: HMSO, 1910-11)CPR, Richard IICalendar of the Patent Rolls, Richard II, no ed., 6 vols (London: HMSO,1895-1909)Cripps-Day, TournamentF. H. Cripps-Day, The History of the Tournament in England and France(London: Quaritch, 1918)CTHSDBFComité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, ParisDictionnaire de biographie française, ed. by J. Balteau, 10 vols (Paris:Letouzey, 1933-2003)D’EscouchyChronique de M. d’Escouchy, ed. by G. Du Fresne de Beaucourt, 3vols (Paris: Renouard, 1863-64)De HayninMémoires de Jean de Haynin, 1465-77, ed. by DieudonnéBrouwers, 2 vols (Liège: Société des Bibliophiles Liégois, 1905-06)DMFATILF/Équipe "Moyen français et français préclassique", 2003-2005,Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (DMF). Base de Lexiques de MoyenFrançais (DMF1), online ednDMLDictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. by R. E. Latham, 10vols (London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1975-)DNBOxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by H. Matthew and B. Harrison(Oxford: University Press, 2004), online ednEHREnglish Historical ReviewExcerpta HistoricaS. Bentley, Excerpta Historica, or, Illustrations of English History (London:Bentley, 1831)Fleckenstein, Turnier9

Das ritterliche Turnier im Mittelalter: Beiträge zu vergleichenden Formenund Verhaltensgeschichte des Rittertums, ed. by J. Fleckenstein(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1986)Foedera Foedera, conventiones, litterae [ ], ed. by T. Rymer, 10 vols (London:Churchill, 1704-35)FroissartThe Online Froissart: A Digital Edition of the Chronicles of Jean Froissart,ed. by P. Ainsworth and others (Sheffield: Hrionline, 2010)Gay, GlossaireVictor Gay, Glossaire archéologique du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance,2 vols (Paris: Société bibliographique, 1887-1928)GMGlasgow MuseumsJMHJournal of Medieval HistoryKeen, ChivalryMaurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984)La MarcheMémoires d’Olivier de La Marche, ed. by H. Beaune and J.d’Arbaumont, 4 vols (Paris: Renouard, 1883-88)Le FèvreChronique de J. le Fèvre, Seigneur de Saint-Remy, ed. by F.Morand, 2 vols (Paris: Renouard, 1876-81)Le JouvencelLe Jouvencel par Jean de Bueil, ed. by Léon Lecestre, 2 vols (Paris:Renouard, 1887-89)Lester, ThesisG. A. Lester, ‘Sir John Paston’s Grete Boke: A Descriptive Index,with an Introduction, of British Library MS Lansdowne 285’(unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 1981)Lester, Paston’s ‘Grete Boke’G. A. Lester, Sir John Paston’s ‘Grete Boke’: A DescriptiveCatalogue, with an Introduction, of British Library MS Lansdowne285 (Cambridge: Brewer, 1984)LMAMEDLondon Metropolitan ArchivesMiddle English Dictionary, ed. by F. McSparran, 10 vols (Ann Arbor:Michigan University Press, 1952-) online ednMHRAMolinetModern Humanities Research AssociationChroniques de Jean Molinet, ed. by G. Doutrepont and O. Jodogne,3 vols (Brussels: Palais des Académies, 1935-37)10

MonstreletLa Chronique d’E. de Monstrelet, ed. by L. Douët-d’Arcq, 6 vols(Paris: Renouard, 1857-62)MS(S)Manuscript(s)NBGNouvelle biographie générale, ed. by J. Hoefer, 10 vols (Paris:Didot, 1852-66)Neste, Tournois Évelyne van den Neste, Tournois, joutes, pas d’armes dans lesvilles de Flandre à la fin du Moyen Âge (Paris: École des Chartes,1996)OEDOxford English Dictionary, ed. by John Simpson (Oxford: UniversityPress, 2004), online ednPaston LettersPaston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, ed. by NormanDavis, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971)Prost, InventairesInventaires [ ] des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois,1363-1477, ed. by B. Prost, 2 vols (Paris: Leroux, 1902-08)Prost, TraitésTraités du duel judiciaire: Relations de pas d’armes et tournois, ed.by B. Prost (Paris: Willem, 1872)René’s TraitéTraité de la forme et devis d’un tournoi par René d’Anjou, ed. byE. Pognon (Paris: Verve, 1946)Smedt, Chevaliers de la Toison d’orLes Chevaliers de l’Ordre de la Toison d’or au XVe siècle, ed. by R.de Smedt, 2nd edn (Frankfurt: Lang, 2000)The codex Leeds, Royal Armouries Library, Codex RAR.0035(I.35)TNANational Archives, KewULUniversity LibraryUPUniversity PressVale, War and ChivalryMalcolm Vale, War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture inEngland, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages (London:Duckworth, 1981)11

IntroductionThe central core of this thesis is a transcription and translation of, and commentaryon, codex RAR.0035(I.35) in the collection of the Armouries. This codex comprisesthree MSS in French containing over 50,000 words. The first two MSS are of fifteenthcentury date and the third, copied in the late-sixteenth century, contains materialrelating to the previous century. It has not been published or made widely available inany form. The contents of the codex are an exceptional primary source for the study ofthe chivalric culture of late-medieval Burgundy, England, and France. They includechallenges to, and narratives of, combat involving influential courtiers such as AnthonyWoodville, Lord Scales, brother-in-law of Edward IV, and Antoine, the Great Bastardof Burgundy, an illegitimate son of Duke Philip the Good. There is an account of adeadly combat at Tours in February 1446/7 which is vividly illustrated with eightminiatures. Also included are invitations to jousts, descriptions of – and a statuteregulating – tourneys, as well as an ordinance concerning the payment of heralds’fees. As will be argued further, this codex is the product of the agents and custodiansof this culture: the heralds. An investigation of their role in the creation and function ofthe codex is provided as an element of the study.Various forms of combat are described in the codex and in similar primarysources. There has been a tendency in a great deal of current scholarship to apply thecatch-all category of ‘the tournament’ to all of these. The area of primary research thatthis thesis is restricted to is a deeper understanding and clearer definition of the forms,organization, terminology, and equipment used in these combats. Jousts (of peaceand war), tourneys, pas d’armes, and feats of arms are terms commonly employed butoften much misunderstood in secondary source material. The explanation of theequipment and its use is one of the most prominent topics in need of revision.Through an analysis of the various types of equipment referred to throughout thecodex and in other contemporary sources a fuller understanding of the forms ofcombat and their definition is provided.It is worthwhile stating from the outset what this codex is not. It is not an armorialor heraldic treatise such as the resplendent Burgundian Grand armorial équestre de laToison d’or of 1435 to 1440. The aim of works of this type was to record coats of armsand to instruct officers of arms in their description (blazon) and meaning. As will beshown, the role of the herald as organizer and recorder of events is a prominent one12

throughout the codex but little space is given over to detailed descriptions of coats ofarms. The codex is not a didactic manual or ‘how to’ guide for arranging chivalriccombats in the vein of René of Anjou’s lavish and much-copied Traité. There is noexegesis on the specialized vocabulary employed in describing the martial events. It isevident throughout that contemporary readers of this codex would be expected to beextremely familiar with the milieu in which it was created. Nor is it a technical manualon the art of jousting and tourneys as expounded by such fifteenth-century masters asKing Duarte I of Portugal, the Castilian Diego de Valera, the Catalan Ponç deMenaguerra, or Pietro Monte – an Iberian in the service of the Milanese.1 Again, agreat deal of understanding of, and familiarity with, technical vocabulary is expectedby the creators of the codex in the descriptions of these activities. This fact serves toreinforce the relevance of the chosen area of research.Much unpublished source material will be utilized throughout. Due to theconstraints of the thesis word limit it has not been possible to provide acomprehensive comparative analysis with the many MSS that contain similar contentto the codex. The relationship with some of the most relevant – such as British LibraryMS Lansdowne 285 – is assessed, however, and the codex placed in the context ofthis MS tradition. This also ties in with the investigation of the role of the herald.A key aim of the project is the production of a scholarly edition and analysis ofthe Armouries codex that will make more accessible a primary source that will prove tobe of great use to all those with an interest in the extensively varied aspects of theelite culture of late-medieval Burgundy, England, and France.1For an excellent examination of the advice of these men, see Sydney Anglo, Martial Arts ofRenaissance Europe (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2000) and Noel Fallows’s forthcoming,Jousting: Iberian Perspectives (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2010).13

1. The ManuscriptsPhysical DescriptionT

The Medieval Tournament: Chivalry, Heraldry and Reality An Edition and Analysis of Three Fifteenth-Century Tournament Manuscripts 2 Volumes Ralph Dominic Moffat Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute for Medieval Studies August 2010 . 2 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate .

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