LANDSLIDE MITIGATION DEVICE USING CRISS-CROSSED BOTTLES

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Sept 2013. Vol. 4, No. 3ISSN2305-8269International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012 -2013 EAAS & ARF. All rights reservedwww.eaas-journal.orgLANDSLIDE MITIGATION DEVICE USINGCRISS-CROSSED BOTTLESDarilag, J.D; Cuaresma, M.J.; Darauay , M.V, Engr. Bosi, F.NCivil Engineering Department, student, University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao City, Cagayan , PhillippinesABSTRACTThe study focused on an alternative device for landslide mitigation which is the use of criss-crossed plastic bottles.Two phases of test was done with the study, first test was simulation of rainfall in the tilting soil bed without crisscrossed bottles and second with the criss-crossed bottles. Further, the angles of inclination for the tilting soil bedwere 30 degrees and 35 degrees for the two phases of test. Rainfall was simulated on the bed for 15 minutes, andevery 5 minutes soil and water collected through a basin was measured and recorded.The study showed the capability of criss-crossed bottles in handling soil erosion by use of tilting soil bed. The datagathered from the tests showed that the criss-crossed bottles are more effective at 30 degrees inclination. The devicehelps in capturing water and soil that flows through it during rainfall which is proven by the difference of volume ofwater runoff with and without bottles.Key words: landslide, landslide mitigation, criss-crossed bottles, rainfall simulationINTRODUCTIONinclination. Ellen et al [11] suggested also that 280380 slopes are susceptible to landslide. Evans et al[12] suggested 300-450, James et al [13] and Dai F.C.[14] suggested 200-400 are prone to landslide. Due tolack of knowledge regarding the characteristics oflandslide many lives have been wasted.Landslide is the slipping of a mass of landfrom a higher to a lower level. Landslide is one of themost widespread natural hazards on earth,responsible for thousands of deaths and billions ofdollars in property damage every year [1]. Majorityof landslides, heavy rainfall and earthquakes are maintriggers [2]. Sustained rainfall may also triggerlandslide [3,4,5] stated that lithogy, topography,climatic conditions and human conditions are maincauses of landslide. From the many factors causinglandslide, heavy rainfall are the main causes oflandslide here in the Philippines, landslides are one ofthe main problems in terms of environmentalcasualties. Detecting landslides and monitoring theiractivity is therefore of great relevance for disasterprevention, preparedness and mitigation [6].Determination of the sliding surface is mostimportant consideration in mitigating landslide [7].Identifying the angle of inclination of the slope isvery important in assessing whether a slope issusceptible to landslide [8]. According to Lee [9]average slope of landslide susceptibility is 330 angleof inclination. Shuichi [10] suggested that landslide isprone when it is on slopes with a 300 angle ofOn February 17, 2006, an avalanche ofboulders and mud rushed down a mountain side inthe province of Southern Leyte, Philippines andburied the Guinsaogon Village. The area had enduredten days of torrential rain and it was heavier thannormal rain, amounting to over 79 inches. Therainfall loosened the soil on the surroundingmountains. Other factors like badly broken rocks onthe mountains, steep slopes and lack of te101.com). The devastating landslidekilled at least 1800 people and left thousands ofpeople homeless (www.chinadaily.com). In relationto this, landslide mitigation is already a priority to theplaces prone to landslide. Many landslide mitigationdevices have been developed to answer the problemson landslide.11

Sept 2013. Vol. 4, No. 3ISSN2305-8269International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012 -2013 EAAS & ARF. All rights reservedwww.eaas-journal.orgaside to dry. The nails were heated by coal so thatpunching of holes with a diameter of 3-5 mm will beeasier; these holes will help in capturing soil that willrun through the bottles. A #16 steel wire was used toput together the bottles and a string wire was used tosecure the intersection points or joints of the crisscrossed bottles. The #16 steel wires were also heatedso that it will be easier to connect the bottles together,this can be done by piercing the bottom of the bottlesand then the cap of the bottles.Examples of commonly used mitigationdevices are safety nets and rockfall nets. The safetynets (landslide-gib.blogspot.com) were developed tominimize the risk from landslides caused bymonsoons, which are common on unstable terrains,instead of constructing retaining walls it is cheaper touse safety nets as a protection guard. Rock fall netsare also used to withstand the high impact of fallingrocks. They are also designed to intercept rock orlessen the energy of the debris formed due to thefalling (www.edema.com).Forty five (45) plastic bottles were used inthis study. There were 7 rows and 4 columns of thecriss-crossed design, the rows consist of 3 bottles andthe columns have 6 bottles.The mitigation devices mentioned abovecorresponds to the solution to the problems raised bylandslides. These are the easy ways to minimize theoccurrence or to lessen the possibilities of landslide.In relation to the existing solutions on landslidemitigation, this study will provide another solutionneeded in the mitigation of landslide. This studyfocuses on the use of criss-crossed bottles as anothersolution on landslide mitigation.Plastic bottles are commonly usedworldwide and piles up in landfills. Based fromstudies, each year we throw away 65 million /students/katiel/index.html). The use of plastic bottles has increasedexponentially but the recycling rate of it is extremelylow, but the demand from the recyclers is actuallyquite high (www.msn.com). This research thenintends to contribute in the recycling of plastic bottlesby turning it into a landslide mitigation device, thecriss-crossed bottles.Figure 2. The criss-crossed bottlesA tilting soil bed similar to the one whichwas made by the Soil Erosion Research Laboratory,with 4ft. x 7ft. dimensions was used as the testingequipment for this study. This device was establishedin response to the need for consistent and qualitativesoil erosion control [15] Using this we can test theeffectiveness of the criss-crossed bottles as analternative device for landslide mitigation. The waterused in simulating rainfall came from the NationalWater and Sewage Authority here in Cagayan. Thewater was delivered to the tilting soil bed via a hosewith a sprinkler head.It is along this line that the study aims todetermine the capability of the criss-crossed bottles inhandling soil erosion by the use of a tilting soil bed.To determine if on what inclination shall the crisscrossed bottles be most effective.METHODSThe researchers used 1.5L Coke plasticbottles because it is commonly used and easy toacquire. Used plastic bottles can be bought from junkshops or collected from stores or picked up in trash.In this study, the plastic bottles will be bought fromjunk shops for the sake of time and its availability.After finishing the criss-crossed bottles thetilting soil bed was be prepared for testing. The tiltingsoil bed was raised and tilted to an angle of 30degrees. Then soil was compacted to the bed with adepth of 1.5 ft, the bed should be tilted first beforeAfter acquiring the plastic bottles, theresearchers cleaned the inside and outside of thebottles to get rid of unwanted substances then set12

Sept 2013. Vol. 4, No. 3ISSN2305-8269International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012 -2013 EAAS & ARF. All rights reservedwww.eaas-journal.orgthe soil is compacted to so that it will not be difficultto raise and tilt.Figure 1. The Research ParadigmBottles Collection Boring of holes Criss-crossSoil Bed Fabrication of soil bed Fill with soil Tilt at certain degreesTilting soil bed at 300Tilting soil bed at 350Soil bed w/obottlesSoil bed w/bottlesSoil bed w/obottlesSoil bed pare13

Sept 2013. Vol. 4, No. 3ISSN2305-8269International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012 -2013 EAAS & ARF. All rights reservedwww.eaas-journal.orgresearchers then measured the height of the waterlevel, the diameter of the basin in order to calculateits volume of the water collected.In the first phase, the 1st test without crisscrossed bottles having 30 degrees inclination and 15minutes of rainfall simulation, the height of the waterin the basin was measured so that its volume can becalculated, the calculated volume is 0.029817 cubicmeter. On the 2nd test with criss-crossed bottleshaving 30 degrees inclination and 15 minutes ofrainfall simulation, the calculated volume is0.0232235 cubic meter. Comparing the two volumesFigure 4: Volume computation of collected waterFigure 3. The soil bed with criss-crossed bottlesThere were 2 phases of the test; first test waswithout the criss-crossed bottles andsecond with the criss-crossed bottles.When the angle of inclination has been set to30 degrees, and soil is compacted, first phase of thetest shall commence. The researchers simulatedrainfall on the bed for 15 minutes, and every 5minutes they measured how much soil and water hadbeen collected.Before continuing to the second phase, thesoil should be compacted again because it has lostsoil and it is wet already from the first phase. Then,the criss-crossed bottles were placed to the bed,embedding each bottle to the soil till half of thebottles’ diameter were under the soil and twobarbecue sticks for each bottle were stacked on it forstabilization purposes. For the second phase, just likephase 1, the duration of rainfall will be 15 minutesand every 5 minutes recording will be done.After finishing the 2 phases on the 30degrees angle of inclination, the inclination of the bedwas raised to 35 degrees and the 2 phases were alsorepeated.When enough data was gathered,evaluations of the result followed and see if the crisscrossed bottles are an effective landslide mitigationdevice.from the tests on phase1, it shows that the volumefrom first test is considerably higher than the secondone.In the second phase, the 3rd test withoutcriss-crossed bottles having 35 degrees inclination,the volume of water collected is 0.04374 cubic meter.While in the 4th test with criss-crossed bottles having35 degrees inclination, the volume is 0.039644 cubicRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe researchers used a basin in order tocollect the water that runoff through the soil bed. The14

Sept 2013. Vol. 4, No. 3ISSN2305-8269International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012 -2013 EAAS & ARF. All rights reservedwww.eaas-journal.orgmeter. Comparing the two volumes again it showsthat the criss-crossed bottles reduced the volume ofwater collected in each of the test.The data showed that the criss-crossedbottles are effective in lessening soil erosion. Thedata also showed that the criss-crossed bottles aremore effective at 30 degrees inclination.Figure 4 shows the computation of thevolume of the collected water from the experimentdone and the data is presented in Table 1.CONCLUSIONTable 1: Volumes of collected waterIn recent times landslides have bothincreased in frequency and intensity and haveassumed catastrophic and disastrous proportions,causing extensive damage to life and property andposing great problems and serious challenges to man.This study looked into an alternative solution thatwill help decrease the effect of landslide. The studydetermined the capability of criss-crossed bottles inhandling soil erosion by use of a tilting soil bed andcomparing the volumes of water collected in thebasin from the series of tests done. It was provenwhen the data was evaluated and analyzed that thecriss-crossed bottles are an effective tool to preventlandslide by lessening soil erosion. The device helpsin capturing water and soil that flows through itduring rainfall. The device can be an effective tool inmitigating landslide especially with 30 degrees ofinclination.[14] Dai, F.C Lee, C.F ,. and Wang, S.J., 2003,Characterization of rainfall induced landslides, Vol. 24, No.23, 4817-4834, p 4833REFERENCES[15]. Beighley, E.R., M.ASCE, Julio, R.V., M.ASCE,Slope interrupter best management practice experiments ona tilting soil bed with simulated rainfall, Journal ofirrigation and drainage engineering ASCE/July/August2009, Vol. 135, No. 4,480-486[16] .Deng, J. H., Thain, L.G., and Yang , Z.Y., Threedimensional stability evaluation of pre-existing landslidewith multiple sliding directions by the strength-reductiontechnique, Canada Geotechnical. J. Vol. 44: 343-354(2007)[7] Bin , S., I-hui, C., and Fan-Chieh, Y., and Fong-Yi, H.,A landslide dam breach induced debris flow- a case studyon downstream hazard areas delineation, EnvironmentalGeology (2004) Vol. 47: 91-101[11] Ellen, S. D., Cannon, S.H., and Reneau, S.L., 1988b,Distribution of debris flows in Main County. In landslides,floods, and effects of the storm of 3-5 January,1982, in theSan Francisco Bay Region, California. Edited by S.D. Ellenand G.F.Wieczords. U.S. Geological Survey,professional paper 1434. Chapter 7, pp 113- 131[4] Chien-Yuan, C., Tien-Chien, C., Fan-Chien, Y. andFong-yi, H., A landslide dam breach induced debris flow –a case study on downstream hazard areas delineation,Environmental Geology (2004) Vol 57: 1675-1686[12] Evans, N.C., Huang, S.W., and King, J.F., The naturalterrain landslide study, phases I and II. Special projectReport SPR 5197, Geotechnical Engineering office, CivilEngineering Dept., Hongkong[5] Chien-Yuan, C., Tien-Chien, C., Fan-Chien, Y. andSheng-Chi, L., Analysis of time- varying rainfallinfiltration induced landslide, Environmental Geology(2005) Vol 48:466-479[17].Gavan, H., Robin, F. 2003, Travel distance angle forrapid landslides in constructed and natural soil slopes,Canada Geotechnical J. Vol. 40: 1123-1140(2003), p 112915

Sept 2013. Vol. 4, No. 3ISSN2305-8269International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012 -2013 EAAS & ARF. All rights reservedwww.eaas-journal.org[1] Hong, Y., Adler, Towards an early warning system forglobal landslides triggered by rainfall and earthquake. Vol.28, No. 16, 20 August 2007, 3713-3719[3].Ozdemir, A., Landslide susceptibility mapping ofvicinity of Yaka landslide(Gelendost, Turkey) usingconditional probability approach in GIS, EnvironmentalGeology (2009) Vol. 57: 1675-1686[2] Iverson, R., 1997, The physics of debris flows, Rev.Geophysics, 35, 245-296, 2000: landslide triggering by raininfiltration. Water Resource, Dec., 36, 1897-1910[6] Rosin, P.L., and Hervas, J., Remote sensing imagethresholding methods for Determining landslide activity,Vol 26, no. 6, 20 March 2005, 1075-1092.[13] James, G., and robin, F., Geotechnical characteristicsof large rapid rock slides, Canada geotechnical J. Vol. 47:116-132(2010) , p120[10] Shuichi, H., Ranjan, K.D., Minom, Y., Netra, P.B.,Ryuichi, Y., Hideki, I., Causes of landslide of large-scalelandslides in the lesser Himalaya of Central Nepal,Environmental Geology (2009) Vol. 57: 1423-1434, p1424.[9]Lee, C.F , Dai, F.C. and Wang, S.J., 2003,Characterization of rainfall induced landslides, Vol. 24, No.23, 4817-4834, p 4833[8] Watanabe, S., 1994, Influence of the mixing ratio ofwater to sediment on the threshold slope of debris flow; hological Union, 15(4): 349-369.16

Civil Engineering Department, student, University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao City, Cagayan , Phillippines ABSTRACT The study focused on an alternative device for landslide mitigation which is the use of criss-crossed plastic bottles. Two phases of test was done with the study, first test was simulation of rainfall in the tilting soil bed without criss- crossed bottles and second with the criss .

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