An Informational Resource Manual For
LEOPOLD CENTERA Resource Guide forBEGINNING FARMERSAn informational resource manual forbeginning and aspiring Iowa farmers.The curriculum in this manual is divided into three parts:production practices, post-harvest handling, and businessplanning/basic finances. Each module is organized by learningobjectives and includes narrative, hands-on activities, andlinks to worksheets and additional resources.LF 0006 July 2015
2 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
A Reference Guide forBEGINNING FARMERSWhat is the purpose of this publication?The idea for this curriculum for beginning farmers came from theincreasing interest in establishing incubator farms throughout Iowa.As outreach staff at a land-grant university, our role is to assist increating educational materials for use by these training farms. IowaState University offers a wealth of information on farming practices andstrategies; this publication is a compilation of existing resources into acomplete curriculum.This guide provides useful modules for people who want to start farming.The structure was chosen after reviewing curricula from over a dozenincubators and other farm training programs from across the country.Most topics are geared toward fruit and vegetable growers and additionalmodules may be added depending on user interest-on topics such aslivestock management.AcknowledgementsWe wish to thank the following individuals whose time and inputhelped shape this manual. From Iowa State University: Georgeanne Artz,assistant professor; Diana Cochran, assistant professor; Susan DeBlieck,program assistant; Kathleen Delate, professor; Alan Gaul, seed specialist;Mark Hanna agricultural engineer; Joe Hannan, field specialist; ChristaHartsook, small farms program coordinator; Ajay Nair, assistant professor;Patrick O’Malley, field specialist; Leah Riesselman, graduate assistant; LinaRodriguez Salamanca, plant pathology diagnostician; Denny Schrock,horticulture lecturer; and Cathy Strohbehn, assistant professor. From ourpartners: Toby Cain, Seed Savers; Steve Carlson, Practical Farmers of Iowa;and Rex Dufour, National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT).The publication was prepared by Alice Topaloff, with support from IowaState University Extension and Outreach Local Foods Team and theLeopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture. For more information orsuggestions for additional publications, contact Alice at topaloff@iastate.edu.Cover photos by romrodinka/iStock.com, Jupiterimages/Creatas.com, andAjay Nair. Inside front and back cover photos by Jane Lenahan.A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers 3
Who is this publication for?People interested in hosting a farmer training program (incubatoror other) will find the resources in this publication useful to teach aBeginning Farmer Training program.A beginning farmer will find this publication as a useful guide to locatingexisting resources. This curriculum presents an overview of whatother beginning farmer training programs offer and where to find theappropriate information.What is an incubator farm?Among the main barriers to starting a farm business are lack of capital(land, equipment, inputs) and experience (formal training, hands-onexperience). Farm incubators offer a way to overcome both barriers.These multi-farmer operations allow each farmer to rent a small plot.The rent includes access to land, training and technical guidance (fromservice providers, established farmers, or on-farm staff), as well asmarketing assistance. At the end of the “course” (usually a 3- to 5-yearperiod), the farmer should be able to transition to a plot of his/her own,having acquired the skills, knowledge and expertise necessary to startfarming successfully.How is this curriculum structured?The curriculum is divided into three modules:1. Production practices,2. Harvest and post-harvest handling, and3. Business planning and basic finances.Each module is organized by learning objectives, and includes narrative,hands-on activities, when applicable, as well as links to worksheets andadditional resources.Additional resourcesAppendix I: Other sourcesAppendix II: Organizations and programs that supportbeginning farmersAppendix III: List of contacts4 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
TABLE of CONTENTSTOPIC A: ProductionModulesAdditional resources999Module 1: SoilNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources1010101010Module 2: CompostingNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources1111111111Module 3: Basic plant biology and nutrient managementNarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources12121212Module 4: IrrigationNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources1313131313Module 5: Field preparation and plantingNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources1414141414Module 6: Insect control/entemologyNarrativeHands-on activityAdditional resources15151515Module 7: Weed managementNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources1616161616A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers 5
TABLE of CONTENTS (continued)Module 8: Disease control and plant pathologyNarrativeHands-on activityAdditional resources17171717Module 9: Season extensionNarrativeAdditional resources181818Module 10: Cover CroppingNarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources19191919Module 11: Small farm equipmentNarrativeHands-on activityAdditional resources20202020Module 12: Whole farm design and managementNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources2121212121TOPIC B: Post-harvest handling22Useful resourcesModules2222Module 1: Harvesting and post-harvest handlingNarrativeHands-on activityAdditional resources23232323Module 2: Food safetyNarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources24242424Module 3: Seed savingNarrativeHands-on activityWorksheetAdditional resources25252525256 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
TOPIC C: Business planning and basicfarm finances26Recommended resourcesModules2626Module 1: Starting out with financial managementNarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources27272727Module 2: Writing a business plan (1/3) – Farm history andcurrent situation: what do you have to work with?NarrativeWorksheet282828Module 3: Writing a business plan (2/3) – Vision, mission andgoals: where do you want to go?NarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources29292929Module 4: Writing a business plan (3/3) – Strategic planning andevaluation: what routes will take you where you want to go?NarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources30303030Module 5: Farm data collection and organizationNarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources31313131Module 6: Organizing basic financial informationNarrativeWorksheetAdditional resources32323232Module 7: Financing from loan providers and federal agenciesNarrativeAdditional resources333333A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers 7
TABLE of CONTENTS (continued)List of references34Appendix I: Other sourcesFarm Service Agency—Financial assistance for farmersFSPU—A food safety plan for youBusiness plan: Values, vision, mission and goalsIdentifying human resource needs in a business4242424242Appendix II: Organizations and program thatsupport beginning farmers1A. Formal training in academia1B. Online courses and webinars2A. Gaining practical experience2B. Try it out!3A. Build a business plan—Courses3B. Build a business plan—Resources4A. Access to capital4B. Access to land434343444444454545Appendix III: List of contacts468 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
TOPIC A: ProductionThe objective of this section is to give the trainee a general overview ofproduction practices, from basic plant biology to managing soil fertilityand growing successful crops. The ultimate goal is for the beginningfarmer to have all the tools necessary to create a holistic and logical“Whole Farm Plan.”ModulesModule 1: SoilModule 2: CompostingModule 3: Basic plant biology and nutrient managementModule 4: Irrigation systemsModule 5: Field preparation and plantingModule 6: Insect control and entomologyModule 7: Weed managementModule 8: Disease control and plant pathologyModule 9: Season extensionModule 10: Cover croppingModule 11: Small farm equipmentModule 12: Whole farm planningAdditional resourcesGrowing Organic Vegetables in Iowa, ISU Extension and Outreach,includes strategies for composting, fertility management, pestmanagement, and disease wing-Organic-Vegetables-in-IowaMidwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers is used asa reference by many commercial-scale vegetable growers, and combinesresources from seven Midwest land-grant universities.www.btny.purdue.edu/Pubs/ID/id-56/A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers 9
CONTENT andOUTCOMEMODULE 1: Soil› Soil science and biologySoil Management Basics, New Farms for New Americans. This simplepresentation covers the basics of soil management, including soil fertility,management practices, pests and diseases, and information on organicversus conventional rces/organic-production-and-soil-management› Soil testing› Soil management and health› History of the plotNarrativeHands-on activityGeneral field observations: Nutrient deficiency symptoms: Do crops show signs of stress orstunted growth during wet or dry periods? Is the soil compacted? Does it plow up cloddy and take a lot ofsecondary tillage to prepare a fine seedbed? Does the soil crust over easily, or are there signs of runoff and erosion?Test a soil sample using methods learned (see page 274 in SARE’spublication* on soils for examples). Discuss how it can be improved(see page 286 in SARE’s publication* on soils for examples).Worksheet Garden Soil Management, Henry Taber, ISU Extension and Outreach.To manage soil more effectively, learn about tillage, integrating organicmatter, soil testing and pH, fertilizer application and il-ManagementCONTACTAjay NairAssistant professorHorticultureIowa State Universitynairajay@iastate.eduAdditional resources Building Soils for Better Crops, 3rd edition, SARE*. A reference onecological soil management. It provides step-by-step information onsoil-improving practices as well as in-depth background ranging fromwhat soil is to organic -Soils-for-Better-Crops 3rd-Edition Soil and Land Use, ISU Extension and Outreach. Contains data onIowa’s soil. www.extension.iastate.edu/soils Soil Sample Information Sheet for Horticulture Crops, ISU Extensionand Outreach. Download this publication to submit soil samples foranalysis at the ISU Soil Plant Analysis l-sample-information-sheet-for horticulture-crops Soil Quality in Organic Agricultural Systems, Kathleen Delate,ISU Extension and Outreach. Covers all topics from crop rotationto amendments. n Organic-Agricultural-Systems10 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
MODULE 2: CompostingCONTENT andOUTCOMENarrative› Building and maintainingcompostKansas State University Extension video series:1. Composting: Making Black Gold. Watch this 4-minute videoto learn the basics of composting.www.youtube.com/watch?v t44o4tsgo k› How/why/when to use it2. Composting: Troubleshooting Issues.www.youtube.com/watch?v P1b7F92YzXkHands-on activityCreate your own compost.Worksheet Questions About Composting, Linda Naeve and Richard Jauron,ISU Extension and Outreach. This publication answers somecommonly asked questions about stions-About-Composting Reiman-GardensAdditional resources Composting – A Beginner’s Guide, The Robert A. MacoskeyCenter for Sustainable Education and Research at Slippery RockUniversity of ications/Composting Booklet.pdfThis publication serves as a resource on composting for manyincubators, including GoFarm Hawaii.www.gofarmhawaii.orgCONTACTISU Extension andOutreach owa Master Gardener Programwww.mastergardener.iastate.eduA Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers 11
CONTENT andOUTCOME› How a plant functions andwhat it needs› Inputs and productsof photosynthesis› Vegetable families› Planting calendar› Introduction to crop rotationMODULE 3: Basic plant biologyand nutrient managementNarrativeMaster Gardener Online Short Course Series, Oregon State University.Register for the highly interactive online botany course free of r-online-short-course-seriesThe Wisconsin Master Gardener Program – Botany session, Universityof Wisconsin Extension. This online course is recommended by The IowaMaster Gardener Program’s leaders.wimastergardener.org/?q session1Worksheet The Organic Way-Plant Families, Virginia Cooperative Extension.Producers should be knowledgeable about vegetable families as eachone has its own cultural requirements, pollinating vectors and, mostimportantly, effective crop rotation plans. Here is a detailed tableof vegetables. pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1393/2906-1393.html Planting and Harvesting Times for Garden Vegetables, Richard Jauron,ISU Extension and Outreach. This guide can help northern, southern,and central Iowa vegetable growers schedule their plantings so spaceis used efficiently. Includes a staggered planting and harvesting chartfor crops grown April through ng-and-Harvesting-Times-for Garden-VegetablesCONTACTIowa Master Gardner Programwww.mastergardener.iastate.eduDiana CochranFruit specialistISU Extension and Outreachdianac@iastate.eduAdditional resources Growing Organic Vegetables in Iowa, Kathleen Delate, ISU Extensionand Outreach. Covers all topics related to organic vegetable production,including nutrient wing-Organic-Vegetables-in-Iowa Nutrient Management for Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Crops inMinnesota, University of Minnesota Extension. Recommendationsfor fertilizing fruit and vegetable crops should be based in part onsoil test results. This bulletin gives fertilizer recommendations forefficient nutrient table/nutrient-management-for commercial-fruit-and-vegetables-in-mn/ Basic Botany, Kentucky Master Gardener Manual Chapter 1,Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky Collegeof Agriculture. Available for 12 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
MODULE 4: IrrigationCONTENT andOUTCOMENarrativeLow-Cost Irrigation System, Natural Resources Conservation Service(NRCS). This document offers small-scale irrigation solutions(sprinkler and drip) for your farm.www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1167473.pdf› Different irrigation systems(drip, sprinkler, etc.)› Determining water needs andproper irrigationSmall Farm’s Irrigation Management Basics, Oregon State University.This document offers more detailed igationManagementHands-on activityAssess water needs on a plot.Set up drip tape or other irrigation system.Worksheet Drip Irrigation Calculator, ISU Extension and Outreach IowaProduce website. Found under “Production – Irrigation Calculator”.This spreadsheet will help calculate how many gallons of water toapply with drip irrigation. (For your information, this opens directlyinto an Excel torsAdditional resources Irrigation Scheduling and Tensiometer Tips for Trickle Irrigation,ISU Extension and Outreach - Iowa Produce website. Found under“Production – Irrigation Scheduling and Tensiometer and-tensiometer-tips ISU Extension and Outreach Agricultural Engineering specialistsare available as a resource. Since there is very limited field irrigationacreage in Iowa, ISU Extension and Outreach ag engineers are notheavily involved in this area. However, these specialists can providehelpful advice on irrigating a small area for food ACTAjay NairAssistant professorHorticultureIowa State Universitynairajay@iastate.eduJoe HannanCommercial HorticulturespecialistISU Extension and Outreachjmhannan@iastate.eduA Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers 13
CONTENT andOUTCOME› What plants should you grow?› Direct seeding› Transplanting› Equipment considerations(size, depth)MODULE 5: Field preparationand plantingNarrativeWhat plants can you grow?Hands-on activityGain experience with starting seeds, direct seeding, and transplanting.Worksheet How to Plant Vegetables, New Entry Sustainable Farming Project.This 2-page sheet gives simple directions and visuals to help youplant different types of lt/files/resources/spreadsheet of howto plant vegetable crops - june.pdf Transplant Production Decision Tool, Leopold Center for SustainableAgriculture. The equipment and supplies used in producing transplantscan affect the profitability of the transplant production enterprise.Chris Blanchard’s tool provides information and options to farmers inthe upper Midwest about the choices available as they scale up.www.leopold.iastate.edu/cool l resources Planting a Home Vegetable Garden, ISU Extension and ng-a-Home-Vegetable-GardenCONTACT Popular Iowa Cultivars, ISU Extension and Outreach Fruit Cultivars for Iowa, Paul ultivars-for-IowaISU Extension andOutreach ‘Hortline’https://expert-hort.sws.iastate.edu Cole Crops, Cynthia Haynes, Eldon Evergart, and Richard opsIowa Master Gardener Programwww.mastergardener.iastate.edu Potatoes, Richard s Recommended Tomato Varieties for Commercial Productionin Iowa, Ajay ed-Tomato-Varieties-for Commercial-Production-in-Iowa Planting and harvesting times for garden vegetables, Richard g-and-Harvesting-Times-for Garden-Vegetables1Check out the New Entry Sustainable Farming Project’s National Incubator FarmTraining Initiative website for a wide range of resources to help beginning .14 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers
MODULE 6: Insect control/entomologyCONTENT andOUTCOME› Basics of Integrated PestManagement (IPM)NarrativeBiointensive Integrated Pest Management, National SustainableAgriculture Information Service, managed by National Center forAppropriate Technology (NCAT). Provides the rationale for biointensiveintegrated pest management (IPM), outlines the concepts and tools, andsuggests steps and resources for implementing IPM. Although it waspublished in 2001, most of the links and appendices remain y.php?pub 146› Identification› Learning› Monitoring› Action threshold› Management tactics› Evaluation of resultsRadcliffe’s IPM World Textbook, University of Minnesota. Acomprehensive electronic textbook of IPM, featuring chapterscontributed by internationally-recognized experts.ipmworld.umn.eduOrganic IPM Field Guide, National Sustainable Agriculture InformationService, managed by NCAT. A pictorial guide to the concepts of organicIPM and important pests and benefits. The publication was compiled froma series of presentations that were part of an organic pest managementtraining course hosted by ALBA, a California-based farm ry.php?pub 148Hands-on activityPest identification.Formulate a basic pest management plan.CONTACTAdditional resourcesPatrick O’MalleyCommercial HorticulturespecialistISU Exten
8 A Reference Guide for Beginning Farmers TABLE of CONTENTS (continued) List of references 34 Appendix I: Other sources 42 Farm Service Agency—Financial assistance for farmers 42 FSPU—A food safety plan for you 42 Business plan: Values, vision, mission and goals 42 Identifying human resource needs in a business 42
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