Defining And Non-defining Relative Clauses
Relative clausesDefining and Non-definingLlengua estrangera per a l’ensenyament: anglèsOriginal ppt by Neus Frigolé
Relative clauses Two types: defining relative clauses: give essential information to understand thesentence. We need the relative to understand the sentence. non-defining relative clauses: give EXTRA information. If we remove therelative clause, the sentence still makes sense.
Non-defining relative clausesLook at this sentence:My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause.It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out ofthe sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.Look at some more examples:The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at themoment.The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over 500,000.
Non-defining relative clauses can use most relative pronouns: who, which, whose, where, etc,) butthey CAN’T use that and the relative pronoun CAN NEVER be omitted.The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday. are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is SEPARATED BYCOMMAS.
Defining relative clausesLook at this sentence:The woman who lives next door works in a bank.‘who lives next door’ is a defining relative clause.It tells us which woman we are talking about. Without thisinformation, we wouldn’t know who the woman is.Look at some more examples:Look out! There’s the dog that bit my brother.The film that we saw last week was awful.This is the skirt I bought in the sales.
Defining relative clauses With defining relative clauses we can use who or that to talk aboutpeople.She’s the woman who cuts my hair.She’s the woman that cuts my hair. And we can use which or that to talk about things.The dog that bit my brother.The dog which bit my brother.
Defining relative clauses It is also sometimes possible to omit the relative pronoun.This is the skirt that I bought in the sales.This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.This is the skirt I bought in the sales.In this sentence ‘skirt’ is the object of the verb (buy). ‘I’ is the subject.When the relative pronoun is the object, it can be omitted.Look at some more examples:The film we saw last week was awful. The film THAT we saw last week was awful.The friend I was travelling with spoke French. The friend WHO I was travelling withspoke French
Defining or non-defining? Remember that defining relative clauses are used to addimportant information. The sentence would have a differentmeaning without the defining relative clause.I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London.The defining relative clause tells us which skirt. The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost 10.The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt –it gives us more information about the skirt.
- Join the following pair of sentences to make one single sentence.- Say which sentences are defining and which non-defining.- Once you have joined them, decide in which sentences you can omit the relativepronoun and in which you can’t. Think about the reasons why it CAN’T beomitted.- Check the answers on the following slide.
ANSWER KEY
defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause. I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt. The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost 10.
2. Non-defining relative clauses DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES These describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. A clause of this kind is essential to clear understanding of the noun. The boy who was playing is my brother. Defining Relative Pronouns SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE For people Who That Whom/Who That Whose For things Which That Which That Whose Of which Defining Relative Clauses: people
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