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0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage iBookhouseSPSS SURVIVAL MANUALFor the SPSS Survival Manual website, go towww.allenandunwin.com/spss.htm

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage iiBookhouseThis is what readers from around the world say about the SPSS Survival Manual:‘To any student who have found themselvesfacing the horror of SPSS after signing up for adegree in psychology—this is a godsend.’PSYCHOLOGY STUDENT, IRELAND‘This book really lives up to its name . . .I highly recommend this book to any MBAstudent carrying out a dissertation project, oranyone who needs some basic help with usingSPSS and data analysis techniques.’BUSINESS STUDENT, UK‘If the mere thought of statistics gives you aheadache, then this book is for you.’STATISTICS STUDENT, UK‘. . . one of the most useful, functional pieces ofinstruction I have seen. So gold stars andthanks.’INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER, USA‘. . . being an external student so much of mytime is spent teaching myself. But this has beenmade easier with your manual as I have foundmuch of the content very easy to follow. I onlywish I had discovered it earlier.’ANTHROPOLOGY STUDENT, AUSTRALIA‘The strength of this book lies in theexplanations that accompany the descriptionsof tests and I predict great popularity for thistext among teachers, lecturers and researchers.’ROGER WATSON, JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, 2001‘. . . an excellent book on both using SPSS andstatistical know how.’LECTURER IN BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS, UK‘SPSS Survival Manual was the only oneamong loads of SPSS books in the library thatwas so detailed and easy to follow.’DOCTORAL STUDENT IN EDUCATION, UK‘My students have sung the book’s praises.Teaching statistics, I usually don’t get muchpraise from students for any book.’STATISTICS LECTURER, USA‘Truly the best SPSS book on the market.’LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT, AUSTRALIA‘I was behind in class, I was not “getting it”and I was desperate! So I bought all the SPSSbooks I could find. This book is the one I used.Everything I needed to know and be able to dowas clearly explained. The accompanyingonline database served as an example, showingme how to enter data. This book will not goon my bookshelf; it will remain on my deskthrough my dissertation and afterwards.’STUDENT, USA‘This book is exactly what it claims to be—a “survival manual”. It contains step by stepinstructions and clear explanations of how touse SPSS, how to interpret the results, andselecting appropriate tests. This isn’t a statisticsprimer or a text on research design. This is abook for those who haven’t had five statscourses and years of using SPSS. If you needhelp using SPSS to evaluate research data—get this book. A lifesaver!’STUDENT, USA‘I like it very much and I find it very usefel.’SOCIOLOGY STUDENT, CZECH REPUBLIC

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage iiiBookhouseSPSS SURVIVAL MANUALA step by step guide to data analysis usingSPSS for Windows (Version 12)JULIE PALLANT

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage ivBookhouseFirst published in 2002This edition published in 2005Copyright Julie Pallant 2002, 2005All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording or by any information storageand retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from thepublisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows amaximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whicheveris the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution forits educational purposes provided that the educational institution(or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice toCopyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act.Allen & Unwin83 Alexander StreetCrows Nest NSW 2065AustraliaPhone: (61 2) 8425 0100Fax:(61 2) 9906 2218Email: ional Library of AustraliaCataloguing-in-Publication entry:Pallant, Julie F. (Julie Florence), 1961- .SPSS survival manual : a step by step guide to dataanalysis using SPSS.2nd edn.Bibliography.Includes index.ISBN 1 74114 478 7.1. Social sciences—Statistical methods—Computerprograms. I. Title.005.36Set in 10.9/13.68 pt Sabon by Bookhouse, SydneyPrinted by Ligare, Sydney10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage vBookhouseContentsContentsData files and websiteIntroduction and overviewStructure of this bookUsing this bookResearch tipsAdditional resourcesPART ONEGetting startedxixiixiiixiiixvxvi11Designing a studyPlanning the studyChoosing appropriate scales and measuresPreparing a questionnaireReferences3357102Preparing a codebookVariable namesCoding responsesCoding open-ended questions121214143Getting to know SPSSStarting SPSSOpening an existing data fileWorking with data filesSPSS windowsMenusDialogue boxesClosing SPSSGetting help161616171822222424PART TWO4Preparing the data fileCreating a data file and entering dataChanging the SPSS ‘Options’Defining the variablesEntering dataModifying the data fileData entry using Excel25272730343538v

0905-prelims.QX5vi7/12/044:30 PMPage viBookhouseSPSS Survival Manual5Screening and cleaning the dataStep 1: Checking for errorsStep 2: Finding the error in the data fileStep 3: Correcting the error in the data fileReference4040434546PART THREE Preliminary analyses476Descriptive statisticsCategorical variablesContinuous variablesAssessing normalityChecking for outliersAdditional exercisesReferences494950535862637Using graphs to describe and explore the dataHistogramsBar graphsScatterplotsBoxplotsLine graphsEditing a chart/graphImporting charts/graphs into Word documentsAdditional exercises6464666870727475768Manipulating the dataCalculating total scale scoresTransforming variablesCollapsing a continuous variable into groupsCollapsing the number of categories of a categorical variableAdditional exercisesReference787882858688899Checking the reliability of a scaleDetails of exampleInterpreting the output from reliabilityPresenting the results from reliabilityAdditional exercisesReferences909092929393

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage viiBookhouseContents10 Choosing the right statisticOverview of the different statistical techniquesThe decision-making processKey features of the major statistical techniquesReferencesSummary table of the characteristics of the main statisticaltechniques949498104109PART FOUR Statistical techniques to explore relationships among variables113Techniques covered in Part FourRevision of the basicsReferences11011311411911 CorrelationDetails of examplePreliminary analyses for correlationInterpretation of output from correlationPresenting the results from correlationObtaining correlation coefficients between groups of variablesComparing the correlation coefficients for two groupsTesting the statistical significance of the difference betweencorrelation coefficientsAdditional exercisesReference12112212312512712813012 Partial correlationDetails of exampleInterpretation of output from partial correlationPresenting the results from partial correlationAdditional exercisesReferences13613613813913913913 Multiple regressionMajor types of multiple regressionAssumptions of multiple regressionDetails of exampleStandard multiple regressionHierarchical multiple regressionInterpretation of output from hierarchical multiple regressionPresenting the results from multiple regressionAdditional 32135135vii

0905-prelims.QX5viii7/12/044:30 PMPage viiiBookhouseSPSS Survival Manual14 Logistic regressionAssumptionsDetails of exampleData preparation: coding of responsesInterpretion of output from logistic regressionPresenting the results from logistic regressionReferences16016116216216617017115 Factor analysisSteps involved in factor analysisDetails of exampleProcedure for factor analysisWarningPresenting the results from factor analysisAdditional exercisesReferences172173177178190190192193PART FIVE195Statistical techniques to compare groupsTechniques covered in Part FiveAssumptionsType 1 error, Type 2 error and powerPlanned comparisons/Post-hoc analysesEffect sizeReferences19519619819920120316 T-testsIndependent-samples t-testPaired-samples t-testAdditional exercisesReference20520520921321317 One-way analysis of varianceOne-way between-groups ANOVA with post-hoc testsOne-way between-groups ANOVA with planned comparisonsOne-way repeated measures ANOVAAdditional exercisesReferences21421522022322722818 Two-way between-groups ANOVADetails of exampleInterpretation of output from two-way ANOVAPresenting the results from two-way ANOVAAdditional analyses if you obtain asignificant interaction effectAdditional exercisesReferences229229233236236237238

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage ixBookhouseContents19 Mixed between-within subjects analysis of varianceDetails of exampleInterpretation of output from mixed between-within ANOVAPresenting the results from mixed between-within ANOVAReferences23923924424624620 Multivariate analysis of varianceDetails of exampleAssumption testingPerforming MANOVAInterpretation of output from MANOVAPresenting the results from MANOVAAdditional exercisesReferences24724824925525826126126121 Analysis of covarianceUses of ANCOVAAssumptions of ANCOVAOne-way ANCOVATwo-way ANCOVAReferences26326326526727728522 Non-parametric statisticsSummary of techniques covered in this chapterChi-squareMann-Whitney U TestWilcoxon Signed Rank TestKruskal-Wallis TestFriedman TestSpearman’s Rank Order CorrelationAdditional ppendix Details of data filesPart A: Materials for survey.savPart B: Materials for experim.savPart C: Materials for staffsurvey.savPart D: Materials for sleep.sav300302307308311Recommended references313Index316ix

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0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage xiBookhouseData files and websiteThroughout the book you will see examples of research that are taken from anumber of data files (survey.sav, experim.sav) included on the website thataccompanies this book. This website is at:www.allenandunwin.com/spssTo access the data files directly, go to:www.allenandunwin.com/dataFrom this site you can download the data files to your hard drive or floppy diskby following the instructions on screen. Then you should start SPSS and openthe data files. These files can only be opened in SPSS.The survey.sav data file is a ‘real’ data file, based on a research project thatwas conducted by one of my graduate diploma classes. So that you can get afeel for the research process from start to finish, I have also included in theAppendix a copy of the questionnaire that was used to generate this data andthe codebook used to code the data. This will allow you to follow along withthe analyses that are presented in the book, and to experiment further usingother variables.The second data file (experim.sav) is a manufactured (fake) data file, constructedand manipulated to illustrate the use of a number of techniques covered in PartFive of the book (e.g. Paired Samples t-test, Repeated Measures ANOVA). Thisfile also includes additional variables that will allow you to practise the skillslearnt throughout the book. Just don’t get too excited about the results youobtain and attempt to replicate them in your own research!Two additional data files have been included with this second edition givingyou the opportunity to complete some additional activities with data from differentdiscipline areas. The sleep.sav file is real datafile from a study conducted toexplore the prevalence and impact of sleep problems on aspects of people’s lives.The staffsurvey.sav file comes from a staff satisfaction survey conducted for alarge national educational institution. See the Appendix for further details ofthese files (and associated materials).Apart from the data files, the SPSS Survival Manual website also contains anumber of useful items for students and instructors, including: guidelines for preparing a research report;practice exercises;updates on changes to SPSS as new versions are released;useful links to other websites;additional reading; andan instructor’s guide.xi

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage xiiBookhouseIntroduction and overviewThis book is designed for students completing research design and statisticscourses and for those involved in planning and executing research of their own.Hopefully this guide will give you the confidence to tackle statistical analysescalmly and sensibly, or at least without too much stress!Many of the problems students experience with statistical analysis are due toanxiety and confusion from dealing with strange jargon, complex underlyingtheories and too many choices. Unfortunately, most statistics courses and textbooksencourage both of these sensations! In this book I try to translate statistics intoa language that can be more easily understood and digested.The SPSS Survival Manual is presented in a very structured format, settingout step by step what you need to do to prepare and analyse your data. Thinkof your data as the raw ingredients in a recipe. You can choose to cook your‘ingredients’ in different ways—a first course, main course, dessert. Dependingon what ingredients you have available, different options may, or may not, besuitable. (There is no point planning to make beef stroganoff if all you have ischicken.) Planning and preparation are an important part of the process (bothin cooking and in data analysis). Some things you will need to consider are: Do you have the correct ingredients in the right amounts?What preparation is needed to get the ingredients ready to cook?What type of cooking approach will you use (boil, bake, stir-fry)?Do you have a picture in your mind of how the end result (e.g. chocolatecake) is supposed to look? How will you tell when it is cooked? Once it is cooked, how should you serve it so that it looks appetising?The same questions apply equally well to the process of analysing your data.You must plan your experiment or survey so that it provides the informationyou need, in the correct format. You must prepare your data file properly andenter your data carefully. You should have a clear idea of your research questionsand how you might go about addressing them. You need to know what statisticaltechniques are available, what sort of data are suitable and what are not. Youmust be able to perform your chosen statistical technique (e.g. t-test) correctlyand interpret the output. Finally, you need to relate this ‘output’ back to youroriginal research question and know how to present this in your report (or inxii

0905-prelims.QX57/12/044:30 PMPage xiiiBookhouseIntroduction and overviewcooking terms, should you serve your chocolate cake with cream or ice-cream?or perhaps some berries and a sprinkle of icing sugar on top?).In both cooking and data analysis, you can’t just throw in all your ingredientstogether, shove it in the oven (or SPSS, as the case may be) and pray for the best.Hopefully this book will help you understand the data analysis process a littlebetter and give you the confidence and skills to be a better ‘cook’.Structure of this bookThis SPSS Survival Manual consists of 22 chapters, covering the research processfrom designing a study through to the analysis of the data and presentation ofthe results. It is broken into five main parts. Part One (Getting started) coversthe preliminaries: designing a study, preparing a codebook and becoming familiarwith SPSS. In Part Two (Preparing the data file) you will be shown how to preparea data file, enter your data and check for errors. Preliminary analyses are coveredin Part Three, which includes chapters on the use of descriptive statistics andgraphs; the manipulation of data; and the procedures for checking the reliabilityof scales. You will also be guided, step by step, through the sometimes difficulttask of choosing which statistical technique is suitable for your data.In Part Four the major statistical techniques that can be used to explorerelationships are presented (e.g. correlation, partial correlation, multiple regression,logistic regression and factor analysis). These chapters summarise the purposeof each technique, the underlying assumptions, how to obtain results, how tointerpret the output, and how to present these results in your thesis or report.Part Five discusses the statistical techniques that can be used to comparegroups. These include t-tests, analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of varianceand analysis of covariance. A chapter on non-parametric techniques is alsoincluded.Using this bookTo use this book effectively as a guide to SPSS you need some basic computerskills. In the instructions and examples provided throughout the text I assumethat you are already familiar with using a personal computer, particularly theWindows functions. I have listed below some of the skills you will need. Seekhelp if you have difficulty with any of these operations.You will need to be able to: use the Windows drop-down menus; use the left and right buttons on the mouse;xiii

0905-prelims.QX5xiv7/12/044:30 PMPage xivBookhouseSPSS Survival Manual use the click and drag technique for highlighting text;minimise and maximise windows;start and exit programs from the Start menu, or Windows Explorer;move between programs that are running simultaneously;open, save, rename, move and close files;work with more than one file at a time, and move between files that are open;use Windows Explorer to copy files from the floppy drive to the hard drive,and back again; and use Windows Explorer to create folders and to move files between folders.This book is not designed to ‘stand alone’. It is assumed that you have beenexposed to the fundamentals of statistics and have access to a statistics text. Itis important that you understand some of what goes on ‘below the surface’ whenusing SPSS. SPSS is an enormously powerful data analysis package that can handlevery complex statistical procedures. This manual does not attempt to cover allthe different statistical techniques available in the program. Only the mostcommonly used statistics are covered. It is designed to get you started and todevelop your confidence in using the program.Depending on your research questions and your data, it may be necessary totackle some of the more complex analyses available in SPSS. There are manygood books available covering the various statistical techniques available withSPSS in more detail. Read as widely as you can. Browse the shelves in yourlibrary, look for books that explain statistics in a language that you understand(well, at least some of it anyway!). Collect this material together to form aresource to be used throughout your statistics classes and your research project.It is also useful to collect examples of journal articles where statistical analysesare explained and results are presented. You can use these as models for yourfinal write-up.The SPSS Survival Manual is suitable for use as both an in-class text, whereyou have an instructor taking you through the various aspects of the researchprocess, and as a self-instruction book for those conducting an individual researchproject. If you are teaching yourself, be sure to actually practise using SPSS byanalysing the data that is included on the website accompanying this book (seep. xi for details). The best way to learn is by actually doing, rather than justreading. ‘Play’ with the data files from which the examples in the book are takenbefore you start using your own data file. This will improve your confidence andalso allow you to check that you are performing the analyses correctly.Sometimes you may find that the output you obtain is different from thatpresented in the book. This is likely to occur if you are using a different versionof SPSS to that used throughout this book (SPSS for Windows Version 12). SPSSis updated regularly, which is great in terms of improving the program, but itc

praise from students for any book.’ . on my bookshelf; it will remain on my desk . From this site you can download the data files to your hard drive or floppy disk by following the instructions on screen. Then you should start SPSS and open the data files. These files can only be opened in SPSS.

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