Hospitality And Tourism

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Fundamentals of BusinessChapter 15:Hospitality andTourismContent for this chapter was adapted from Introduction to Tourism andHospitality in BC by Morgan Westcott, Editor, Capilano University and isused under a CC-BY 4.0 International license. Download the original sourceof this chapter for free at: http://open.bccampus.caChapter 15 is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationallicense: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0If you redistribute any part of this chapter, you must retain on every digital orprint page view the following attribution:Download this book for free:http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961; Download the original source ofthis chapter for free at: http://open.bccampus.caLead Author: Stephen J. SkripakContributors: Richard Parsons, Anastasia Cortes, Anita WalzLayout: Anastasia CortesSelected graphics: Brian Craig http://bcraigdesign.comCover design: Trevor FinneyStudent Reviewers: Jonathan De Pena, Nina Lindsay, Sachi SoniProject Manager: Anita WalzThis chapter is licensed with a Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 International license. Download this book for free:http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961; Download the original source ofthis chapter for free at: http://open.bccampus.caPamplin College of Business and Virginia Tech LibrariesJuly 2016

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Chapter 15Hospitality & TourismLearning Objectives1) Understand what tourism is: definition, components, andimportance.2) Understand the economic, social and environmental benefitsand costs of tourism.3) Define hospitality and the pineapple tradition.4) Identify the types of hotel categories and how they aredetermined.5) Understand the structure of hospitality operations and careerladders.6) Examine the different categories of food service operations.7) Understand the different types of events, meetings andconventions.Chapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca329

TourismFigure 15.1: Postcards in ItalyThe tourism industry is often cited as the largest industry in the world, contributing 10%of the world’s GDP. In 2014 there were over 1.1 billion international tourists: that’s asubstantial economic impact and movement of goods and services! 1 Tourism is alsoconsidered an export and is unique in that the consumers come to the product where it isconsumed on-site. Before we dig any deeper, let’s explore what the term “tourism” means.Definition of TourismThere are a number of ways tourism can be defined. Recently, the United NationsWorld Tourism Organization (UNWTO) embarked on a project from 2005 to 2007 to create acommon glossary of terms for tourism. It defines tourism as follows:A social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movementof people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal orbusiness/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may beeither tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to dowith their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure.2Chapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca330

In other words, tourism is the movement of people for a number of purposes (whetherbusiness or pleasure). It is important to understand the various groups and constituenciesinvolved in this movement. Of course it includes the tourist, but also the vast array ofbusinesses providing goods and services for the tourist, the government and political structureof a destination, and the local residents of the destination community itself. Each of thesecomponents are necessary parts of a successful tourism destination and operate within privateand public sectors, the built environment, and the natural environment. All these come togetherto create the processes, activities, and outcomes of tourism.If it all seems a little overwhelming, it might be helpful to break tourism down into broadindustry groups, each of which will be covered in this chapter: Accommodation and Lodging Food and beverage services (F & B) Recreation and Entertainment Convention & Event Management Travel Services Country ClubsBenefits and Costs of TourismTourism impacts can be grouped into three main categories: economic, social, andenvironmental. These impacts are analyzed using data gathered by businesses, governments,and industry organizations. Some impacts gain more attention than others. It is also importantto recognize that different groups and constituencies are impacted differently.Economic Impacts of TourismThe tourism industry has a huge economic impact that continues to expand to newmarkets and destinations. According to the UNWTO, in 2015 “The total export value frominternational tourism amounted to US 1.4 trillion.”3 Regions with the highest growth in termsChapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca331

Figure 15.2: The Impact of Global Tourismof tourism dollars earned are the Americas, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Only theMiddle East posted negative growth at the time of the report. As well, the UNWTO’s Tourism2020 Vision report predicts that international arrivals will reach nearly 1.6 billion by 2020.4Figure 15.2 provides additional information about the impact of tourism worldwide.Positive impacts from this economic boom include robust foreign exchange, increasesin income, and GDP growth. Tourism can also offer diverse employment opportunities, can bedeveloped with local products, and is often compatible with other economic activities within adestination. Tourism often injects money into the community that leads to secondary economicdevelopment as well. For example, successful resorts may create the need for a commerciallaundry facility or a pet boarding business.However, there are also negative impacts. Property values may increase to the point ofunaffordability for local residents, and the seasonality of the tourism industry may create afeast-or-famine economy. As with any economy, if too many resources are focused on just oneindustry, communities may be vulnerable to any unexpected economic, social, orenvironmental changes. One example is the New Jersey shore after the devastation ofHurricane Sandy. The tourism industry was destroyed, leaving no economic fallback for localresidents.Chapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca332

Social Impacts of TourismIn addition to the economic benefits of tourism development, positive social impactsinclude an increase in amenities (e.g., parks, recreation facilities), investment in arts, culture,heritage and tradition, celebration of indigenous communities, and community pride. Tourismalso has the potential to break down language, socio-cultural, religious, and political barriers.When developed conscientiously, tourism can, and does, contribute to a positive quality of lifefor residents and promotes a positive image of the destination.However, as identified by the United Nations Environment Programme, negative socialimpacts of tourism can include: change or loss of indigenous identity and values; cultureclashes; changes in family structure; conflict within the community for the tourism dollar; andethical issues, including an increase in sex tourism, crime, gambling, and/or the exploitation ofchild workers.5Environmental Impacts of TourismTourism relies on, and greatly impacts, the natural environment in which it operates. Insome destinations, there is a great appreciation of the environmental resources as the sourceof the tourism industry, and as such there are environmental protection policies and plans inplace. Tourism has helped to save many delicate ecosystems and their flora and fauna.Preservation of these important resources benefits not only the tourist but also the localresidents as well.Even though many areas of the world are conserved in the form of parks and protectedareas, tourism development can still have severe negative economic impacts. According toThe United Nations Environment Programme, these can include the depletion of naturalresources (water, forests, etc.), pollution (air pollution, noise, sewage, waste and littering), andphysical impacts (construction activities, marina development, trampling, loss of biodiversity,and spread of disease).6The environmental impacts of tourism can reach beyond local areas and have an effecton the global ecosystem. One example is increased air travel, which is often identified as amajor contributor to climate change.Chapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca333

Whether positive or negative, tourism is a force for change around the world, and theindustry is transforming at a staggering rate.Accommodation and LodgingThe Hospitality IndustryWhen looking at tourism it’s important toconsider the term hospitality. Some definehospitality as “the business of helping peopleFigure 15.3: Shirley Plantation, with apineapple on the roof.to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoythemselves.”7 Simply put, the hospitalityindustry is the combination of theaccommodation and food andbeverage groupings, collectively making up thelargest segment of the industry.The pineapple has long been the symbolof hospitality. The Caribs, indigenous people ofthe Lower Antilles in the Caribbean, first used itas such a symbol. The Spaniards knew theywere welcome if a pineapple was placed at theentrance to the village. This symbolism spread across Europe and North America where itbecame the custom to carve the shape of a pineapple into the columns at the entrance of theplantation.8 Charles Carter added a three and a half foot wooden pineapple to the peak of theroof at Shirley Plantation, the first plantation in Virginia.9 It is now common to see the image ofthe pineapple as a sign of welcome, warmth and hospitality.The types of employees and resources required to run an accommodation business —whether it be a hotel, motel, or even a campground — are quite similar. All these businessesneed staff to check in guests, provide housekeeping, employ maintenance workers, andprovide a place for people to sleep. As such, they can be grouped together under the headingChapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca334

of accommodation and lodging. Figure 15.4 summarizes the various groupings within theindustry.Figure 15.4: The scope of the hospitality industryCategoryAccommodations andLodgingRecreation andEntertainmentTravel insAirBnB/ Home AwayGamingTheme ParksAdventure and OutdoorRecreationTravel Agents/ OTA’sAirlinesCruise ShipsRail/ BusCarEcoTourismFood and Beverage s and EventMeetingsExpositionsSocial and Special EventsManagementClubsChapter 15CityPrivate Country Clubshttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca335

Hotel TypesHotels are typically referred to by hotel type or category. The type of hotel isdetermined primarily by the size and location of the building structure, and then by the function,target market, service level, amenities, and industry standards.ClassificationsHotels may be classified on a number of different variables. A hotel’s size is based onthe number of guest rooms it has; hotel sizes can range from a small boutique hotel with fewerthan 50 rooms to a large resort hotel with more than 1,000 rooms. The location of a hotel canalso determine the type of guest served. An airport hotel may be very different from a bed andbreakfast or a conference hotel. The level of service provided is also a key variable, rangingfrom an inexpensive budget or economy hotel, which may have limited services and amenities,to upscale and luxury hotels with full services and a wide range of amenities. What areamenities? They are the extra activities or services available at a hotel beyond the guest roomitself. They can include basics such as accessibility or parking, or higher-end options like spas,golf courses, and elegant restaurants. The type of ownership is also an important variable:many branded hotels are franchised, but many are operated as independent hotels. Ownersmay manage their own hotels or many hire a third party manager. A hotel chain such asMarriott or Hilton may in fact be comprised of several different brands: Marriott currently has 19different hotel brands, with each name representing a different level of price, service, or targetcustomer segment. There are several industry organizations, such as AAA or TripAdvisor,which can provide consumers with ratings for individual hotels.Figure 15.5 on the next page outlines the characteristics of specific hotel types thathave evolved to match the needs of a particular traveler segment. As you can see, hotelsadapt and diversify depending on the markets they want and need to attract to stay inbusiness.Chapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca336

Figure 15.5: Types of hotels and their key characteristicsMarketTraveler olume corporate accounts in city or airportpropertiesStronger demand Monday through ThursdayLeisureLeisurePurpose for travel includes sightseeing,recreation, or visiting friends and relativesStronger demand Friday and Saturday nights andall week during holidays and the summerMeetings andgroupsCorporate groups,Associations, Social,Military, Education,Religious, and FraternalIncludes meetings, seminars, trade shows,conventions, and gatherings of over 10 peoplePeak convention demand is spring and fallProximity to a conference center and meeting andbanquet space increase this marketgroups (aka, SMERF)ExtendedBusiness and leisurestayOften offers kitchen facilities and living roomspacesBookings are typically more than five nightsOften business related (e.g., extended healthcare, construction projects, corporate projects)Leisure demand driven by a variety ofcircumstances including family visiting relatives,home renovations, snowbirds escaping winterChapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca337

Management ContractsFigure 15.6: The Inn at Virginia Tech, managedIt is common for ownership to utilize a by Benchmark Hospitalitymanagement contract, which is a serviceoffered by a management company tomanage a hotel or resort for its owners.Owners have two main options for thestructure of a management contract. One isto enter into a franchise agreement tosecure a brand and then engage anindependent third-party hotel managementcompany to manage the hotel. A slightlydifferent option is for owners to select a single company to provide both the brand and theexpertise to manage the property. Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt, and Four Seasons Hotels andResorts are companies that provide this second option to owners.Selecting a brand affiliation is one of the most significant decisions hotel owners mustmake.10 The brand affiliation selected will largely determine the cost of hotel development orconversion of an existing property to meet the standards of the new brand. The affiliation willalso determine a number of things about the ongoing operation including the level of servicesand amenities offered, cost of operation, marketing opportunities or restrictions, and thecompetitive position in the marketplace. For these reasons, owners typically consider severalbranding options before choosing to operate independently or to adopt a brand affiliation.Chains and Franchise AgreementsAnother managerial and ownership structure is franchising. A hotel franchise enablesindividuals or investment companies (the franchisee) to build or purchase a hotel and then buyor lease a brand name to become part of a chain of hotels using the franchisor’s hotel brand,image, loyalty program, goodwill, procedures, controls, marketing, and reservations systems.11A franchisee becomes part of a network of properties that use a central reservationssystem with access to electronic distribution channels, regional and national marketingprograms, central purchasing, revenue management support, and brand operating standards.Chapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca338

A franchisee also receives training, support, and advice from the franchisor and mustadhere to regular inspections, audits, and reporting requirements.Selecting a franchise structure may reduceinvestment risk by enabling the franchisee to associateFigure 15.7: The San Diego Marriottwith an established hotel company. Franchise fees canbe substantial, and a franchisee must be willing toadhere to the contractual obligations with thefranchisor.12 Franchise fees typically include an initial feepaid with the franchise application and continuing feespaid during the term of the agreement. These fees areusually a percentage of revenue but can be set at a fixedfee. The total percentage of sales ranges significantly forhotels from 3.3% - 14.7% with a median of 11.8%.13Hotel and Lodging PersonnelWhile the complexity of the organization chart varies significantly from an 80 roomhighway hotel to a 1000 room city center hotel, the responsibilities and compensationbetween a General Manager (GM) of a 150 room hotel and the Front Office Manager of aFigure 15.8: Career path in Hotel Management1000 city center hotel may be similar. The path to a GM at a small hotel is much quicker thanat a more complex large hotel or resort. Not surprisingly, typical managerial positions areChapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca339

found in the hotel industry but responsibilities and compensation can vary based on the sizeand complexity of the hotel. As you read about them, think about which position(s) hold thegreatest interest to you.General Manager and Director of OperationsThe General Manager’s role is to provide strategic leadership and planning to alldepartments so revenue is maximized, employee relations are strong, and guests are satisfied.The General Manager is responsible for owner and brand relationships and communityinvolvement. The Director of Operations/Assistant General Manager is responsible forproviding guidance to department heads to achieve their targets and for directing the day-today operations of the hotel operating departments.Director of RoomsDirector of Rooms/Resident Manager is responsible for the effective operation ofFront Desk, Bell Staff, Valet, Housekeeping, Reservations, Revenue Management, and otherroom related departments. The department heads for these areas each report to the Directorof Rooms. The Director provides guidance and leadership to these departments which in turnseek to maximize revenue, guest satisfaction and financial performance.Front Office ManagerFigure 15.9: Front desk staffReporting to the Director of Rooms, theFront Office Manager controls the availability ofrooms, occupancy forecasts, and the day-to-dayfunctions of the front office. The Front DeskManagers and Agents report to the Front OfficeManager and work in the lobby or reception area towelcome the guests to the property, process arrivalsand departures, coordinate room assignments andpre-arrivals, and respond to guest requests.Revenue ManagerRevenue Management is the use of pricing, inventory control, booking channels, andmix of group and transient rooms sold to maximize revenue of the hotel. One challenge inChapter 15http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70961Download the original source of this chapter at: http://open.bccampus.ca340

lodging is perishability

A hotel’s size is based on the number of guest rooms it has; hotel sizes can range from a small boutique hotel with fewer than 50 rooms to a large resort hotel with more than 1,000 rooms. The location of a hotel can also determine the type of guest served. An airport hotel may be very different from a bed and breakfast or a conference hotel.

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