Reining In RUNOFF - SCDHEC
Reining inRUNOFFa citizen’s guide to protecting our waterresources from runoff pollution
Table of ContentsMap of South Carolina Major River Basins. ivIntroduction. 1What’s in Runoff Pollution?. 2Runoff Pollution: Where Does It Come From? What Can We Do About It?. 4Lawns and Gardens.4Household Chemicals.5Solid Waste Disposal.7Water Efficiency.8Motor Vehicles.9Boats.10Septic Systems.11Pet Waste. 12Hard Surfaces. 13Farms.14Forestry. 15Air Emissions.16Construction.17Why Should We Care?. 18Glossary.23Contact Information & Links.26DHEC Environmental Affairs Regional Offices.28
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IntroductionAfter the rain The next time it rains, imagine what happens when the water hits the ground and flows away. Water flowing across streetsand parking lots picks up dirt, trash, oil, grease, bits of rubber tires, animal waste, and other things left behind by motorvehicles, people, and animals. Rain falling on construction sites, farmland, timberland, and bare earth becomes muddywith sediment. When not managed properly, golf courses, agricultural fields, home gardens, and lawns may add fertilizersand pesticides to stormwater runoff. Septic tanks in water-logged areas can contribute sewage to the runoff. All of this mixestogether and flows away as polluted runoff.Where does it go?Polluted runoff flows directly intoour streams, lakes, rivers, ocean, andcoastal waters. Very little pollutedrunoff is treated before itreaches a waterway.Besides affecting fish and otherwildlife, this kind of pollution canalso contaminate our drinking watersupplies. Since runoff pollution comesfrom so many different sources, it isdifficult to regulate. However, pointsources such as outfalls from sewagetreatment plants or industrial facilitieshave been regulated under state andfederal laws since the early 1970s.Who’s responsible forrunoff pollution?Everyone, in one way or another, islikely to be part of the problem. Thismeans that everyone can also bepart of the solution! This handbookis a guide to the major causes ofthe problem, and what individuals,families, and community groups cando to rein in runoff pollution. It’s upto us!DID YOU KNOW?Runoff pollution is the #1 source ofwater pollution in South Carolinaand the United States.1
2What’s in Runoff Pollution?Here are some of the things that canbe found in runoff pollution: Bacteria Trash Heavy Metals Mercury Fertilizers & Nutrients Sediment Motor Vehicle Fluids PesticidesBacteriaTrashSource: Raw sewage from failingseptic systems, overflowing sewerlines, pet waste, farm animals, andwildlife can all be sources of bacteria.Source: Paper, plastic containers andwrappers, cans, cigarette butts, yardwaste, and other kinds of trash areoften dumped into drainage ditches oralongside roadways.Effect: Stormwater contaminatedfrom these sources can containbacteria and viruses that may causeillnesses in people after swimmingin contaminated lakes, rivers, orthe ocean. Illnesses may also occurafter the consumption of raw orimproperly cooked shellfish fromthese contaminated areas.Effect: When carried into ourwaterways by stormwater, this trashcan use up oxygen, change habitatsfor aquatic life, and physically damagefish, birds, and other animals. Evenif trash is buried or burned, harmfulchemicals can still be released fromdumpsites or as air pollution.Heavy MetalsDID YOU KNOW?Even if the bacteria present are not directly dangerous to humans, they canstill cause shellfish beds to be closed to commercial and recreational oysterand clam harvesting. When health officials test water quality, they usuallydon’t try to identify every type of bacteria or virus that might be harmful.Instead, they look for bacteria that are always found in the intestines ofmammals (known as Fecal Coliform bacteria). If these bacteria are found,they may indicate the presence of other harmful organisms. Therefore, theareas are closed to oyster and clam harvesting to protect human health.Source: Motor vehicle wastes containa variety of heavy metals like lead andcopper, as well as harmful organicchemicals. Used batteries contain zinc,lead, and mercury.Effect: Heavy metals can be harmfulto humans and aquatic life.
Fertilizers & NutrientsPesticidesSource: All plants need nutrients togrow and reproduce. Three majornutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus,and potassium, and stormwater cancollect these nutrients from fertilizers,household chemicals, and pet waste.Source: Farmers, home gardeners,and golf course operators often usevarious chemicals to control pests.Many households use weed killers, petshampoos, flea collars, and no-peststrips containing chemicals that can beharmful to other plants and animals inaddition to the pests of concern.Effect: Excess nutrients in streams,lakes, and coastal waters can causealgae and aquatic weeds to growand compete with fish and otheraquatic life for space and oxygen.When the algae die, the large mass ofdecomposing algae can consume somuch oxygen that aquatic life suffers.DID YOU KNOW?If an unsafe level of the nutrientnitrite gets into drinking water,it can cause serious healthproblems, particularly innewborn babies.Effect: These chemicals, if handled orstored incorrectly, can harm wildlife,plants, and pets.Motor Vehicle FluidsSource: Antifreeze, battery acid, brakefluid, gasoline, and motor oil readilyaccumulate on roads and parkingareas, and are easily washed off byrainfall. Some people even get rid ofthese fluids by pouring them on theground or down storm drains.Effect: Motor vehicle fluids arepoisonous to fish, shellfish, and manyother forms of aquatic life.DID YOU KNOW?Sediment can absorbcontaminants like heavy metals,oils, and other substances.Contaminated sediments thatsettle on the bottom of ourstreams, lakes and coastal waterscan pollute water and aquatic lifefor a long time.SedimentSource: Sediment can come fromimproperly managed constructionsites, eroding streambanks, or cropand forested lands.Effect: Accumulated sediments canfill stream channels and increaseflooding. Dirt suspended in runoffcan increase death among fish eggsand larvae, erode the gills of maturefish, and completely destroy habitatsused as spawning areas by many fish.Suspended sediment can interferewith light needed by aquatic plant life.3
4Runoff Pollution: Where Does It ComeFrom? What Can We Do About It?Lawns and GardensWell maintained lawns and gardens can be of real benefit to water quality and the local environment. They add beauty,control erosion, filter runoff from nearby hard surfaces, reduce dust, and help moderate summer heat. However, lawns andgardens are often the reason for water overuse and unnecessary application of fertilizers and pesticides.WHAT CAN WE DO? Reduce soil erosion by plantingappropriate plant cover on barepatches of ground. Consider low maintenancegroundcovers or shrubs and trees thatslow rain runoff. Do not apply pesticides or fertilizer ifrain is expected. Reduce water requirements of yourlandscaping by selecting plants suitedto the local environment with minimalneed for extra watering. Use only fertilizers that are reallyneeded, based on soil tests and specificneeds of your plants. Group plants with similar needs andmatch plants’ water needs with thesoil’s moisture-holding ability. Keep fertilizer off driveways andsidewalks where it can be washed intostorm drains. Use drip irrigation, soaker hoses, andmulching to reduce water use. Avoid using fertilizers within 75 feet ofa wetland or waterway. Limit the amount of lawn to whatwill actually be used for play andrecreation. Try organic fertilizers (such as fishemulsion, blood meal, organic mixes,or home compost). Practice Integrated Pest Management(see glossary for more details).Establish habitats for beneficial birdsand insects that reduce pests, buildthe soil, pollinate plants, and performother useful functions. If you use a lawn care service, requestnatural management instead ofchemical methods, have your soiltested to know the actual needs, lookat the labels of all pesticides used, andfollow precautions and directions. Install a rain garden. Visit www.clemson.edu/extensionto contact your County ExtensionAgent for information on waterwise gardening and integrated pestmanagement.
Household ChemicalsSome household products contain chemicals that can become pollutants if theyare poured down home drains, storm drains, or outside on the ground.WHAT CAN WE DO? When buying household chemicals,read the labels. Select the least toxicproduct that will do the job and useonly when really needed. Use only recommended amounts.SOME ALTERNATIVE WAYSTO CONTROL PESTS Biological Pest Controls —beneficial insects that attackpests Traps — pheromone traps andbeer in a shallow dish for slugs Removing pests by hand Floating Row Covers — lightweight barriers that keep pestsoff plants Insecticidal Soaps — controlsoft bodied insects such asaphids, white flies, and thrips Natural Insecticides — madefrom certain plants, theseshould be used sparingly Clean up any spills with kitty litterand other absorbent materials. Don’t apply chemicals near cisterns,wells, or waterbodies. Don’t mix chemicals together. Participate in local programs forhazardous household waste disposal;if there isn’t such a program, workwith local agencies to start one. Go to www.scdhec.gov/recycleand click on Where to RecycleLocally for a list of county recyclinglocations and what each site collects.HAZARDOUS HOUSEHOLDPRODUCTS Spotremovers Ammonia Paint andother finishes Don’t burn or bury leftoverchemicals or containers. Furniturepolish Stuff used cans of paint, thinner,or other finishes and solvents withnewspapers and allow them to drybefore putting the cans into the trash. Drain cleaner Batteriescontaining Oven cleanerheavy metals Disinfectants Swimming Mothpoolrepellentschemicals Never pour household chemicalsdown drains, storm drains, or ontothe ground. Deodorizers Thinners andsolvents5
6Household Cleaners and AlternativesFor more information, visit EPA’s Web site at: www.epa.gov/saferchoice/productsInstead of.Try.Drain cleanerUse a plunger or plumber’s snake.Oven cleanerClean spills as soon as the oven cools using steel wool and baking soda; fortough stains, add salt (Do not use this method in self-cleaning or continuouscleaning ovens).Glass cleanerMix 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice in 1 quart of water. Spray on anduse newspaper to wipe dry.Toilet bowl cleanerUse a toilet brush and baking soda or vinegar. (This will clean but not disinfect.)Furniture polishMix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice in 1 pint of mineral or vegetable oil, and wipefurniture.Rug deodorizerDeodorize dry carpets by sprinkling liberally with baking soda. Wait at least 15minutes and vacuum. Repeat if necessary.Silver polishBoil 2 to 3 inches of water in a shallow pan with 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 teaspoonof baking soda, and a sheet of aluminum foil. Totally submerge silver and boilfor 2 to 3 more minutes. Wipe away tarnish. Repeat if necessary. (Do not use thismethod on antique silver knives. The blade will separate from the handle.)Another alternative is to use nonabrasive toothpaste.Plant insecticideWipe leaves with mild soap and water; rinse.MothballsUse cedar chips, lavender flowers, rosemary, mint, or white peppercorns.Flea and tick productsPut brewer’s yeast or garlic in your pet’s food; sprinkle fennel, rue, rosemary, oreucalyptus seeds or leaves around animal sleeping areas.
Solid Waste DisposalMost households discard food scraps, paper products, wrappers, containers made of glass, plastic, and metals every day.Solid waste is an increasing problem as landfills are becoming more difficult to site and expensive to operate. Runoff seepingthrough older landfills can carry many contaminants from decomposing garbage.WHAT CAN WE DO? Reduce your consumption of disposable productsand products with excessive packaging. Never dump grass clippings or other yard wasteinto or near a waterway or a storm drain. Buy biodegradable or recyclable productswhenever possible. Participate in recycling programs.Visit www.scdhec.gov/recycle to learn more. Make a compost pile (see “Composting”).COMPOSTINGItems that are good to use for composting include:Tip on composting: grass clippings crushed eggshells leaves tea bags fruit and vegetablescraps coffee grounds Try to keep yourcompost pile between3 ft x 3 ft x 3 ft and5 ft x 5 ft x 5 ft.Two types of composting include: Hot composting–use when there is a large amount ofwaste material; produces compost in a month. Cold composting–use with small amounts of material;takes at least six months to produce compost. Smaller piles tend to not hold enoughheat while larger piles tend to not getenough air to support bacteria.For more information about composting, visit the DHECwebsite at www.scdhec.gov/compost or the EPAwebsite at www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home.7
8Water EfficiencyA recent EPA survey showed at least 40 states are anticipating local, regional, or statewide water shortages over the nextseveral years. Unnecessary water use not only contributes to local water shortages, but also adds to the volume of wastewaterthat must be treated by septic tanks or sewage treatment plants. As a result, excessive water use contributes to higher use andmore expensive water and sewer services.WHAT CAN WE DO? MONEY SAVING TIPS Install high efficiency toilets, which combine high performance with waterefficiency. Check for toilet leaks by putting food coloring into the tank. If colored waterappears after 30 minutes without flushing, there is a leak that should be repaired. Try to buy products with the WaterSense logo, which identifieshigh performance, water-efficient products. www.epa.gov/watersense Turn off your hot water heater when going on a trip. Don’t run water continuously when washing dishes, brushing teeth, shaving, etc. Take short showers instead of baths. Avoid using the garbage disposal unnecessarily since these devices use largeamounts of water and add organic materials to sewage treatment plants. Install a water-efficient showerhead. Run dishwashers and washing machines only when you have a full load. Reduce the volume of your toilet tank with plastic bottles filled with water(don’t use bricks); you’ll have to experiment to find the minimum volumeneeded for satisfactory operation.DID YOU KNOW?Each American uses an average of88 gallons of water a day at home.We can all use at least20 percent less water by installingwater-efficient fixtures andappliances (EPA).
Motor VehiclesUsed oil, antifreeze, and other motorvehicle fluids are often dumped into stormdrains or roadside ditches. The problem iseven worse if we consider the oil, grease,and other fluids that leak from poorlymaintained vehicles and contaminaterunoff from roads, driveways, and parkinglots. Motor vehicles also add tire particles,copper from brake pads, and air emissionsto polluted runoff.WHAT CAN WE DO? Maintain motor vehicles and repair leakspromptly. Dispose of used motor oil at oil recyclingcenters. www.scdhec.gov/recycle Arrange for local service stations orrecycling centers to take your usedantifreeze. Avoid gas tank overflows duringrefueling. Wash your car at a car wash where thewash water is either recycled or goes to awastewater treatment plant.9
10BoatsRecreational boaters use a variety of cleaners, finishes, andantifouling compounds and may sometimes dischargegarbage, sewage, and petroleum products into our waterways.Boats can create excessive wakes that contribute to shorelineerosion and increase sediment loads to adjacent waterways.WHAT CAN WE DO? Avoid producing a wake within 500 feet of shore. Scrub boats with a brush and water instead of routinelyusing soap or detergent. If cleansers are needed to remove stains, use phosphate-freedetergents. Don’t use toxic polishes and stain removers. Avoid gas tank overflows during refueling. Do not discharge boat sewage directly into waterways. “Stow it, don’t throw it;” bring trash ashore for recycling ordisposal. Use a drop cloth when scraping boat hulls to catch toxicchips of paint or antifouling. Support marine operators who use porous paving and adoptother runoff control practices. Use low emission engines.
Septic SystemsA properly operating septic tank system can be a safe and effective means of disposing of household wastewater. The wholeprocess depends on bacterial action and soils that can absorb the outflow. If the drain field is damaged or the soil becomessaturated, nearby wells and surface waters may become contaminated with sewage products including bacteria, solids, andoxygen-consuming materials.WHAT CAN WE DO? Keep heavy vehicles and plant rootsaway from drain field pipes. Conserve water and stagger waterintensive uses (like laundry) thatcould overload the system. Avoid putting household chemicalsdown the drain that could destroyhelpful bacteria in the septic tank. Have the system inspected annuallyand pumped out every three tofive years (maintenance is alwayscheaper than repairing a problem). When possible, avoid using garbagedisposals that add unnecessarysolids and grease to the system. Divert runoff from the drain fieldarea to reduce the likelihood ofsoaking the soil. Visit DHEC’s Division ofOnsite Wastewater Management atwww.scdhec.gov/septic for moreinformation. Keep oils, fats and grease, coffeegrounds, cigarettes, facial tissues,paper towels, sanitary napkins,tampons, and disposable diapers outof the system. Use toilet paper that decomposesquickly. Be alert for bright green grassgrowing over the drain field thatcould indicate sewage seepage nearthe surface.11
12Pet WastePet waste is high in bacteria as well as nutrients and can contribute to the closure of beaches and shellfish beds. Sometimespet owners do not believe that their one dog could make much difference, but when the wastes from all the pets in acommunity are added together, the impact is significant. Not only can pet waste impact our water resources, but it can alsocreate a health hazard for you and your children.WHAT CAN WE DO? Clean up after pets and dispose of wastes in thetrash, toilet, or bury it. Use a commercially available pet waste composter. Hire a pet waste removal company. Never leave pet waste on streets, sidewalks,or driveways.DID YOU KNOW? An average size dog producesabout a quarter pound of wasteevery day. Pet waste can wash intostorm drains and go directlyin to waterways without beingtreated. Pet waste can also washdirectly into marshes andwaterways.
Hard SurfacesHard surfaces such as paved roads, driveways, rooftops, and parking lots are common in most communities. Stormwaterflows over these hard surfaces picking up pollutants along the way. Unlike forests and fields, which allow rainwater to soakinto the ground, these hard surfaces cause rainwater to flow rapidly into ditches and storm drains – and directly into ourwaterways.WHAT CAN WE DO?Keep Surface Runoff Clean Follow suggestions for septic tanks,farms, lawns, and gardens. When designing for large pavedsurfaces, use Best ManagementPractices such as permeable pavers,grassed swales, and conservation ofnatural areas.Reduce Surface Runoff Limit paved or other impervioussurfaces on your property andconsider alternatives to solidconcrete.ARE YOU A DUMPER?Avoid dumping anything down a storm drain.Grass clippings and leaves not only clog yourstorm drain potentially causing flooding, but alsocreate an excess of nutrients in a waterbodyleading to other water quality problems. Theseitems don’t belong in a storm drain: Paint Grass clippings & leaves Oil and grease Pet waste Cleaning supplies Fertilizers and pesticides Soap and car residue from washinga carBENEFITS OF A RAIN GARDENA rain garden can:Allow Runoff to be Absorbed Plant rain gardens, which can absorband filter runoff from hard surfaces. Filter containments in runoff pollution Visit www.scdhec.gov/stormwaterfor more information about DHEC’sStormwater Program. Recharge local groundwater Reduce the potential of home flooding Improve aesthetics13
14FarmsPoor farming practices can result in runoff contaminated with sediment, nutrients, pesticides, bacteria, and oxygenconsuming substances. It is especially important for farms to properly manage animal wastes and the application ofchemicals. Agriculture is an important activity in South Carolina, but when it’s improperly managed, it can be a sourcefor runoff pollution. This contamination can be reduced by improved land management and by constructed systems thatcontain or reduce pollutants at their source.WHAT CAN WE DO? Plant vegetation at the base of steep slopes and in drainageditches to slow the rate of runoff and trap pollutants. Locate feed and nutrient storage facilities away fromstreams and drainages. Keep heavy equipment off exposed soil during rainyperiods. Provide storage facilities (this may be as simple as a canvascover over a manure pile) that prevent collected animalwastes from washing away. Practice conservation tillage, a variety of techniques suchas inter-cropping that avoid leaving large areas of exposedsoil for extended periods. Construct detention ponds and basins to slow runoff andtrap sediment. Control animal grazing to prevent pasture overgrazing. Drag pastures frequently to spread manure and promoteuniform grazing. Leave wetlands, stream banks, channels, and streamsidevegetation in their natural condition to provide a bufferbetween cultivated areas and waterways. Adopt theprinciples of Integrated Pest Management (see glossary fordetails). Apply liquid manure during dry months when there isless chance of water contamination and during the activegrowing season when nutrient uptake by plants is at itsmaximum. Fence animals away from streams. Follow an approved waste management plan.
ForestryForested watersheds act as filter systems for runoff. They are important to drinking water supplies, recreation, and fisheries.Careless forestry practices can cause runoff pollution. Road building, harvesting, logging, and pesticide application canpollute water with sediments, chemicals, and organic materials unless precautions are taken to control such contamination.WHAT CAN WE DO? Plan and construct roads to minimize disturbed area and control sediment loss. Minimize stream crossings by roads. Establish buffer strips (generally 40 to 100 feet wide) along streams. Revegetate and close roads that are no longer needed. Consider special logging, harvesting, storage and hauling techniques thatminimize soil disturbance.NATURE’S NATURALFILTERS: BUFFERSA buffer is an area of trees andshrubs next to a water resourcethat helps filter out pollutantswhile providing habitat foraquatic wildlife. Plants alsokeep soil from getting washedinto the waterway. Follow “South Carolina’s Best Management Practices for Forestry” during allactivities. Visit www.state.sc.us/forest/bmpmanual.pdf to view the manual. Hire contractors that use forestry best management practices. Visit the South Carolina Forestry Commission website at www.trees.sc.gov formore information about BMPs and free forest management advice.No BufferDID YOU KNOW?98% of timber harvests use Best Management Practices to protect waterquality in South Carolina (SC Forestry Commission).Buffer15
16Air EmissionsRainwater can be contaminated before it even hits the ground if it falls through polluted air. Acid rain is the most familiarexample of this type of contamination. Air pollution with sulfur and nitrogen compounds results primarily from burningfossil fuels, especially coal and oil. These fuels are burned for electricity production and motor vehicle transportation.WHAT CAN WE DO?Practice Energy Efficiency! Look for Energy StarProducts; use less energyand save money!www.energystar.gov Turn off lights and electronics whennot in rooms. Consider using appliances that donot require electricity or fossil fuel(such as manual can openers andpush-type lawn mowers). Pay attention to energy-efficiencyratings on new appliances andautomobiles. When possible, walk or bicycleinstead of driving. Keep doors and windows closedwhen air conditioners or heaters arein use. When building a new home orrenovating, investigate how to makeyour home energy efficient. Keep refrigerators closed as much aspossible. Set thermostats to 68 degrees inwinter and 78 degrees in summer. Do not burn household trash. Turn off your car engine if you arestopped longer than 30 seconds(except in traffic). Every three months, vacuum thecoils on the bottom or rear ofrefrigerators to remove dust. Investigate using solar and windpower sources. Visit DHEC’s Bureau of Air Qualitywebsite at www.scdhec.gov/air formore information.DID YOU KNOW?Some fish in South Carolina maycontain mercury. The largestsources of mercury pollution stemfrom decades of burning fossilfuel (like coal) and waste.If you fish in local waters, pleasevisit DHEC’s website atwww.scdhec.gov/fish to learnthe types and amount of fishthat are safe to eat, or call1-888-849-7241 for a free booklet.
ConstructionWhen land is cleared for building or road development, loose sediment and othermaterials washed from work sites can pollute our waterways. Sediment in runoffnot only damages stream habitat but also can carry with it pesticides, cleaningsolvents, cement wash, asphalt, and motor oil.SOME ALTERNATIVES TOSOLID CONCRETE BRICKSWHAT CAN WE DO? During construction, leave and protect as much native vegetation as possible.Take extra measures
3 Fertilizers & Nutrients Source: All plants need nutrients to grow and reproduce. Three major nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and stormwater can collect these nutrients from fertilizers,
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v Agriculture Handbook 590 Ponds—Planning, Design, Construction Tables Table 1 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas 14 Table 2 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands 15 Table 3 Runoff curve numbers for other agricultural lands 16 Table 4 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands 17 Table 5 Runoff depth, in inches 18 Table 6 I a values for runoff curve numbers 21
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v Agriculture Handbook 590 Ponds—Planning, Design, Construction Tables Table 1 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas 14 Table 2 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands 15 Table 3 Runoff curve numbers for other agricultural lands 16 Table 4 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands 17 Table 5 Runoff depth, in
relationship between urbanization and runoff quality and quantity. However, the PSWSMRP focused primarily on the impacts of runoff on wetlands themselves, and not on the effects of urbanization on runoff flowing to wetlands. Runoff can alter four major wetland components: hydrology, water quality, soils, and
water quality and threaten aquatic habitats. Any type of development can increase the amount of stormwater runoff, alter natural drainage patterns and increase the concen-tration and types of pollutants carried by runoff. Runoff is a concern for marinas in areas used for boat hull maintenance. The materi-als and compounds used to repair boats,
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