Studies On Nature And Properties Of Salinity Across Globe .

2y ago
13 Views
2 Downloads
1.68 MB
8 Pages
Last View : Today
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Callan Shouse
Transcription

Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: BGeography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Science & DisasterManagementVolume 17 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2017Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research JournalPublisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587XStudies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe Witha View to its Management - A ReviewBy Yohannes Yihdego & Subhabrata PandaSnowy Mountains Engineering CorporationAbstract- Salinity is a complication towards evolving a sustainable food production system andhabitat management throughout globe. Such problem has its origin from marine, geological andanthropogenic activities. Nature and properties of salinity has been reviewed on global extentwith a view to its management in this regard.Keywords: salinity, sustainable, crop production, water harvesting, coastal area.GJHSS-B Classification : FOR Code: GlobeWithaViewtoitsManagementAReviewStrictly as per the compliance and regulations of: 2017. Yohannes Yihdego & Subhabrata Panda. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the CreativeCommons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinityacross Globe With a View to its Management- A ReviewKeywords: salinity, sustainable, crop production, waterharvesting, coastal area.I.SIntroductionII.Materials and MethodsLiterature survey is done on studies ongeographical expanse of salinity in water and in soilunder the various geological and atmosphericinfluences. Native geological features, territorial waterbodies and streams and even oceans and seas areinfluencers of soil salinity. Thus, literature survey willtarget to find out those native factors includingatmospheric components to study the nature andAuthor α : Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC),Sydney, New South Wales 2060, Australia.e-mail: yohannesyihdego@gmail.comAuthor σ: AICRP on Agroforestry, Jhargram, BCKV, Paschim Medinipur-721 507. West Bengal, India; and Department of Soil and WaterConservation, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswa vidyalaya, Mohanpur,Nadia – 741 252, West Bengal, India.8, 9, 10 20 17 Global Journals Inc. (US)31-alinity across globe can be broadly grouped asocean and terrestrial salinity. Terrestrial salinityhas its manifestation on land surface and ingroundwater 33, 34, 35, 36. Salinity of ocean is most vividlyrevealed and which hardly needs a classification,though sea temperature is the crucial factor for whichsalinity changes from place to place on oceans. Salinityis the outcome of various geological factors inassociation with atmospheric influence. Atmosphericcomponents along with geological circumstances arethe determinants of salinity on land territories includinggroundwater and in oceans.The present review work is targeted to find outnature and properties of salinity on global scale with aview to its management, especially managing salinity forsustainable food production through better agricultureand aquaculture, building construction and fresh waterharvesting.properties of salinity, especially soil and groundwatersalinity, for its management with a view to effectiveutilization of landmass and water bodies and oceans fora better scope for creation of dwelling places andsecurity of food, fodder and fibres in future for humanbeings on a global scale. Here, groundwater, mouths ofrivers and coastal areas are interfaces between landterritory and ocean.Salinity is the indication of property of bothwater and soil. It is the saltiness characterized byamount of dissolved salts present and expressed asgrams of salt present in one kilogram of water or soilwith a unit of parts per thousand or ppt or 0 00.Dissolution of salts results in higher density of saltywater than freshwater. This property is used to measuresalinity of water by hydrometer. Similarly salty waterrefracts more than freshwater and this property is thereason for measuring salinity of water by refract meter.As the property of variation of microwave emissivity withtemperature and salinity of sea surface, salinity sensor ismounted on NASA’s Aquarius Instrument satellite (June10, 2011) to measure changes in global sea watersalinity. Readings with that instrument can identifyroughness created by the shallow pools of freshwaterdue to intense rainfall on ocean. Carrying capacity ofelectrical charges by ions in water is employed tomeasure salinity of water by electrical conductivitymeter. This meter is also used to measure salinity of 1:2soil-water saturation extract. Apparent electricalconductivity of bulk soil in field is done throughelectrode probes or electromagnetic induction or timedomain reflection. Aquarius Instrument satellite alsomeasures global soil moisture status. With the anotherinstrument, Argentine built Microwave Radiometeraboard, in future, that Aquarius will gauge intense rainover ocean simultaneously to salinity readings. Afterthorough refining microwave emissivity measurementsthat salinity sensor may succeed in measuring accuratesoil salinity over the globe. There is another scope forrefining measurement soil moisture content with the helpof physical procedures or of certain bacteria likeEscherichia coli and joint venture of this microbiologicalmethod with the microwave emissivity salinity sensormay lead to precise estimation of soil salinity. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,2017sustainable food production system and habitat managementthroughout globe. Such problem has its origin from marine,geological and anthropogenic activities. Nature and propertiesof salinity has been reviewed on global extent with a view to itsmanagement in this regard.YearAbstract- Salinity is a complication towards evolving aσGlobal Journal of Human Social Science ( B ) Volume XVII Issue I Version IYohannes Yihdego α & Subhabrata Panda

Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management- A ReviewIII.DiscussionYear2017Nature of Salinity – Salinity is the accumulation of salts-Global Journal of Human Social Science ( B ) Volume XVII Issue I Version I32above certain level in water or soil matrix and geologicalformations. Sources of salinity can be broadly classifiedinto salinity of water and salinity of soil. Each has itseffect on the other. Thus, the two cannot be segregatedin nature. Besides climate has great binding on salinityand, thus, there is soil-water –atmosphere continuum innature of salinity, studies of which will be effective in itsmanagement, especially managing soil salinity. For thepurpose of clarity the whole discussion is divided into:i) Ocean salinityii) Terrestrial salinitya) Ocean salinityi. Physical states of waterThere are three physical states of water likeliquid, ice and vapour. Water, in its liquid state, dissolvesrocks and sediments and reacts with emissions fromvolcanoes and hydrothermal vents. This results incomplex solution in ocean basins. Apart from that saltswith minerals are released in oceans as a result ofweathering of rocks.Other two states are saltincompatible and, thus, formation of ice throughcondensation and vapour formation through evaporationare responsible for increase in salt concentration inwater.3, 10, 11, 12ii. Water CycleThe globe is broadly composed off one thirdparts of land and two third parts of water. Global 78%precipitation and 86% evaporation occur over ocean.This difference in fresh water input-output affects theocean dynamics, where ocean surface salinity is the keyfactor. Tracking of that salinity helps to directly monitorland runoff, sea ice freezing and melting; evaporationand precipitation over ocean.Formation of ice and evaporation areresponsible for increase in salt concentration in ocean.Processes like input of fresh water from precipitation(rain, snow), surface (river) and sub surface runoff (freshgroundwater flow) and melting of ice are responsible forcontinually decreasing salinity against different salinityfactors. Still it is of great concern that small variations insalinity in ocean surface can eventually affect thecirculation in ocean and global water cycle.5, 7, 10, 11, 12iii. Ocean Circulation and ClimateUpper ocean circulation is driven by winds.Deep below the surface the changes in sea waterdensity is the casual factor of ocean circulation, whilesea water density is dependent on salinity andtemperature.On high latitude regions, such as on the NorthAtlantic east of Greenland, cold surface ocean watersbecomes saltier due to evaporation and/or sea iceformation. In those regions surface water turns denseenough to sink to the ocean depths. That pumping of 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)surface water forces the deep ocean water to movehorizontally until it can find areas where it can move upto the surface of ocean. That ocean current is called as‘thermohaline circulation’, as that is caused by changesin temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). It is a verylarge and slow current estimated to be on the order of1000 years to complete a full circuit, also called the‘Global Conveyer Belt’ as this works as aninterconnected system. Such studies can help toemergencypreparednesstowardsdisastermanagement with regard to cyclones, sustainablefishing from seas and estuaries, etc.Studies on salinity in coastal areas are helpful forplanning rain water harvesting for more cropproduction.1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22iv. Salinity Regions- knowledge base for land salinitymanagementa. High Salinitya) In centre of the ocean basins, away from themouths of rivers which input fresh waters.b) In sub-tropical regions, due to high rates ofevaporation as a result clear skies,c) little rain and prevailing winds. In landlocked seas inarid regions.b.Low Salinitya) In high latitudes due to lower evaporation rates andmelting of ice which dilutes sea water.b) In tropical areas dominated by rain.Such differences in salinity regions have asignificant impact on ocean circulation and the globalclimate. 3, 4v. Sea–land proximity and Geomorphology –knowledge base for land salinity managementThe Bay of Bengal is less saline than theArabian Sea. Because Bay of Bengal is showered byintense monsoon rains and gets fresh water dischargesfrom the Ganges and other large rivers, whereas theArabian Sea is laid up against dry Middle East.Drift of sea water by winds is a major factor forsalinization of coastal soils. More sandy soils are lessaffected by salinity. Large rivers, generally, form deltanear its mouth and carry sediments constituting clayfractions in majority, which are susceptible to adhesionof ions of salts, i.e. the cause of salinity. For thesereasons the coastal soils by the Arabian Sea have lesssaline area than the coastal soils of Bay of Bengal.Such examples can be cited for other placeswhich would be of much helpful for managing countrywise land salinity.b) Terrestrial SalinityTerrestrial salinity may be due to one of thefollowing causes:i. Marine origin,ii. Natural terrestrial origin,

b) Management of Terrestrial Salinity33Management of land salinity requires areaspecific characterisation of salinity both in water and soilas well. Because either the salinity of soil or watercannot be separated like dilemma of differentiating fleshand blood. Groundwater is also an importantcomponent which needs attention in managingcontinent salinity, and, thereby using the vast saline tractfor useful purpose for growing food mainly throughagriculture and aquaculture.From the generic point of view, as sodic soilsare non-separable from saline areas, management ofsalinity in soils should take care of alkalinity of soil whileplanning for drainage of saline land. 26, 27, 28, 29c) Precautions for Drainage of Saline Soil forConservation of Agricultural LandsThrough judicious practice of art and science ofland drainage, drainage of saline soils can accomplishconsiderable achievements in conserving agriculturallands, in improving marginal agricultural lands, and inmitigating effects of other lands and water developmentprojects.30 This can be explained with the following sixexamples.Example 1: Drainage of pilot area of Chacupe, in thearid coastal area of Peru.For the reclamation of that strongly salinizedsodic soil following were done:i.ii.iii.iv.Preparation of water and salt balance,Preparation of Leaching Curve,Estimation of required Leaching Time,Estimation of Lime Requirement of soilapplication of necessary Ca amendments.forExample 2: Drainage for sugarcane cultivation in coastallow lands of Guyana.Establishing a critical value of the seasonalNumber of days with a High Water Level in open 20 17 Global Journals Inc. (US)-i. Soil salinitya. Frozen Soil Salinityb. Agricultural Soil Salinityii. Surface Water Salinityiii. Groundwater Salinityi. Frozen Soil SalinityContinental salinity is concerned mainly for soiland water salinity affecting agriculture. Salinity is theproblem for building construction everywhere andespecially in arctic coasts for anomalous load bearingproperty of frozen saline soils. Frozen saline soils arealso distributed in Central Siberia, where continentalsalinization is caused by predominance of evaporationover precipitation and that is characterized byprevalence of sulphate and carbonate ions and suchsoils are characterised by special engineering propertyof low bearing capacity. Those soils possess propertybetween frozen and unfrozen soils because of theirfreezing at lower temperature and contain moreunfrozen water than the same soil without salt. On suchsoil test of bearing capacity should allow constant loadfor construction of building.19ii. Agricultural Soil SalinityAgricultural Soil Salinity is the manifestation ofboth the soil and water (surface and ground) salinity, aswater is a useful input in irrigated agriculture. In case ofnon-irrigated agriculture question of water salinity is notconcerned.During the process of weathering of rocks andparent material salts are released which makes the soilsaline in situ and through transportation by surface andsub-surface runoff salinized azonal soils are formed.For such origin of salinity rainfall, sheet, rill, gullies,streams, rivers and groundwater flows are causingfactors. Due to work of wind, moving glaciers, lakes,river, ocean various azonal soils (e.g. alluvial, colluvial)are formed. Contamination of those forceful geomorphicagents is also the cause of origin of saline soils onvarious parts of the globe. For example, coastal salinesoils originated due to closeness of the coasts with thesea. Such geographical situation also affects the salinityof groundwater. Incidental flooding by sea water andhigh tides in the sea and drifts from seawater by windare causes of salinity of coastal rivers and groundwater.Impeded drainage condition due to impervious ornegligibly permeable soil layer at depth cause collectionof salts in soil layers and on drying of surface causessalts to rise up and makes the soil saline which isusually characterised by salt efflorescence which isnamed in different parts of the globe differently like rehin India. Dissolution of calcium from clay complex turnedthe saline soil sodic (alkali) soil.23, 24, 25, 26, 27Yeara) Manifestations of Terrestrial SalinityAnthropogenic activities are causes of salinity inevery parts of the globe right from the snow coveredterritory to shoreline of the hot continent. Those can beclassified as anthropogenic pollutants like road salt(applied in winter in cold countries), fertilizers, domestic,industrial and agricultural effluents spilled oil and gasfilled brines and brines from desalination plants and icemaking plants, etc. Apart from those over pumping ofgroundwater in coastal areas may cause saline wateringress in groundwater. Ponding of saline river water orsea water for inland prawn culture, application of salinewater for irrigation cause soil salinity. Construction ofrailways, roads and dams for canal irrigation are someof cause of impeded drainage condition leading to soilsalinity. Construction of such canals was identified asmain cause of increase in areas of saline as well assodic (alkali) soils in India.26, 27, 28, 29Global Journal of Human Social Science ( B ) Volume XVII Issue I Version Iiii. Anthropogenic terrestrial origin.iv. Mixed origin.2017Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management- A Review

Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management- A ReviewYear2017collector drains (NHW, above 90cm below soil surface),by relating it to production of sugarcane.The critical NHW value was found to be 7 days,below which production was not affected and abovewhich production showed a declining trend.That example showed a good use of water level(instead of discharge flow) as a criterion for landdrainage.Establishment of that criterion helped todetermine corresponding discharge by standardhydrological procedures.-Global Journal of Human Social Science ( B ) Volume XVII Issue I Version I34Such criterion helped to classify estates withexcessive, good and deficient drainage systems and torecommend required remedial measures.Example 3: Subsurface drainage for water logging andsalinity in the Nile Delta, Egypt.Thatstudies in Mashtul Pilot area showed thati. Examining the modestly deep water table (about0.8m as a seasonal average) sufficient to controlsoil salinity at a safe level as well good cropproduction,ii. Imposing deeper water level for intensive drainagewould have the negative side effects towards higherdrainage losses as well as lower irrigation efficiency,iii. Merit of such drainage criterion was found to bealso effective in areas under crops other than rice.Example 4: Subsurface drainage for water logging andsalinity control in northwest India.To reclaim seriously salinized soil in SamplaPilot area, Karnal, Haryana with upward seepage of saltygroundwater a subsurface drainage was commissionedmanually.i. Collection of drained water in a sump from thesystem, which is ultimately pumped out into theopen drain.ii. Drainage of salty water is done only during the rainyseason (monsoon period, June-September), whenrivers and canals carry a large amount of freshwater, so that mixing of that water will do no harm.During that season almost all the river water(Yamuna river, a tributary of the Ganges) reachesthe sea (Bay of Bengal).iii. Draining huge amount of salty drainage water in dryseason, was cautioned to be more harmful forsurrounding soil. On the other hand irrigation water,being scarce in that season, salty drained water isused for irrigation, having no danger of unduesalinization of soil, as once in two or three years themonsoon gives sufficient rainfall to leach the soilsand to evacuate the accumulated salinity.iv. This is the example of a restrained operation ofdrainage system, where water table is permitted tobe as shallow as possible and it is environmentfriendly with savings for irrigation water andoperational costs as well. 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)Example 5: Subsurface drainage of acid sulphate andmuck soils in southwest India.That drainage system was installed in farmers’fields to improve acid sulphate and muck (peat) soils inLa poder area, 1 to 2m below mean sea level, in Kerala.i. Traditionally only surface drainage is practised forthat purpose,ii. Due to high rainfall (about 3000mm/year) with plentyof fresh water in ring canals the area maintainedalmost permanently under water to yield two ricecrops a year, with duck rearing in between.iii. Temporary lowering of water table in the December(dry month) helpsa) to increase crop yield from 1.5 t/ha to about 2.5t/ha,b) to wash down acids and toxic elements to deeperdepth with the next flooding of the field,c) to contribute to better aeration of the soil, with asubsequent improvement of the quality of theorganic matter.Similar phenomenon, by tradition, is possiblyoccurring in restrictively drained areas of Pulau Petak,south Kalimantan, Indonesia.Example 6: Subsurface drainage in winter for wheatproduction in England.In a pilot area near Drayton, England followingwere observed:i. Winter wheat is sown in previous autumn.ii. Summer production of winter wheat was correlatedwith depth of water table in Winter.iii. In summer there is no problem of water logging dueto higher evaporation.iv. Production only decreased when the average depthof the water table in winter was less than about0.5m.v. With the deeper water table production was notaffected.Such area specific studies on identifyingminimum average depth of water table is helpful fordesigning suitable drainage system for better cropproduction.Conclusionsvi.i. Studies on marine and estuarine and coastal salinitieshave good bearing on sustaining food production.31, 32ii. Management of salinity needs location specificestablishment of criteria for reclamation and/ordrainage to obtain higher efficiencies both for drainageand irrigation with regard to crop cultivation.iii. Aquaculture should also take of judicious application ofscience of soil and water salinity management as perneed.iv. Construction of building on frozen saline soil mustundertake tests of bearing with fixed load in contrast toincreasing load.v. Environment friendly approach should aim at loweringoperational cost for managing salinity for increasingproduction of food through agriculture and

20 17 Global Journals Inc. (US)35-1. Klemas, V. 2011. Remote Sensing of Sea SurfaceSalinity: An Overview with Case Studies. Journal ofCoastal Research. West Palm Beach, Florida,September 2011. 27(5): 830–838.2. Furevik, T. et al. 2002. Journal of GeophysicalResearch. American Geophysical Union. 107(C12.8009): SRF 10 – 1 to SRF 10 – 16.3. y/physical-ocean/salinity/4. www.nasa.gov/mission-pages/aquarius5. Barale, V., Gower, J.F.R. and Alberotanza, L. (Ed.s).2010. Proceedings “Oceans From Space” Venice2010. EUR 24324 EN – 2010. ISBN 978-92-7915577-2, ISSN 1018-5593, DOI 10.2788/8394.European Commission Joint Research CentreInstitute for Environment and Sustainability,European Union, 2010, Luxembourg.6. Andrei, A. et al. 2015. Coastal and Inland AquaticData Products for the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager(HyspIRI) - A Preliminary Report by the HyspIRIAquatic Studies Group (HASG). 26 February 2015.7. Dahlin, H., Flemming, N.C. and Petersson, S.E.(Ed.s). 2013. Sustainable Operational Oceanography. Euro GOOS Office, SMHI, 601 76Norrköping,Sweden.ISBN978-91-974828.8. Millero, F.J. 2002. Chemical Oceanography – 2ndEdition. ISBN 08493-8423-0. CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL.9. Yu, L. 2010. On Sea Surface Salinity Skin EffectInduced by Evaporation and Implications forRemote Sensing of Ocean Salinity. Journal ofPhysical Oceanography. American MeteorologicalSociety. 40(January 2010): 85-102.10. Yihdego, Y., 2017. Simulation of GroundwaterMounding Due to Irrigation Practice: Case ofWastewater Reuse Engineering Design. HydrologyJournal 2017, 4, 19. doi: 10.3390/hydrology4020019. http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/4/2/19.11. Donguy, J. and Meyers, G. 1996. Seasonalvariations of sea-surface salinity and temperature inthe tropical Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research J.Elsevier Science Ltd, Great Britain. 43 (2): 117.12. Deser, C. et al. 2010. Sea Surface TemperatureVariability: Patterns and Mechanisms. Annu. Rev.Mar. Sci. 2010. 2: 115–143.13. Talley, L.D. 2002. Salinity Patterns in the Ocean. In:MacCracken, M.C. and Perry, J.S. (Ed.s). The Earthsystem: physical and chemical dimensions of globalenvironmental change. In: Encyclopedia of GlobalYearReferences Références ReferenciasEnvironmental Change. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,Chichester. ISBN 0-471-97796-9. 1: 629–640.14. Topliss, B.J. et al. 2002. Sea Surface Salinity fromSpace: A Canadian Perspective.The ns Program. March 2002.15. Oluić, M. 2008. Proceedings of the 1st InternationalConference on Remote Sensing Techniques inDisaster Management and Emergency Response inthe Mediterranean Region Zadar, Croatia, 22-24September 2008. The European Association ofRemote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) in cooperation with local organisers: the ScientificCouncil for Remote Sensing of the CroatianAcademy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU), theUniversity of Zadar, and GEOSAT Ltd., Zagreb.16. Wang, C. and Weisberg, R.H. 2001. Oceancirculation influences on sea surface temperature inthe equatorial central Pacific. Journal ofGeophysical Research. 106(C9): 515-526.17. Weert, F., Gun, J. and Reckman, J. 2009. GlobalOverview of Saline Groundwater Occurrence andGenesis. International Groundwater ResourcesAssessment Centre IGRAC), Utrecht, TheNetherlands July 2009.18. Nyadjro, E.S. et al. 2012. The role of salinity on thedynamics of the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool. J.Geophys. Res. (C: Oceans). 117: (2012).19. IN, CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OFSALT AFFECTED SOILS, dated 11/1/2016.20. Brouchkov, A. 2003. Frozen saline soils of the Arcticcoast: their distribution and engineering properties.In: Philips, M., Springman, S.M. and Arenson, L.U.(2003). Permafrost: Proceedings of the 8thInternational Conference on Permafrost, Zurich,Switzerland, 21-25 July 2003. CRC Press, ISBN9789058095824. pp. 95 – 100.21. Dhara, P., Panda, S., Roy, G.B. and Datta, D.K.1991. Effect of water bodies on the quality ofgroundwater in coastal areas of South 24 Parganasin West Bengal, India. Journal Indian Society ofCoastal Agricultural Research. Canning Town, South24 Parganas – 743 329, West Bengal, India. 9(1/2):395-396.22. Panda, S. and Ghosh, A.K. Water harvesting incoastal and deltaic region. Proceedings of all IndiaSeminar on Small Watershed Development.Calcutta, February 1996. Indian Association ofHydrologists, West Bengal Regional Centre,Calcutta.23. Gedroiz, K.K. 1930. Exchangeable cations of thesoil and the plant: I. Relation of plant to certaincations fully saturating the soil exchange capacity.Soil Science. XXXII (1): 51-63.Global Journal of Human Social Science ( B ) Volume XVII Issue I Version Iaquaculture, which would ultimately take care ofminimizing salinity pollution from anthropogenicactivities.2017Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management- A Review

Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management- A ReviewYear201724. Pankova, Y.I., et al. 2016. Amelioration of Alkali(Soda – Saline) Soils. In: UNESCO – EOLSS(Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems): AgriculturalLand Improvement Amelioration and Reclamation.Volume II. (sampleAllChapter.aspx)25. Lyubimova, I.N. et al. 2016. Amelioration of Alkali(Sodic/ Solonetz) Soils. In: UNESCO–EOLSS(Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems): AgriculturalLand Improvement Amelioration and Reclamation.Volume II.(http://www.eolss.net/Eolsssample AllChapter.aspx)-Global Journal of Human Social Science ( B ) Volume XVII Issue I Version I3626. e soils and their management, dated11/1/2016.27. Anon. 2001. Salt Contamination Assessment &Remediation Guidelines. Environment SciencesDivision Alberta Environment, 4th Floor, OxbridgePlace, 9820-106 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T5K2J6.May 2001.ISBN: 0-7785-1718-7 (On-Line Edition).(http://www.QOv.ab.ca/env/)28. Anon. 1993. Organic Materials as Soil Amendmentsin Reclamation: A Review of the Literature. LandResources Network Ltd. Reclamation tion and Reclamation Council (Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Com-mittee).Alberta. ISBN 0-7732-0887-9.29. Punia, M.S. (2006). International Agriculturalresearch – Initiatives and Ethics. Manual. Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU,Hisar, India.30. Oosterbaan, R.J. 1991. Agricultural Land Drainage:a wider application through caution and restraint.Lecture delivered at the symposium held to markthe occasion of the 30th International Course onLand Drainage, 27 November 1991. InternationalInstitute for Land Reclamation and Improvement,Wageningen, The Netherlands. (www.waterlog.infoor www.waterlog.info/articles.htm). ILRI AnnualReport 1991, p.21-36.31. Panda, S., Roy, G.B. and Ghosh, R.K. 1990.Detection of agroclimatic feasibility for transformingan apparently water deficit monocropped area into ayearlong cultivable tract in Contai, Midnapore, WestBengal. Indian Journal of Landscape Systems andEcological Studies. 1990 December. 13(2): 174-176.32. Panda, S. Systems approach for rainwaterharvesting with emphasis on quality of surface waterin the coastal region of Eastern India. Proceedingsof International Conference on Crisis Managementin Water and Environment (ICCMWE – 2005). IndianAssociation of Hydrologists, Roorkee and WestBengal Regional Centre, Kolkata. 1: 92-96. 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)33. Yihdego, Y. and Webb, J.A., 2012. Modelling ofseasonal and long- term trends in lake salinity inSouth-western Victoria, Australia. Journal .jenvman.2012.07.002.34. Yihdego Y and Webb J.A., 2015. Use of aconceptual hydrogeological model and a timevariant water budget analysis to determine controlson salinity in Lake Burrumbeet in southeastAustralia. Environmental Earth Sciences Journal. 73(4):1587-1600.35. Yihdego, Y, Webb, J.A. and Leahy P., 2016.Modelling of water and salt balances in a deep,groundwater-throughflow lake- Lake Purrumbetesouth eastern Australia. Hydrological SciencesJournal. 6 (1): 186-199. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.975132.36. Yihdego, Y., 2016. Drought and GroundwaterQuality in Coastal Area (Book chapter 15). InEslamian, S. and Eslamian, F.A., 2016 (ed.).Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity (HDWS):Vol. 2: Environmental Impacts and Analysis ofDrought and Water Scarcity. In pr

salinity of water by hydrometer. Similarly salty water refracts more than freshwater and this property is the reason for measuring salinity of water by refract meter. As the property of variation of microwave emissivity with temperature and salinity of sea surface, salinity sensor is mounted on NASA’s Aquarius Instrument satellite (June

Related Documents:

Fiche n 1 : La taxe de séjour en chiffres Guide pratique : Taxes de séjour 8 0 500 1000 1500 Nature n 1 Nature n 2 Nature n 3 Nature n 4 Nature n 5 Nature n 6 Nature n 7 Nature n 8 Nature n 9 Taxe au réel ou taxe forfaitaire ? Source : Fichier téléchargeable sur www.impots.gouv.fr du 29/11/2019

Nature and me 2 Based on research by the University of Derby's Nature Connectedness Research Group and experiences at National Trust places. Nature and me Five ways to strengthen the relationship between people and nature. Is this the key That feeling of connection with nature

The need for business to mainstream nature risk in corporate enterprise risk management 2. Provide the insights needed to develop practical roadmaps that address the most important drivers of nature loss, and build a nature-positive future, including: a. The most pressing business-related threats to nature, which require urgent individual and .

the mind's nature, based on replicable, empirical discoveries made by thou-sands of contemplatives throughout Asia. These are the phenomenological nature of consciousness, the essential nature of the mind, the ultimate nature of the mind, and the transcendent nature of consciousness that lies within the very ground of the whole of reality.

Matter—Properties and ChangesMatter—Properties and Changes Section 3.1 Properties of Matter In your textbook, read about physical properties and chemical properties of matter. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. Matter is anything with (1) and volume. A (2) is a form

Mechanical Properties Tensile and Shear properties Bending properties Time dependent properties . Tensile and Shear properties Types of forces that can be applied to material: a) Tensile b) Compressive c) Shear d) Torsion . Tensile

Physical Properties of Minerals Physical properties of minerals are controlled by chemical composition and structure So, samples of same minerals exhibit the same properties Thus physical properties can be used to identify minerals Physical properties can be grouped into four categories Introduction to Mineralogy, Second edition

Entrepreneurship 50 2.5 Studies on Motivation of Women Entrepreneurs 52 2.6 Studies on Work and Health 53 2.7 Studies on Work and Stress 54 2.8 Studies on Work and Attitude 56 2.9 Studies on Work and Training 57 2.10 Case studies on Women Entrepreneurs 58 2.11 Studies on Women in Agriculture and Related Work 60