A Guide To Computer Software Tools For Culvert Design And .

2y ago
23 Views
2 Downloads
688.08 KB
32 Pages
Last View : 2m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Jacoby Zeller
Transcription

United StatesDepartment ofAgricultureForest ServiceTechnology &DevelopmentProgram7700—Transportation System2500—Watershed and AirNovember 19999977 1806—SDTDCA Guide to ComputerSoftware Tools forCulvert Designand Analysisi

ii

A GUIDE TO COMPUTERSOFTWARE TOOLS FORCULVERT DESIGN ANDANALYSISKemset Moore, Hydrologist, E.I.T.Michael J. Furniss, HydrologistSam A. Flanagan, GeologistMichael A. Love, E.I.T.Six Rivers National ForestPacific Southwest RegionJeff Moll, P.E.Senior Project LeaderSan Dimas Technology and Development CenterSan Dimas, CaliforniaNovember 1999Information contained in this document has been developedfor the guidance of employees of the Forest Service, USDA, itscontractors, and cooperating Federal and State agencies. TheDepartment of Agriculture assumes no responsibility for theinterpretation or use of this information by other than its ownemployees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is forthe information and convenience of the reader. Such use doesnot constitute an official evaluation, conclusion, recommendation,endorsement, or approval of any product or service to theexclusion of others that may be suitable.The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibitsdiscrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis ofrace, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, politicalbeliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not allprohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilitieswho require alternative means for communication of programinformation (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contactUSDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director,Office of Civil Right, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 orcall 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunityprovider and employer.iii

iv

ContentsINTRODUCTION . 1OBJECTIVES . 1SCOPE . 1CULVERT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS . 2Goals . 2Design Criteria . 2Design Phases . 2Phase 1-Hydrology . 4Phase 2-Culvert Specifications and Site Considerations . 4Phase 3-Culvert Hydraulics . 4INFORMATION ACQUISITION . 5INFORMATION ORGANIZATION . 5FINDINGS . 5DISCUSSION . 8A DECISION METHODOLOGY . 11LITERATURE CITED . 12APPENDIX A . 15APPENDIX B . 19v

vi

INTRODUCTIONForest engineers and hydrologists regularlycalculate design culvert dimensions for use inwildland road-stream crossings. This projectinvestigates existing software tools to aid resourcemanagers in culvert design and analysisrequirements for low volume forest roads.computer software for use in culvert design andanalysis. Products were evaluated with twoquestions in mind: what does the product do, andhow does it do it?Computer models can make culvert design andanalysis less cumbersome, but not all softwareproducts will meet the designer’s needs.This paperSCOPEHow to Use This GuideThis guide is a snapshot of information on softwaretools for culvert design and analysis gathered asof June 1998. To select a cost-effective softwareproduct that meets design needs, the reader can:1. Look sequentially at all the tables, particularlythe product review summary, which comparesall the products. The tables, in order, are Compares commercial software applicationsused to size culverts Considers products for use on DOS, Windows,Macintosh, and UNIX operating systems Evaluates programs designed for use asstand-alone products Includes larger programs designed for river orwatershed system analysis containing strongculvert modeling componentsTable 1.Stream Crossing Culvert DesignConsiderations Contains a glossary of culvert design andanalysis termsTable 2.Factors for Inlet and OutletControl Includes a system for making a softwarechoice based on user needsTable 3.Product ReviewsTable 4.Culvert Product by FocusTable 5.Input DataTable 6.Output DataTable 7.Criteria Weighting FactorsTable 8.Selection Matrix Examplebut does not2. Read the paper. Consider watershed modeling tools withoutculvert components, geographic informationsystems, engineering computer-aided designpackages without a culvert component, stormand sanitary pipe modeling, or Make recommendations or ratings of products.Because no central organized database forlocating software exists, it was necessary todevelop sources of software information. Thesesources included interviews with U.S. Departmentof Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service personnel;private and transportation agency hydraulic andhydrologic engineers; on-line Internet searches ofWorld Wide Web sites; software catalogs; literatureand book reviews; trade journals; professionalmagazines and product literature. This guide is nota comprehensive list of products, but does give agood overview of features found on current market3. Follow the decision matrix methodologysuggestions located in appendix A.A glossary of terms and notations is presented inappendix B, and a decision matrix with selectedcriteria is presented in appendix A.OBJECTIVESThe objectives of this study were to providebackground information on culvert design andanalysis and to locate and inventory existing1

placed on the culvert. Phase two looks at culvertspecifications and site considerations. And phasethree evaluates culvert hydraulics. In addition to theAmerican Iron and Steel Institute (1994 and 1995)handbooks on drainage design, Gribben (1997)and Ramsbottom et al. (1997) are comprehensivesources of complete culvert design theory withapplications. The following schematic (figure 1)combined with terms in the glossary (appendix B)illustrate concepts and definitions used in culvertdesign and by the software products.products. The guide is not complete; new softwareis constantly being developed and current productsare being upgraded, making a definitivecomparison of culvert design software impractical.CULVERT DESIGN AND ANALYSISGoalsThe principal goal of culvert design is to determinethe size, alignment, and functionality of the culvertwith respect to passage requirements. In additionto the flow of water, a culvert must pass woodydebris and sediment and allow passage of aquaticspecies. The term “size” refers to the dimensionsof the barrel, including the culvert diameter andlength. Alignment considers the culvert placement,usually horizontal, respective to stream flowdirection and road centerline. Functionality refersto the culvert operations under given conditionsand includes culvert hydraulic capacity. Additionalgoals of design include structural stability,durability, cost, ease of maintenance and safety(Gribben 1997).Phase 1-HydrologyDesign begins with the choice of a design storm,a parameter usually determined by policy or rules(for example, the 100-year design storm). After thedesign storm is determined, the discharge throughthe culvert can be computed. In some instances,this discharge may be chosen by the designer orvaried to determine culvert performance. Designstorm estimators include the Rational Method,regional regression equations, and the SCS(National Resource Conservation Service) curvemethod. American Iron and Steel Institute (1994and 1995) summarizes the many methods. Peakvolumetric flow rate, which is conveyed through theculvert, is ultimately a result of rainfall intensity andduration. This information can be in the form ofactual rainfall events, representative designstorms, intensity duration frequency curves, or astatistical analysis of rainfall records.According to Donahue and Howard (1987), thegreatest source of error in culvert design is indesign flow analysis. The complex array ofvariables that influence runoff, statisticaluncertainties associated with hydrologic analysis,and a lack of comprehensive assessmentmethodology contribute to this error. Given thisinitial source of variability, a design goal is tominimize additional error wherever possible,particularly in the selection of culvert size and thedetermination of outlet velocity.For culverts on steep forested wildlands, debrisand sediment plugging cause culvert failure morefrequently than peak flow capacity exceedence.(Furniss et al. 1998). Because the softwarereviewed in this paper incorporates flow rate as theinitial design criteria, careful and judicious use ofsoftware for culverts on steep slopes isencouraged.Design CriteriaThe selection of design criteria for a particularculvert is a function of many interacting factorsincluding culvert hydraulics, watershed hydrology,and land management activities, according toPyles (1989). Design criteria for a culvertinstallation are unique to a given installation;however, the list of items in table 1 should beconsidered for any culvert installation (Pyles 1989).Not all the items will pertain to every installation.Phase 2-Culvert Specifications and SiteConsiderationsDesign PhasesThe allowable headwater depth (AWD) is themaximum depth of ponded water upstream of theculvert inlet measured vertically from the invert andAn existing drainage or the need for ditch relief ona road segment usually dictates culvert location.Three phases are considered in culvert design.Phase one evaluates the hydrologic demands2

Table 1—Stream crossing culvert design considerations (adapted from Pyles 1989).CategoryItemPeak Flow EventsPipe sizeSlopeEntrance typeFreeboardPondingInlet/outlet controlRainfallWatershed modelingFish PassageMigration periodWater velocityPipe inlet/outlet geometryWater depthStability of outlet poolMaintenanceWoody debrisBedloadMaintenance fundingCurrent maintenance cycleScour effectsEconomicsLife spanCosts of environmental and structural damage from failureInstallation costsMaintenance costsReplacement costsLegal RequirementsForest practice regulationsConstruction timingProfile of culvert, inlet control, inlet not submerged, and projecting inlet and outletCulvert inletCulvert outletCrownCrownRoad prismDHWInvertSoInvertLTWR9801010HW - Headwater elevationTW - Tailwater elevationL - Barrel lengthSo - Slope of culvertD - Diameter of culvert barrelFigure 1—Schematic design of culvert in longitudinal cross section.3

controls hydraulic design. AWD may bedetermined by the depth of fill over the culvert,which is dictated by local topography and roadwaygeometry and standards. Frequently, a headwater(HW) to culvert diameter (D) ratio is specified, suchas HW/D 1, which places the allowableheadwater elevation at the inlet crown of theculvert.Because the capacity is controlled by entrancegeometry, minor modifications to the culvertentrance can affect hydraulic capacity with bothinlet or outlet control.Outlet control is physically more complex than inletcontrol (table 2). Outlet control occurs when theculvert barrel is not capable of conveying as muchflow as the inlet opening will accept. Water canenter the culvert faster than it can flow through theculvert. Culvert discharge, influenced by the samefactors as inlet control, is also modified by tailwaterelevation and barrel characteristics. Barrelcharacteristics include culvert roughness, crosssectional area, length, shape, and slope. Whenculverts are operating in outlet control, changes inbarrel characteristics or tailwater elevation willaffect capacity. Hence, friction must be consideredin calculating discharge and velocity (AmericanIron and Steel Institute 1994).The choice of pipe material, shape, and size maybe fixed by economics, availability, site conditions(fill, bedrock, bedload), and fish passage concerns(Gribben 1997).Site parameters important in the design of culvertsinclude the length and slope of the culvertalignment, allowable headwater, fill depth, andeffects on inlet geometry. Fill depth is determinedby design loads, local topography, roadwaygeometry, and standards.Phase 3-Culvert HydraulicsCulvert design is an iterative process. Results fromhydraulic analysis might indicate that pipe size,shape, number, and materials produce conditionsunacceptable to the designer. If this is the case,the designer starts over basing the next design onresults obtained from the previous analysis. Theapproach used by Normann (1985), which isincorporated into many of the software products(see table 3), is to analyze a culvert for both typesof flow control. Adequate performance under theleast favorable conditions is ensured by designingfor the control that is least efficient at moving wateras indicated by the higher of the two (inlet or outletcontrol) inlet headwater elevations. The higherelevation requires more energy to pass a given flowand is, therefore, the design elevation.Culvert hydraulic modeling conventions assumethat the flow through a culvert is steady andincompressible with constant density (Donahueand Howard 1987). The cross sectional area of theculvert is assumed not to change. One of thesoftware products evaluated will allow changes inslope within a culvert, otherwise, the slope isassumed constant.The capacity of a culvert can be affected byupstream and downstream conditions and by thehydraulic characteristics of the culvert.Combinations of these factors can be grouped intotwo types of flow conditions in culverts, inlet controland outlet control (table 2). These types of flowcontrol can also be defined by the location of thecontrol section at the culvert inlet or outlet.ACQUIRING INFORMATIONInlet control occurs when the culvert barrel iscapable of conveying more flow than the culvertinlet will accept. Water can flow out of the culvertfaster than it can enter the inlet. Critical depthoccurs at or near the entrance to the culvert, andthe flow downstream from the inlet is supercritical.Hydraulic characteristics of the downstreamchannel do not affect culvert capacity. Mostculverts, except those in flat terrain (less than 3percent), are designed to operate under inletcontrolled conditions (Ballinger and Drake 1995).The above criteria serve as comparisons for eachsoftware product. Information on each product wasgathered from software use, interviews, productliterature, and training.Although every effort was made for product reviewconsistency, information may differ because not allproducts experienced the same level of review. Thepotential exists for uneven analysis as not allsoftware products were reviewed from the full4

Table 2—Factors for inlet and outlet control.FactorHeadwater elevationInlet areaInlet edge configurationInlet shapeCulvert roughnessCulvert shapeCulvert areaCulvert lengthCulvert slopeTailwater elevationInlet controlOutlet controlXXXXXXXXXXXXX*X*Culvert slope affects inlet control performance to a small degree, but may be neglected (Normann et al. 1985).commercial product. See Review Level in table 3,Product Reviews, for comparison of review levels.To ensure accuracy, the product developer anddistributor checked all reviews.a culvert design component make up the majorityof products located to date.Most culvert design and analysis softwareprograms are based on Federal HighwayAdministration (FHWA) research, primarilyNormann (1985) (table 3). The cost of theseproducts ranges widely from free to 795.00.Each software product was evaluated using a Dell486DE with 24 MB of RAM, 1 GB hard drive, CD ROM or Macintosh 8100 with 36 MB of RAM, 1 GBhard drive, running System 8.0.Software products perform a variety of functionsand give the culvert modeler a wide choice offeatures. Not every product accomplishes all goals,so it is best to determine the culvert design needsfirst, compare product features, and then weightcosts. Most products provide a choice of units ofmeasure and options for defining hydrology. A fewsoftware products will model roads along withculverts to provide the opportunity for determiningcapacity exceedance. Tables 5 and 6 summarizeall input and output features for each product.INFORMATION ORGANIZATIONInformation on each reviewed product is coded intoa two-page summary report. These reports will beavailable by the summer of 1999 on the s.fed.us/programs/eng/w-r/eccs.Detailed information on price, platforms, names,addresses (web sites, e-mail), algorithms, sourcecode availability, modeling techniques, andremarks are noted. Input data requirements,application results, and output formats arecompiled. All products reviewed are summarizedbelow in tables 3 and 4 for a quick comparison ofcosts, operating systems, application focus, andsolution methodology. Product sources, vendor,and developer information for each product isfound in appendix A.DISCUSSIONSoftware is capable of returning extremely preciseresults that can be misleading. Culvert software fordesign and analysis requires informed,experienced use, incorporating awareness toassumptions and “bugs” embedded in products.For example, pipe arch definitions differ amongsoftware products. A pipe arch described by asoftware product may be a structural plate pipearch, ellipse set below grade, open bottomedculvert, or a prefabricated ‘squashed pipe.’ Thisinformation may show in cross-sectional areacomputational differences, variations in Manning’sn through a closed or open bottom arch, visualsketches, or results. The software product’sFINDINGSThirty-three products were considered forinclusion. Thirteen of these are not currentlyavailable or appropriate. This resulted in a reviewof twenty products, which are summarized in table3. Culvert hydraulic design products, complex CADsoftware, and watershed modeling software with5

Table 3—Product reviews.ApplicationReview level*CostFocusOperating systemAlgorithm sources6CAP-Culvert AnalysisProgram2 3Culvert design and analysisFree from ftp site, 145.00 aspart of HydroCDDOS, UNIXBodhaine (1969)CHAN v.21 2 3Watershed modeling with culvertcomponent 259.00Windows 9XNormann (1985)Culvert Master1 2 3Culvert design and analysis 495.00WIN 3.X, Windows 9X, NTNormann (1985)Xing-Risk1 2 3 4Hazard analysis for culvert failureFreeWINDOWS 9X, NTPiehl et al. (1988)Drainage Calculator1 2 3Culvert design (slide rule format) 8.00Hand held paper slide ruleNormann (1985)DrainCalc1 2 3Drainage system design andanalysis with culvert component 295.00DOS, DOS Emulator inWindowsCalifornia Highway orManning’s equationsEagle Point Watershed Modeling v 7.0S2 3River modeling with culvertcomponent 800.00Windows 9XNormann (1985)Eagle Point WaterSurface Profiling2 3Water surface profiles withculvert component 800.00Windows 9XHEC-2FishPass2 3Fish passage design for culvertsFreeDOS, DOS Emulator inWindowsGeneral hydraulic theory,Powers and OrsbornFishXing1 2 3 4Fish passage design for culvertsFreeWINDOWS 9X, NTNormann (1985) Behlke etal. (1991), Behlke (1993)HEC-RAS v 2.21 2 3River modeling with culvertcomponentVaries, from free download, 145.00 as part of HydroCD, 150.00 from catalogsWINDOWS 9X, NTNormann (1985)HY-8 (CulvertAnalysis)2 3Culvert design and analysis 120.00 to 145.00 fromHydroCD, possible sharewareDOS, DOS Emulator inWindows 9XNormann (1985)HYDrain2 3Culvert design and analysis, shellcontains HY-8 and WSPRO(water surface profile) 145.00 as part of HydroCD,to 350.00 from catalogsDOS, DOS Emulator inWindows 9XNormann (1985)HydroCAD2 3Stormwater modeling with culvertcomponent 195.00-1195.00Windows 9Xunknown

Table 3—Continued.CostReview Level*FocusCostOperating sytemAlgorithm sourcesHydroCalc Hydraulics, v 1.2a2 3Culvert design and analysis 145.00 as part of HydroCD, 29.00 for separate WindowsversionWindows 3.1/9X/NTNormann (1985)HydroCulv v.1.022 3Culvert design and analysisShareware, 50.00 formanual & supportWindows 9XGeneral hydraulic theoryMacCulvert1 2 3Culvert design and analysisSharewareMacintosh systemsNormann (1985)Culvert design and analysis 375.00DOS, OS/2, Win 3.1/9X/NT Normann (1985)Quick Pipe Pro1 2 3Windows 9X, NTNormann (1985), HEC-21 2 3 4River modeling with culvertcomponent 2690.00RIVERCADTHYSYS12 3Culvert design and analysis 5.00 from Texas DOT or 795.00 from HaestadWindows 9X, DOS forearlier Haestad versionHEC-12 and HEC-227Review Level*Review code1234Information oduct developer, marketing, users, specialistsPublications, product literature, WWWeb pagesDemo copy, evaluation copy, full commercial copyFrom developer, company engineer, classroom

Table 4—Culvert product by focus.Culvert design and analysisWatershed/river modelingwith culvert componentSpecialty culvert designand analysisCAP-Culvert AnalysisCHAN v.2*Xing-RiskCulvertMaster*Eagle Point Watershed*FishPassDrainCalcEagle Point Water Surface ProfilingFishXingDrainage CalculatorHEC-RAS v 2.2*HydroCalc for Windows 95 v. 1.2a*HydroCADHY-8, Culvert Analysis*RiverCAD*HYDrain*HydroCulv v.1MacCulvert*Quick PipePro*THYSYS*Incorporates Normann (1985) as algorithm source.definition of a pipe arch must be in agreement withthe culvert designer’s concept of a pipe arch.A user-friendly product running faster and requiringless disk space is more desirable than one withmany unnecessary features. The additions makethe product more difficult to use. Product supportand a clear and concise users’ manual are vital tothe successful and continued usage of a softwareproduct. They are also more important thanexpensive features. Some of the productsreviewed are complex and include several designfeatures. If, after careful evaluation, a total rivermodeling system with culvert design capabilitiesand CAD features are needed in a softwareproduct, the cost may be justified.System compatibility is critical to successful

including culvert hydraulics, watershed hydrology, and land management activities, according to Pyles (1989). Design criteria for a culvert installation are unique to a given installation; however, the list of items in table 1 should be considered for any culvert installation (Pyles 1989). Not all the items will pertain to every installation.

Related Documents:

Legal Information All Software and Computer Systems Company, LLC logos shown in this document are a trademark (TM) of Software and Computer Systems Company, LLC.Scannerz is trademark (TM) of Software and Computer Systems Company, LLC.All software produced and licensed by Software and Computer Systems Company, LLC is copyright Software and Computer Systems Company, LLC 2010 - 2012, The .

Computer Software/Excel - Working with Functions & Formulas Computer Software/FrontPage (Intranet Web Pages) Computer Software/Internet Explorer, Chrome (Internet) Computer Software/Office - Application Integration Computer Software/Outlook -Basic E-mail Functions Computer Software/Outlook - Managing Calendar & Contacts

work/products (Beading, Candles, Carving, Food Products, Soap, Weaving, etc.) ⃝I understand that if my work contains Indigenous visual representation that it is a reflection of the Indigenous culture of my native region. ⃝To the best of my knowledge, my work/products fall within Craft Council standards and expectations with respect to

tres tipos principales de software: software de sistemas, software de aplicación y software de programación. 1.2 Tipos de software El software se clasifica en tres tipos: Software de sistema. Software de aplicación. Software de programación.

akuntansi musyarakah (sak no 106) Ayat tentang Musyarakah (Q.S. 39; 29) لًََّز ãَ åِاَ óِ îَخظَْ ó Þَْ ë Þٍجُزَِ ß ا äًَّ àَط لًَّجُرَ íَ åَ îظُِ Ûاَش

Collectively make tawbah to Allāh S so that you may acquire falāḥ [of this world and the Hereafter]. (24:31) The one who repents also becomes the beloved of Allāh S, Âَْ Èِﺑاﻮَّﺘﻟاَّﺐُّ ßُِ çﻪَّٰﻠﻟانَّاِ Verily, Allāh S loves those who are most repenting. (2:22

1. Computer Fundamentals by P.K.Sinha _ Unit I: Introduction to Computers: Introduction, Definition, .Characteristics of computer, Evolution of Computer, Block Diagram Of a computer, Generations of Computer, Classification Of Computers, Applications of Computer, Capabilities and limitations of computer. Unit II: Basic Computer Organization:

What is Computer Architecture? “Computer Architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.” - WWW Computer Architecture Page An analogy to architecture of File Size: 1MBPage Count: 12Explore further(PDF) Lecture Notes on Computer Architecturewww.researchgate.netComputer Architecture - an overview ScienceDirect Topicswww.sciencedirect.comWhat is Computer Architecture? - Definition from Techopediawww.techopedia.com1. An Introduction to Computer Architecture - Designing .www.oreilly.comWhat is Computer Architecture? - University of Washingtoncourses.cs.washington.eduRecommended to you b