FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS DYNAMICS - GBV
FUNDAMENTALSOF GAS DYNAMICSSecond EditionROBERT D. ZUCKEROSCAR BIBLARZDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CaliforniaJOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
ContentsPREFACExiTO THE STUDENT1REVIEW OF ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES1.11.21.31.42CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS—PART 12.12.22.32.42.52.62.73IntroductionUnits and NotationSome Mathematical ConceptsThermodynamic Concepts for Control Mass AnalysisReview QuestionsReview ProblemsIntroductionObjectivesFlow Dimensionality and Average VelocityTransformation of a Material Derivative to a ControlVolume ApproachConservation of MassConservation of EnergySummaryProblemsCheck TestCONTROL VOLUME AN ALYSIS—PART 85151V
s on EntropyPressure-Energy EquationThe Stagnation ConceptStagnation Pressure-Energy EquationConsequences of Constant DensityMomentum EquationSummaryProblemsCheck TestINTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE ic Velocity and Mach NumberWave PropagationEquations for Perfect Gases in Terms of Mach Numberh-s and T-s DiagramsSummaryProblemsCheck Test5 VARYING-AREA ADIABATIC ctionObjectivesGeneral Fluid—No LossesPerfect Gases with LossesThe * Reference ConceptIsentropic TableNozzle OperationNozzle PerformanceDiffuser PerformanceWhen у Is Not Equal to 1.4(Optional) Beyond the TablesSummaryProblemsCheck 05105106111115118124131133135135138139144
CONTENTS6STANDING NORMAL SHOCKS6.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.86.96.107MOVING AND OBLIQUE tionObjectivesShock Analysis—General FluidWorking Equations for Perfect GasesNormal-Shock TableShocks in NozzlesSupersonic Wind Tunnel OperationWhen у Is Not Equal to 1.4(Optional) Beyond the TablesSummaryProblemsCheck TestIntroductionObjectivesNormal Velocity Superposition: Moving Normal ShocksTangential Velocity Superposition: Oblique ShocksOblique-Shock Analysis: Perfect GasOblique-Shock Table and ChartsBoundary Condition of Flow DirectionBoundary Condition of Pressure EquilibriumConical Shocks(Optional) Beyond the TablesSummaryProblemsCheck TestPRANDTL-MEYER ument for Isentropic Turning FlowAnalysis of Prandtl-Meyer FlowPrandtl-Meyer FunctionOverexpanded and Underexpanded NozzlesSupersonic 7208214218221226
CONTENTS8.88.98.10When у Is Not Equal to l .4(Optional) Beyond the TablesSummaryProblemsCheck TestFANNO nObjectivesAnalysis for a General FluidWorking Equations for Perfect GasesReference State and Fanno TableApplicationsCorrelation with ShocksFriction ChokingWhen у Is Not Equal to 1.4(Optional) Beyond the TablesSummaryProblemsCheck 68269270274RAYLEIGH tionObjectivesAnalysis for a General FluidWorking Equations for Perfect GasesReference State and the Rayleigh TableApplicationsCorrelation with ShocksThermal Choking due to HeatingWhen у Is Not Equal to 1.4(Optional) Beyond the TablesSummaryProblemsCheck TestREAL GAS EFFECTS31511.111.2315316IntroductionObjectives
CONTENTS11.311.411.511.611.711.8What's Really Going OnSemiperfect Gas Behavior, Development of the Gas TableReal Gas Behavior, Equations of State andCompressibility FactorsVariable у—Variable-Area FlowsVariable у—Constant-Area FlowsSummaryProblemsCheck TestIX317319325329336338340341PROF»ULSION tionObjectivesBrayton CyclePropulsion EnginesGeneral Performance Parameters,Thrust, Power, and EfficiencyAir-Breathing Propulsion Systems12.6Performance Parameters12.7Air-Breathing Propulsion SystemsIncorporating Real Gas Effects12.8 Rocket Propulsion SystemsPerformance Parameters12.9Supersonic Diffusers12.10 SummaryProblemsCheck G.Summary of the English Engineering (ЕЕ) System of UnitsSummary of the International System (SI) of UnitsFriction-Factor ChartOblique-Shock Charts (y 1.4) (Two-Dimensional)Conical-Shock Charts (y 1.4) (Three-Dimensional)Generalized Compressibility Factor ChartIsentropic Flow Parameters (y 1.4)(including Prandtl-Meyer Function)H. Normal-Shock Parameters (y 1.4)I. Fanno Flow Parameters (y 1.4)396400404406410414416428438
XCONTENTSJ. Rayleigh Flow Parameters (y 1.4)K. Properties of Air at Low PressuresL. Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures450462470SELECTED REFERENCES473ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS477INDEX487
7.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 198 7.11 Summary 200 Problems 201 Check Test 205 8 PRANDTL-MEYER FLOW 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Objectives 207 8.3 Argument for Isentropic Turning Flow 208 8.4 Analysis of Prandtl-Meyer Flow 214 8.5 Prandtl-Meyer Function 218 8.6 Overexpanded and Underexpanded Nozzles 221 8.7 Supersonic Airfoils 226
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