FMD - Secure Milk Supply Plan
Animal HealthPrepareearly,respondquicklyThe first steps in an outbreak ofFMD would be to stop animalmovement and establishbiosecurity measures inthe affected area.Lessons from past outbreaks help guideresponse planning.By John MadayTThere’s an old joke about paranoia: “I know I’m paranoid, but I worry that I’m not as paranoid as Ishould be.”Maybe we don’t need to be “paranoid” over the prospect of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)incident in the United States, but a high level of concern is appropriate. And that concern shouldlead to an enhanced level of preparedness.The United States has been free of FMD since 1929, but the virus remains endemic in much of theworld and significant outbreaks have occurred recently in several previously FMD-free countries.The good news is researchers and veterinarians have learned a great deal about FMD in recentyears, and historical experience should enable a more effective response. The bad news is the virusis one of the most infectious known and can easily spread within or between herds through director indirect contact. An outbreak in the United States would result in significant losses to the beef,dairy and other livestock industries.Speaking at this year’s FMD symposium in Louisville, Ky., Sebastian Heath, VetMB, PhD, branchchief of program development at the Federal Emergency Management Agency, said the UnitedStates would recover from an outbreak and return to FMD-free status, but long-term effects wouldbe significant. Those impacts include direct or additional costs of doing business in an outbreak,such as federal compensation for culled animals and interest on loans for recovery. In the 2001 U.K.outbreak, direct costs totaled 2.4 billion. Outbreaks also bring indirect costs such as revenue not12 Bovine Veterinarian/July-August 2013 bovinevetonline.comDr. Pam Hullinger, University of California, DavisFMD:
CASE STUDY: TWO OUTBREAKS,DIFFERENT OUTCOMESThe experiences of the UnitedKingdom and Uruguay, whicheach suffered similar FMDoutbreaks in 2001, show astriking contrast between control strategies and outcomes.The two countries have similar numbers of cattle andnumbers of herds.In the United Kingdom, the index farm did not reportproblems as they appeared and ended up shippinginfected pigs well after the outbreak began. Early in theoutbreak, farmers did not have accurate informationand biosecurity practices were inadequate. The countrydepopulated about 10,000 farms and slaughtered anestimated 6 million to 10 million animals, resulting ineconomic impacts that continue today. U.K. officials depopulated uninfected farms adjacent to infected farms,a practice Pam Hullinger, DVM, MPVM, DACVPM, atthe University of California-Davis, says probably was notnecessary and would not be used in the United States.In Uruguay, animal-health officials quickly recognizedthe rapidly spreading outbreak, which infected herdson 28 farms in the first five days. They initially implemented a “ring-vaccination” program, but within sevendays, with 131 farms infected, switched to a nationalcattle-vaccination program. In cooperation with thegovernment, farmers administered two rounds of over12 million doses of the vaccine to susceptible animalsacross the country. Only 7,000 animals were destroyed,and the country was recognized by the World Organization for Animal Health as FMD-free by May 2003. Theoutbreak endured for four months, compared to sevenmonths in the United Kingdom. Most of Uruguay’s beefexports resumed within one year. The national vaccination program continues today.earned on depopulated herds, effects of quarantines onlivestock species not affected by FMD and non-agricultural impacts such as loss of tourism. Following an outbreak, producers typically face new production costssuch as new requirements for testing or recordkeeping.Finally, outbreaks can lead to shifts in revenue streamsthat can be positive or negative. During the U.K. outbreak, for example, the government paid about 263 million less in export subsidies in 2002 than in 2001, aboutequal with the lost trade revenue. For years after the out-THE NEW HEADOF THE CLASS FORPASTEURELLOSISPREVENTIONEasy onanimalsand broadPasteurellacoveragePH-MVaccines that make the gradeAgriLabs.com 800-542-891621Data on filePULMO-GUARD helps prevent respiratory disease caused byMannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocidaAgriLabs, I-SITE XP, Master Guard, MpB Guard, PULMO-GUARD and Titanium are registeredtrademarks of Agri Laboratories Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. 17812-11bovinevetonline.com Bovine Veterinarian/July-August 2013 13
Animal healthbreak, Heath says, waste-managementcompanies were doing lucrative business managing runoff and seepagefrom the sites where thousands ofculled animals were buried. Someonewas making money from the outbreak; it just wasn’t farmers.WHAT WE’VE LEARNEDDr. Pam Hullinger, University of California, DavisIn preparing for a potential outbreak,the United States has the benefit oflessons learned in other countries.Pam Hullinger, DVM, MPVM,DACVPM, at the University of California-Davis, lists three key lessons frompast outbreaks: the importance of effective biosecurity, the need for earlydetection and the viability of vaccination as a control strategy.Veterinarians and producers should watchfor signs of FMD such as these lesions tothe foot and mouth.BIOSECURITYHullinger says effective biosecuritypractices will help prevent the spread ofmany common endemic diseases whilealso providing a buffer against foreignanimal diseases such as FMD. Beef anddairy operators are fortunate in thatcattle are not routinely affected by asmany transmissible diseases as hogs,but as a result, they have not adoptedbiosecurity practices at the level of thosetypical on hog operations.Hullinger has helped develop plansfor the National Secure Milk Supply(SMS) Project, which provides national guidance to safely keep milk moving and protect the continuity of dairybusinesses in the case of an FMD outbreak. Past history shows we do notneed to stop all movement of all animals or products, she says. Instead,the industry can manage movementbased on risk factors and effective biosecurity. Within the dairy sector,milk probably is the top priority forcontinued movement, since dairiesPyramid and Presponse are registered trademarks of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. BIVI 1587-Ad3-2Every cattleman knows a calffighting for its breath is a calfthat isn’t eating. A calf not eatingis a calf that isn’t making youmoney. Luckily, one easy shot ofPyramid 5 Presponse SQprotects against breath-stealingpneumonia, giving your calvesprotection against 5 viruses and1 bacteria associated withbovine respiratory disease (BRD).For more information, talkto your veterinarian orBoehringer IngelheimVetmedica, Inc. representative,or call (800) 325-9167.Prevention Works does notimply prevention label claimsfor use of a vaccine/vaccines.PREVENTION WORKS.PNEUMONIA CAN DROWN A CALF.PYRAMID 5 PRESPONSE SQ HELPS YOU BOTHBREATHE EASY.14 Bovine Veterinarian/July-August 2013 bovinevetonline.com
Dr. Pam Hullinger, University of California, DavisScenes such as this one from the United Kingdom in 2001 probably could be avoided in theUnited States with a quick, strategic response to an FMD outbreak.need to ship milk every day.With proper preparation, dairies inan outbreak area could continue shipping milk to processing. Off-site calfrearing would present another largechallenge for dairies. This is the nextarea that the national SMS hopes toaddress. Hullinger says dairies likelywould need to adapt their facilities totemporarily house calves, or possiblymove them to a site that could housecalves from a single farm withoutcommingling.Cow-calf operations do not movecattle as often as dairies, but sales oflive cattle pose a risk for spreadingdisease to other locations. Feedyards,on the other hand, are more of a deadend, with cattle that ship out going directly to slaughter. Hullinger notescow-calf and stocker operators havemore “elasticity” or flexibility in moving their product compared to theswine or dairy industries. If calves oryearlings need to remain on an operation for a few extra weeks, it is an inconvenience to the operator but not abusiness killer. Feedyards also havesome level of elasticity in their marketing schedules.Small holdings or non-commercialfarms with small numbers of animalspresent relatively low risk of spreading the virus but could serve as reservoirs for the virus, as they could beslower to detect and report disease.Hullinger says wildlife probablywould not play a major role in spreading this disease, based on experiencein other countries where researchershave tracked FMD in wildlife such asdeer and wild hogs.Private veterinarians play a key roleHistory has proved how powerfuldisease prevention can be. We believethat preventing disease is a moreeffective way to maintain animalhealth than simply treating problemsas they arise. We are committed toproviding the tools and innovationthat help your client’s cattle reachtheir maximum potential. Because,like you, we believe that preventiontruly is the best medicine.For more information, contactyour Boehringer IngelheimVetmedica, Inc. representative orvisit BIVIPreventionWorks.com.BRUCELLOSIS INFEC TED CAT TLE HERDSRagan VE. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) brucellosiseradication program in the United States. USDA APHIS, Veterinary Services.2 USDA APHIS. Brucellosis-Affected Herds, 2010–2011. 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. BIVI 8000-Ad21-211934: 11.5% 12010–11: .00052% 2PREVENTION WORKS.A PROUD PARTNER OF BQA.bovinevetonline.com Bovine Veterinarian/July-August 2013 15
Animal healthin educating clients and helping them develop biosecurity protocols such as regulating where particular vehicles or implements are allowed on the operation, sanitizing vehicles and equipment between uses and restricting commingling of animals,Hullinger says.EARLY DETECTIONHistorically, outbreaks have occurred when FMD cases were not reported“Hard work.It’s what we do.”It’s what we do that makes it more profitable.early, or subjected to the wrong test,resulting in the virus spreading before control measures were implemented. FMD is a nimble adversary,Hullinger says. It is highly contagious but also presents differentlyfrom one outbreak to another. Veterinarians need to be vigilant in theireveryday work. Don’t make assumptions about signs of disease, she says.A delay of a day or a week in identifying and reporting a case of FMDcould mean the difference between amanageable outbreak and a crisis.University of Illinois pathobiologyprofessor Gay Miller, DVM, PhD,agrees, saying a recent epidemiological model shows every hour of delayin detecting the disease and imposing quarantine in an area with a highconcentration of livestock could result in an additional 2,000 animalsculled. Multiple variables affect thebehavior of this disease, however.“All models are wrong,” Miller says.“Some models are useful.”VACCINATIONThe Alltech on-farm program is designedto help you along the way. Contact us andsee what we can do together.Alltech.comAlltechNaturally@Alltech16 Bovine Veterinarian/July-August 2013 bovinevetonline.comPhotography: Paul MobleyFor over thirty years, Alltech hasbeen working with dairy farmersaround the world to ensure their feedproduces the best results. Alltech knowsthat providing the correct diet for yourcows can bring you closer to your goal of2,200 extra pounds of milk.In most outbreaks, the control strategy begins with quarantine followedby “stamping out,” meaning depopulating all infected animals and thosesuspected of exposure to the virus.Historically, vaccination has beenviewed as a secondary strategy, primarily because the FMD-protectiveantibodies in vaccinated animalsmimic those resulting from exposure. However, attitudes regardingvaccination as an early interventionstrategy are changing. During theirrecent outbreaks, Japan and Koreaeventually responded with vaccination, and other countries includingthe European Union are shiftingaway from depopulation as their primary control strategy.Results in countries with recent outbreaks indicate early adoption of vaccination in widespread outbreaks results in better control and less depopulation of animals (see sidebar).Public perception also could play a
role in control decisions. Images of large numbers of animalsbeing killed and buried to prevent the spread of a disease thatdoes not affect humans will not play well in the public arena.Miller says past experience shows stamping out can succeed ifthe outbreak is confined to a relatively small area. If the outbreakhas spread to a wider geography or to multiple areas, stampingout becomes less viable as a stand-alone strategy. “We need toprepare ourselves to implement vaccination,” she says.Early, targeted intervention is critical for vaccination to be successful, Miller says, and supplies of vaccine doses likely would belimited. Upon news of an outbreak, the Secretary of Agriculturewould activate the North American FMD vaccine bank, operatedin cooperation with Canada and Mexico. The challenge wouldthen be to produce adequate doses of the appropriate vaccinebased on the serotype of the outbreak, maintain a cold chain anddistribute doses to veterinarians in the field. In addition to theNorth American vaccine bank, U.S. officials likely would need topurchase vaccine doses on the international market. Supplies ofvaccine might struggle to meet demand, especially if an outbreakwere to occur in an area with high livestock density.Currently, Miller says, there is no national plan which providesextensive scenario details for how or under what specific circumstances to implement a vaccination program, and more researchis needed to identify trigger points for decisions. Local, state andfederal animal-health officials would need to make those decisions. A local vaccination strategy could contain the disease within a quarantined area, but if the outbreak is more widespread, aregional or national vaccination program could be needed.Historically, the idea in the United States was for teams of federal government employees to fan out over an outbreak area toadminister vaccines. Now opinions have shifted toward a government-private partnership, with farm personnel conducting vaccinations under the supervision of a government representativeoverseeing the incident.The level of risk and logistics for control vary across U.S. livestock sectors. In the dairy industry, where animals are largelyconfined and concentrated and most are handled on a daily basis,vaccines could be distributed and administered quickly. Integration in the swine industry provides similar benefits. In contrast,the extensive nature of U.S. cow-calf production would complicate vaccine distribution and administration.Other than supply and logistical concerns, the primary downside to using vaccinations would be its impact on trade, at leasttemporarily. The presence of vaccinated animals in U.S. herdslikely would delay resumption of meat and dairy exports toFMD-free countries, even after the outbreak is controlled. However, Miller says, resumption of normal trade likely would beslow in any case, even if an outbreak was controlled quicklywithout vaccinations.Hullinger says the industry would need to weigh the impact oftemporarily losing our export market against the value of vaccination in controlling the outbreak and protecting the confidenceof domestic consumers and domestic markets.Miller says a key advance in FMD preparedness is the development of a novel vaccine thatcan be manufactured in the United States. In2012, USDA issued a conditional license for GenVec, Inc.’s FMD vaccine for use in cattle. GenVecalso granted Merial rights to develop and commercialize the vaccine. Federal law prohibitshandling live FMD virus anywhere inside theUnited States, other than at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. The manufacturing processfor this vaccine, however, does not require useof live FMD virus. Also, the FMD-protective antibody produced by vaccinated animals will bereadily differentiated from the antibody produced as a result of disease exposure. Currently,though, the GenVec vaccine covers just one of atleast seven serotypes of the FMD virus.THE VETERINARIAN’S ROLEDuring “peacetime,” Miller says, front-line veterinarians as well as producers across the country should be involved in surveillance in theireveryday work. They also should take time toprepare. Every clinic should have an emergencyresponse plan including biosecurity practices incase of an outbreak. Veterinarians also can helptheir clients develop biosecurity protocols andemergency response plans covering various scenarios such as an outbreak in the region or inthe local community.In the event of an outbreak, Miller believesfederal and state officials should oversee anyFMD vaccination effort while enlisting the services of accredited private-sector veterinariansto work with their clients to vaccinate herds.Companies that currently market typical, commonly used livestock vaccines could serve as adistribution channel, she says, as they have anestablished infrastructure for supplying veterinarians and protecting cold chains.A modeling study of a Minnesota FMD outbreak indicated a vaccination program administered only by state and federal workers couldvaccinate about 50 herds per day. In contrast, aprogram utilizing private practitioners undergovernment oversight could vaccinate 1,500herds per day, resulting in earlier control and asmaller outbreak.A relatively small investment in preparednesscould greatly reduce the cost and impact of an incident, Hullinger says, and provide benefits beyondFMD, as the plans could apply to other domestic orforeign animal diseases we have not considered. BVbovinevetonline.com Bovine Veterinarian/July-August 2013 17
There’s an old joke about paranoia: “I know I’m paranoid, but I worry that I’m not as paranoid as I should be.” Maybe we don’t need to be “paranoid” over the prospect of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) incident in the United States, but a high level of concern is appropriate. And that concern should
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This document is a template for a Risk-Based Strategic Plan (RBSP) for the control of FMD, which describes how the country intends to reduce the impact of FMD in at least one zone or husbandry sector. Completion of the RBSP is the indicator outcome for entry into PCP-FMD Stage 2. Countries that wish to
Human milk banks play an important role in ensuring that preterm and ill infants receive the valuable donor milk they need. Human milk banks make donor milk accessible to all newborn infants. However, it is not possible to guarantee a full supply of donor milk in most European countries, as the demand for donor milk for preterm babies
herds containing acutely infected calves are mostly responsible for such transmission. Elsewhere in the world, other FMD serotypes (O, A and Asia 1) are almost exclusively associated with domestic livestock, mainly cattle and pigs. Wildlife are insignificant in maintaining FMD outside Africa. Management of FMD in most
The current gold standard technique for ED diagnosis is the Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD), which uses high-resolution UltraSound (US) signals acquired on subject arm. FMD is measured after a . Electronics 2019, 8, 271 2 of 12 maximum brachial-artery diameter with respect to the baseline diameter [7]. FMD computation
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