Technical Guide: Daniel Liquid Turbine Flow Meters

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Technical GuideAugust 2016Daniel Liquid Turbine Flow Meters

Technical GuideTurbine Meter TheoryThe basic theory behind Daniel liquid turbine meters is relativelysimple. Fluid flow through the meter impinges upon the turbineblades which are free to rotate about an axis along the centerline of the turbine housing. The angular (rotational) velocity ofthe turbine rotor is directly proportional to the fluid velocitythrough the turbine. These features make the turbine meter anideal device for measuring flow rate.assembly holds the turbine rotor in alignment with the fluidflow. The angle of the turbine blades to the stream governsthe angular velocity and the output frequency of the meter.A sharper blade angle provides a higher frequency output. Ingeneral, the blade angle is held between 20 and 40 to theflow. Lower angles cause too low of an angular velocity and lossof repeatability, while larger angles cause excessive end thrust.The output of the meter is taken by an electrical pickoff(s)mounted on the meter body. The pickoff’s output frequencyis proportional to the flow rate. In addition to its excellentrangeability, a major advantage of the turbine meter is thateach electrical pulse is also proportional to a small incrementalvolume of flow. This incremental output is digital in form, andas such, can be totalized with a maximum error of one pulseregardless of the volume measured.Flow Rate Is Proportional to AngularVelocityThe turbine meter and associated digital electronics form thebasis of any liquid metering system. An expanding blade hangerFigure 1 below is a cross section of the internals of a DanielSeries 1500 turbine meter. Flow through the turbine meter isfrom left to right. The forward and rear suspension act as flowguides, ensuring fluid motion through the meter is parallel tothe meter’s centerline. Flow impinging upon the angular bladecauses the rotor to spin at an angular velocity proportional toflow rate.Figure 1: Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Cross Sectionwww.EmersonProcess.com3

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Turbine Meter ParametersThe following terms are the most widely discussed parametersof turbine meter applications.LinearityLinearity is the measure of variation in signal output across thenominal flow range of the meter. Turbine meters have a nominalK-factor which is the number of pulses output for a given volumemeasured. This value varies across the meter’s flow range withlinearity being a measure of the variance of actual output fromthe average K-factor. Advanced technology allows linearizationof the meter registration within a flow computer, enablingfurther improvements in measurement accuracy.AccuracyAccuracy is a measure of how closely the instrument indicatesactual flow and is generally expressed as a percent of truevolume for a specific flow range. Accuracy at a particular flowrate may be an order of magnitude better than “rated flowrange accuracy.”ResolutionResolution is a measure of the smallest increment of total flowthat can be individually recognized, normally defined by a singlepulse. Turbine meters have inherently high resolution.RangeRepeatabilityRepeatability is the ability of a meter to indicate the samereading each time the same flow conditions exist. Turbinemeters exhibit excellent repeatability which is the mostimportant parameter to be considered for many applications.Range is the ratio of maximum flow to minimum flow overwhich the specified linearity will be maintained. Normal rangeor turndown is given as 10:1 which is often exceeded dependingon meter size and required linearity. 0.15% 0.02%Figure 2: Flow Ranges4www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideDaniel Liquid Turbine Flow Meter SystemsDaniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Systemscombine turbine meters and electronic instrumentation tomeasure volumetric total flow and/or flow rate. Each Danielturbine meter is comprised of a cylindrical housing thatcontains a precise turbine rotor assembly. One or two magneticpickoffs are mounted in a boss on the meter body. As fluidpasses smoothly through the flow meter, it causes the rotor torevolve with an angular velocity proportional to flow. The rotorblades or rim buttons passing through the magnetic field ofthe pickoff generate a pulsing voltage in the coil of the pickoffassembly. Each voltage pulse represents a discrete volume.The total number of pulses collected over a period of timerepresents the total volume metered.The sinusoidal signal from each pickoff has low amplitude andmay not normally be relied upon for transmission distancesover 6 meters (20 feet). The signal must, therefore, be amplifiedwhich is achieved with a preamplification board mounted onthe turbine meter. These pulse signals are typically transmittedto control room instrumentation such as flow computers,and may also be required as input to prover computers whichcalculate, display, transmit, control or record the flow sensedby the rotor. The results may be displayed as pulse counts orstandard engineering units, such as gallons, barrels, cubicmeters, etc.All Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters have, asstandard, the Local Mounted Enclosure (LME) which may befitted with one or two pickoffs and a dual channel preamplifier.The pickoff mountings are oriented with the pickups 90 electrically out of phase. The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid TurbineFlow Meter may be supplied with two LMEs, offering up to fourpulse outputs. Alternate pairs across the two LMEs are also 90 electrically out of phase.Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters canbe fabricated with adjacent tube sections. Each meter isprecisely calibrated before shipment.The meter systems are used to provide measurementinformation in fluid transport, petroleum and chemicalprocessing, custody transfer of liquids, blending systems,and in-product batching in field or plant operations. Therepeatability of the system ensures quality measurementof fluids over a wide range of flow rates, temperatures,compositions and viscosities.Figure 3: Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Systemwww.EmersonProcess.com5

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Innovative Floating Rotor DesignFlowing fluid enters the turbine through the forwardsuspension. When it encounters the sharp angle of theupstream cone, the stream is deflected outward, increasing invelocity and causing a slight static pressure drop. As the fluidleaves the blade area, flow has redistributed. Velocity is reducedslightly and static pressure has increased proportionally.The difference between the two velocity pressures causesthe rotor to move upstream into the fluid flow. A slight offsetensures this upstream force will not cause the rotor to strike theforward thrust bearing.The cross sectional area of the cone is slightly smaller than thatof the rotor hub with some flow impinging directly upon therotor hub, generating a downstream thrust. As a result, therotor floats in balance between upstream and downstreamcones, pushed forward by the pressure difference across theblades and pushed backward by the flow impingement. Theonly bearing surface other than the measured fluid is thecemented carbide sleeve bearing insert (see figure 4).In bi-directional meters, a second upstream cone replaces thedownstream cone and rangeability is reduced in reverse flow.Figure 4: Rotor Assembly Cross Section6www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideMagnetic Pickoff of Rotor VelocityThe angular velocity of the turbine rotor is taken through theturbine meter wall by means of a magnetic pickoff. Turbineblades made of a paramagnetic material (i.e. properties causeit to be attracted by a magnet) rotate past the pickoff coil,generating irregular shaped voltage pulses. The frequency ofthese pulses is linearly proportional to the angular velocity ofthe rotor and thus to the flow rate. Additionally, each pulseis incrementally proportional to a small unit of volume. Theamplitude of the pulses will vary in proportion to blade velocitybut is not considered in the measurement process. Flow rateand total flow information is transmitted by frequency and bycounting (totalizing) the pulses.The permanent magnet produces a magnetic field whichpasses through the coil and is concentrated to a small point atthe pickoffs. In Figures 5 and 6 below, as a turbine blade (A)moves into close proximity to the pickoff point, its magneticONEproperties cause the magnetic field to deflect to accommodatePULSEAits presence. This deflection causes a voltage to be generatedin the coil. As the blade passes under the pickoff point (B), thisvoltage decays, only to build back in the opposite polarity as theleaving blade which is now in position (C). This result is causedby the magnetic field deflecting in the opposite direction. Soas each blade passes the pickoff, it produces a separate anddistinct voltage pulse. Since the fluid surrounding each bladerepresents a discrete unit of volume, each electrical pulse alsorepresents a discrete unit of volume. Turbine meter output israted in pulses per gallon, pulses per liter, or other standardengineering units.ONEUNITVOLUMEBTHIS 1/2 PULSEIS NOT USEDBY OSURE(LME)CLAMPO-RINGINSULATORPICKOFF #1LMEMOUNTINGBOX PADPICKOFF re 5: Assembly of Local Mounted EnclosureLOCALMOUNTED with Dual Pickoff ConfigurationENCLOSURE(LME)PICKOFF #1LMEMOUNTINGBOX PADwww.EmersonProcess.comBLADESONEUNITVOLUMETHIS 1/2 PULSEIS NOT USEDBY READOUTSCFigure 6: Voltage Output, Peak to PeakCLAMPO-RINGINSULATORPICKOFF #2ABC7

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Turbine Meter Rotor and Bearing DesignThe primary differences in turbine meter technology are in thedesign of the rotor and bearings. The rotor is an assembly of upto 12 blades locked into a hub that rotates on a bearing(s). Forlight liquid applications that require viscosities of 5 cst or less andspecific gravities of less than 0.70, the rotor does not normallyneed a rim or shroud. For measuring more viscous liquids andin larger size turbine meters (i.e. 200DN and above), a rim isfitted to ensure sufficient rigidity in the rotor. A rim also offersthe advantage of higher pulse resolution. With a bladed rotor,the number of pulses per revolution is limited to the number ofblades; in a rimmed rotor, the number of pulses per revolutioncorresponds to the number of buttons or slots in the rim.For intermittent duties on light, clean hydrocarbons thatmay be found at tank truck terminals, ball bearings maybe used for a rotor bearing. Proper design of rotors withball bearings will use two ball races and a short axle uponwhich the rotor is fitted. Where space is constrained, ballraces may be fitted directly into the rotor hub. This design isparticularly suited to low and varying flow rate applications,and is utilized on the Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter,designed primarily for distribution applications such as loadracks. In these installations, liquids are typically light, refinedproducts.Pipeline applications often require continuous operationat fixed flow rates, requiring the turbine meter to offersufficient longevity to minimize maintenance intervals. Inthese applications, tungsten carbide journal bearings areused. As tungsten carbide is extremely hard wearing, thesebearings are often applied in more demanding measurementapplications such as crude oil.An important point is limitations on viscosity are related to therangeability of the turbine flow meter. As the viscosity of themeasured liquid increases, the K-factor variations at differentflow rates increase. To maintain the linearity of the meter at therequired level as the viscosity of the measured liquid increases,the turndown or rangeability of the meter must be reduced. Fortypical pipeline applications where the flow meter will operateat just one flow rate (or a very limited range of flow rates), aturbine meter may be used to measure flows of high viscosityliquids. The Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is designedfor pipeline applications and is equipped with robust internalssuited to continuous measurement of a wide range of liquids.8There may be a single hanger or hangers upstream anddownstream of the rotor. In the Series 1200 Meter, there is asingle upstream support for the rotor. In the Series 1500 Meter,there are both upstream and downstream hangers.Bearings may be either ball or tungsten carbide journalbearings. Ball bearings are used to provide improvedperformance at low flow rates and on clean product. Thesebearings are a reliable, cost-effective solution.The Series 1200 Meter deploys a cantilevered twin ball bearingdesign. The meter is designed with a rotating shaft on two ballbearing units and is available in DN25 to DN100 (1 inch to 4inch) line sizes. For more demanding applications, a tungstencarbide journal bearing assembly is available as an option forDN80 and DN100 (3 inch and 4 inch) line sizes only.Lightweight bladed rotors of this type mounted on ball bearingsare particularly well suited to the intermittent duty cyclestypical in loading rack applications. The design application islimited to clean refined products. In the event the turbine isused on slightly dirty products, use of tungsten carbide journalbearings is recommended. Tungsten carbide bearings areextremely hard wearing and used in turbine meters on a rangeof applications from LPGs to crude oils.Rimmed Rotors for Higher ResolutionIn the larger diameter Series 1500 Meter (normally aboveDN150 or 6 inch in line size), the resolution provided by ablade-type rotor may be improved by the use of a rimmed orshrouded rotor. This construction is standard for Daniel DN200or 8 inch and larger meters. A lightweight stainless steel rimor shroud carries small paramagnetic buttons which providegreater resolution of flow by generating more pulses per unitvolume.Series 1200 and 1500 Meters are supplied with localmounted electronics (LME) as standard. The electronicenclosure is attached to a boss which, in turn, is attached tothe meter body. This assembly may house two pickoffs in anorientation with their outputs 90 electrically out of phase.www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideThe Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is offeredwith its standard paramagnetic H. Mu button Rim type rotor(Figure 7). A light shrouded rotor is available and is designedwith slots in the rim in place of paramagnetic buttons. Thislight shrouded rotor provides a higher number of pulses perunit volume (Figure 8) than the standard rotor which enablesproving with a smaller prover (Figure 9).Figure 7: Rim Rotor DN80 to DN600 (3 inch to 24 inch)Figure 8: Optional Lite Product Rim RotorDN80 to DN300 (3 inch to 12 inch)www.EmersonProcess.comFigure 9: Blade Rotor DN25 to DN150 (1 inch to 6 inch)9

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow MeterThe Series 1500 Meter is designed for applications requiringrugged dependability with high accuracy and throughput.Engineered for use on pipelines, marine loading and otherdemanding systems, the internals are well proven in the DanielPT meter. The Series 1500 Meter utilizes these internals in abody designed to accept Locally Mounted Electronics (LME) andthe latest pickoff and preamplifier technology.Upstream and downstream self-centering hangers, a highlydurable rotor assembly utilizing a tungsten carbide sleeve andjournal bearings, and a floating rotor design make the Series1500 Meter ideal for applications where downtime is not anoption.In such applications, dual-pulse transmission is normally used toallow the meter instrumentation (normally a flow computer) tocheck the fidelity of pulse transmission. The single LME housingcontains one or two pickoffs and a dual channel preamplifier.When configured with two pickoffs, the square wave outputsare 90 electrically out of phase.number of paramagnetic buttons than of blades may be usedon the stainless steel rim. A bladed rotor is limited to one pulseper blade per revolution with the practical limit for the bladesbeing 12. With a rim or shroud, there may be up to 64 pulses(buttons) per rotor revolution.The rimmed design is optional on DN80 to DN150 (3 inch to 6inch) turbines and is standard on DN200 (8 inch) and larger.Regardless of the meter design and rotor configuration, theblades are locked and welded into the desired angular position,forming a solid, one piece rotor.In the Series 1500 Meter, both upstream and downstream shaftsupports are deployed. The expanding hanger principle is usedto ensure positive self-centering of the internals. The shape ofthe internal cones results in a reverse differential pressure thatcounterbalances the downstream thrust on the rotor, allowingthe rotor to float on a fluid cushion. This floating action ensureslong life and minimal maintenance.A second LME is an option on DN80 (3 inch) and larger meters.For meters DN80 (3 inch) and larger with a dual LME, fourmatched pulse outputs are possible. Corresponding pairs arethen 90 electrically out of phase.Series 1500 Meter utilizes only tungsten carbide journalbearings. In applications with fluids of adequate lubricity, afilm of the measured fluid lubricates the journal, contributingto instrument longevity. These bearings are extremelyhard (Rockwell A-94) and polished with diamond paste to asmoothness of 0.05 micron (a mirror finish).The rotor may be blade-type or rimmed-type. Rimmed orshrouded rotors have the advantages of greater structuralstrength and the possibility of higher resolution, as a greater10www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideLocal Mounted Enclosure (LME)Configuration shown for temperature up to 60 C ( 140 F)Rim Type RotorAvailable in DN80 to DN600 (3 to 24 in)Blade Type RotorAvailable in DN25 to DN150 (1 to 6 in)Figure 10 - Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow MeterFigure 10: Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Meter Assemblieswww.EmersonProcess.com11

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Daniel Series 1500 Meter Design FeaturesThe linearity specification is dependent on the characteristics of the calibration fluid. For DN25 to 200 (1 inch to 8 inch) meters, SGis 0.78 and KinVisc (cSt) is 2.1. For DN250 to 600 (10 inch to 24 inch) meters, SG is 1.0 and KinVisc (cSt) is 1.0.Table 1: Linear Flow Range(1)Nominal SizeStandard Flow RangeDNM3/HRBBL/HRMinMaxExtendedMax FlowRate(2)10100115InchesStandard Flow RangeUSGPMMinMaxExtendedMax FlowRate(2)1.61618ExtendedMin Flow RateLinearity0.75% (1"-2.5")0.50% (3"-24")5.6Standard Flow RangeMinMaxExtendedMax 042,00048,300Table 2: Nominal K-Factor(3)Nominal /US 4450181006342.4500201006342.4600241006342.4(1) Bi-directional meters have a standard linear flow range as stated above. The minimum flow rate in the reverse direction is 20% of its maximum extended flow rate.(2) Extended flow rate with 20% duty cycle not to exceed 2 hours per day.(3) K-Factors for individual rotors vary. An acceptable rotor can be nominal 15%.12www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideRangeabilityPerformance Based onSpecific GravitiesThe flow ranges indicated in the previous tables show a nominalflow range with a turndown of 10:1. The turbine meter willreport measurement repeatable to the indicated specificationbased on the measurement of clean liquids such as water(specific gravity 1, viscosity 1 cSt) and mineral spirits (specificgravity 0.78, viscosity 2.1 cSt).Liquid turbine meters are affected by changes in liquid density.When measuring liquids with specific gravities of 0.7 or less, themeter’s minimum flow rate must be increased to maintain themeter’s linearity within the required limits. In this application,the maximum flow rate may be increased to allow for greaterrangeability.When liquids with properties outside of the range described bythese liquids are to be measured, the meter flow range will beaffected.It is vital that proper back pressure be maintained (refer to page19 for the formula for determining required back pressure).Failure to do so may result in flashing and cavitation, which willcause over ranging of, and damage to, the meter.Extended flow rates on intermittent duty cycles are permittedand shown in the flow meter design features table on page 10. Itshould also be noted that the use of the meter in the extendedflow range should be limited to a 20% duty cycle.Liquids with low specific gravities generally have high vaporpressures and high coefficients of thermal expansion. Whenmeasuring these liquids, it is extremely important that properinstallation, measurement and proving practice be followedto provide stable temperatures and to negate the potential forpoor measurement and possible system damage.The data on the following page is for the Series 1500 Meter.Similar effects will be observed in all turbine meter designs.Figure11: Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meterwww.EmersonProcess.com13

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Series 1500 Meter Flow Range AdjustmentsThe tables below represent the effect of specific gravity on the linear flow range.Table 3A: Specific Gravity 0.7 to 1 (Blade and Rim Type Internals)Nominal 357100186420Minimum Linear Flow 294BBL/HR1002144295711,0001,8504,200Maximum Linear Flow 1,2956682,940Table 3B: Specific Gravity 0.6 (Blade Type Internals Only)Nominal 196167309701Minimum Linear Flow 112491BBL/HR1162474936571,1502,1294,830Maximum Linear Flow ,4907683,381Table 3C: Specific Gravity 0.5 (Blade Type Internals Only)Nominal 01134236436989Minimum Linear Flow 157692BBL/HR1162474936571,1502,1294,830Maximum Linear Flow ,4907683,381Table 3D: Specific Gravity 0.4 (Blade Type Internals Only)Nominal 201602805171,173Minimum Linear Flow 2187821BBL/HR1162464936571,1502,1294,830Maximum Linear Flow ,4897683,381Table 3E: Specific Gravity 0.3 (Blade Type Internals Only)Nominal 11411903316131,393Minimum Linear Flow 29221975BBL/HR1162464936571,1502,1294,830Maximum Linear Flow ,4897683,381www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideSeries 1500 Meter Performance on High Viscosity LiquidsAn increase in viscosity of the measured liquid willreduce the rangeability of the flow meter. Generally, themeter’s minimum flow rate will have to be increased tomaintain the meter’s linearity rating.Note:Use of the turbine meter on high viscosity liquids at themaximum extended flow range is allowable but mayincrease the turbine’s wear rate.The increased flow rate may be determined accordingto the following ratio:The pressure drop through the meter may beestimated (for low to medium viscosities) according tothe following formula:Sizing Ratio Liquid Viscosity (cSt)Nominal Line SizesDP (PD) x (μ)1/4 x (SG)3/4orDP (PD) x (v)1/4 x (SG)Sizing RatioMinimum Flow (% of Normal Maximum Flow Rate)1Use Normal Minimum Flow DP Estimated pressure dropPD Pressure drop for water at expected flow rateμ Absolute viscosity in centipoisesv Kinematic viscosity in centistokesSG Specific gravityNote: μ (v) x (SG)Example:The sizing ratio of a 4 inch turbine meter measuringa liquid of 8 cSt is 8/4, or 2. The normal maximumflow rate for this meter size is 1450 GPM. The newminimum flow rate is 25% of 1450, or 362.5 GPM. Theflow rate for this application is now 362 to 1450 GPM,with standard linearity ( 0.15%) and repeatability of( 0.02%) maintained.www.EmersonProcess.com15

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow MeterSeries 1200 Meter is designed specifically for load rack servicewhere repeatability is vital. The meter deploys a lightweightrotor that is supported on self-cleaning, flowthrough ball bearings. As a result, the meter isversatile and is particularly suited to batch loadingof light hydrocarbons. The meter has been usedsuccessfully on fluids with viscosities up to 6centistokes. The meter can also be supplied withoptional tungsten carbide bearings for moredemanding applications.The meter features an upstream expanding hangerwhich centers the internals in the body withcantilevered support of the rotor. It will operatein any plane and is frequently used in the verticalorientation with flow upward to save space on a load rack.An integral flow conditioning plate (FCP) in Delrin (standard) oraluminum (an option for DN80 and DN100, or 3 inch and 4 inchmeters) allows operation without upstream flow straightening.This configuration is particularly valuable for vertical installationof the meter on load racks. The FCP is available on DN40 (1.5inch) meters and larger.Stainless Steel Bearing InternalsFigure 12: Part Identification for a NPS 3 through 4 MeterTungsten Carbide Bearing Internals* See Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter datasheet for model selectionmatrixLocal Mounted EnclosureFigure 13: Part Identification for a NPS 3 through 4 MeterFigure 14: Part Identification forLocal Mounted Enclosure (LME)16www.EmersonProcess.com

Technical GuideSeries 1200 Meter Design FeaturesThe following data is applicable for Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter calibrated on mineral spirits.Table 4: Flow RateNominal SizeDNInches2540508010011.5234BBL/HRStandard Flow RangeMinimum Maximum8.6193193143861863149291,429* ExtendedMaximumFlow Range992143611,0681,785M3/HRStandard Flow RangeMinimumMaximum1.43.05.01523143050148227* ExtendedMaximumFlow Range163458170284USGPMStandard Flow RangeMinimumMaximum6132265100601302206501,000* ExtendedMaximumFlow Range691502537481,250* Note: Extended maximum flow range with 20% duty cycle not to exceed 2 hours per dayTable 5: Nominal K-FactorNominal ,5511808032,18413,7375210049666,07623* Note: K-Factors for individual rotors vary. An acceptable rotor can be nominal 15%.Figure 15: Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meterwww.EmersonProcess.com17

Liquid Turbine Flow MeterAugust 2016Flow ConditioningFor a turbine meter to perform without increased uncertaintyand in a repeatable and accurate manner, the flowing streammust be free of rotational components. The internal assemblysupports of a turbine meter offer a slight straightening effectbut additional flow straightening is normally required.Generally, upstream flow straightening is achieved by installingadequate upstream straightening sections that often comprisea set of straightening vanes or a tube bundle. Guidance on thissubject is offered in the API Manual of Petroleum MeasurementStandards, Chapter 5, Section 3. A properly sized strainer(40 mesh) is always recommended in close proximity of theupstream meter tube.For DN50 (2 inch) or smaller meters, straightening vanes arenot normally used. For most installations, 20D of upstream pipeshould be provided for adequate flow straightening (see figure16).For line sizes DN50 (2 inch) and larger, upstream flowstraightening sections are normally supplied with straighteningvanes. With this construction, the upstream straighteningsection need only be 10D in length.Upstream and downstream flow straightening sections can besupplied in either carbon steel or stainless steel, as requiredby the application. The standard design offered is the twosection tube, with a single upstream and single downstreamstraightening section. The upstream section contains the tubebundle which is securely located within the pipe section (seeFigure 17).Flow straightening sections may in fact be supplied in anyconfiguration with any line connection and to any specifiedlength. In some installations, a three-section flow straighteningconfiguration is required. By using this configuration, readyaccess to the straightening vanes is afforded (see figure 18).In some circumstances, the use of a Flow Conditioning Plate(FCP) is possible. The FCP is available from DN80 to DN200(3 inch to 8 inch) for the Series 1500 Meter and is standard onthe Series 1200 Meter (with the exception of the DN25 or 1inch meter). When supplied, the FCP is an integral part of theturbine meter and serves to reduce swirl in the same way asflow straightening sections. It is of particular significance wherepiping installations do not permit long upstream sections, suchas in load racks where space is at a premium.Strainer20DFigure 16:Small Diameter Meter Tube5DFLOWTurbine MeterStrainer5D10DFigure 17:Two-Section Meter TubeFLOWTurbine MeterLine Model Straightening

Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Systems combine turbine meters and electronic instrumentation to measure volumetric total flow and/or flow rate. Each Daniel turbine meter is comprised of a cylindrical housing that contains a precise turbine rotor assembly. One or two magnetic pickoffs are mounted in a boss on the meter body.

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