Of The ––––––––––––– Roman Empire

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NONFICTIONUNABRIDGEDEdward GibbonTHE Decline and Fall––––––––––––– of the –––––––––––––Roman EmpireRead byDavid TimsonVo lum eI

CD 112345678Chapter 1But the superior merit of Agricola.The terror of the Roman arms added weight.Nine centuries of war had gradually introduced.The camp of a Roman legion presented the appearance.Ancient Gaul, as it contained the whole country.Such was the state of Europe under the Roman emperors.Chapter 29:2510:549:249:2110:0410:3610:438:46Total time on CD 1: 79:17CD 2123456789Notwithstanding the fashionable irreligion which prevailed.Till the privileges of Romans had been progressively extended.So sensible were the Romans of the influence of language.Hope, the best comfort of our imperfect condition.It is natural to suppose that the greatest number.We have computed the inhabitants, and contemplated.Whatever evils either reason or declamation have imputed.But it is no easy task to confine luxury.Chapter 39:087:338:547:4711:119:387:0811:446:08Total time on CD 2: 79:142

CD 312345678Amidst this confusion of sentiments.Although Augustus considered a military force By declaring themselves the protectors of the people.I: The death of Caesar was ever before his eyes.Nerva had scarcely accepted the purple.If a man were called to fix the period in the history.Chapter 4One evening (A.D. 183), as the emperor was returning.9:088:0910:399:4910:0912:449:318:44Total time on CD 3: 78:58CD 412345678The rank of Consul, of Patrician, of Senator.Elated with these praises, which gradually extinguished.The measures of the conspirators were conducted.To heal, as far as it was possible, the wounds.Chapter 5It was now incumbent on the Praetorians to fulfil.The country of Pannonia and Dalmatia, which occupied.The first cares of Severus were bestowed on two measures.9:468:389:187:529:5911:0110:2212:05Total time on CD 4: 79:063

CD 512345678Yet, in the contest between Niger and Severus.Although the wounds of civil war appeared completely.Chapter 6The parallel would be little to the advantage.The crime went not unpunished.It was impossible that such a character.In the management of this necessary reformation.As the attention of the new emperor was diverted.8:058:539:349:429:4710:3810:3212:15Total time on CD 5: 79:31CD 612345678It was impossible that such a reconciliation should last.The simple journal of his ordinary occupations.The lenity of the emperor confirmed the insolence.History has never, perhaps, suffered a greater.Such a tax, plentiful as it must prove.Chapter 7The circumstances of his death are variously related.The procurator of Africa was a servant worthy.8:5311:2210:1911:248:2510:308:3010:01Total time on CD 6: 79:294

CD 712345678‘Conscript fathers,’ said the consul Syllanus.After the senate had conferred on Maximus and Balbinus.The emperor Maximus, who had advanced as far as.When the senate elected two princes.We cannot forbear transcribing the ingenious.Chapter 8The great and fundamental article of the system.Had Zoroaster, in all his tal time on CD 7: 78:56CD 812345678Under the reign of Marcus.Our suspicions are confirmed by the authority.Chapter 9Such rational doubt is but ill suited with the genius If we contemplate a savage nation in any part of the globe.Civil governments, in their first institution.Although the progress of civilization.Such was the situation, and such were the manners.9:548:1310:3410:269:548:4411:318:57Total time on CD 8: 78:185

CD 9123456789The general conspiracy which terrified the Romans.Chapter 10Notwithstanding the mysterious obscurity of the Edda.The Goths were now in possession of the Ukraine.A magistrate, invested with such extensive powers.But the Romans were irritated to a still higher degree.The Romans had long experienced the daring valour.III: We have already traced the emigration of the Goths.The second expedition of the Goths.5:1710:1410:229:339:039:589:188:166:46Total time on CD 9: 78:53CD 10123456789But this exploit, whatever lustre it might shed.The loss of an important frontier.The emperor Gallienus, who had long supported.The lieutenants of Valerian were grateful to the father.Such were the barbarians, and such the tyrants.Chapter 11The siege of Milan was still continued.The event surpassed his own expectations.The reign of Aurelian lasted only four years.8:3811:069:196:038:269:178:188:228:50Total time on CD 10: 78:266

CD 11123456789The emperor was almost at the same time informed.But whatever confidence might be placed in ideal ramparts.After a successful expedition against the Gothic.In his march over the sandy desert.Since the foundation of Rome, no general had more nobly.The arms of Aurelian had vanquished the foreign.Chapter 12The reluctance of Tacitus.Whilst the deceased emperor was making 1Total time on CD 11: 79:33CD 12123456789The peasants of Illyricum, who had already given.But the most important service which Probus rendered.Among the useful conditions of peace imposed by Probus.But in the prosecution of a favourite scheme.The threats of Carus were not without effect.The only merit of the administration of Carinus.In the midst of this glittering pageantry.Chapter 13The first considerable action of his reign.7:248:1711:159:258:178:508:486:2110:28Total time on CD 12: 79:117

CD 1312345678Their patience was at last provoked into despair.He beheld, with anxious terror, the opposite shores.While the Caesars exercised their valour.When Tiridates appeared on the frontiers of Armenia.As soon as Diocletian had indulged his private resentment.As soon as this difficulty was removed.The dislike expressed by Diocletian towards Rome.From the time of Augustus to that of l time on CD 13: 79:05CD 1412345678Notwithstanding the severity of a very cold and rainy.Though Constantine, from a very obvious prejudice.Chapter 14I: The fame of Constantine has rendered posterity.The children of Constantius by his second marriage.Rome, according to the expression of an orator.The news of his promotion was no sooner carried.Among so many crimes and otal time on CD 14: 78:588

CD 1512345678Maxentius, who considered the Praetorian guards.The army of Gaul was drawn up in two lines.In the use of victory, Constantine neither deserved.The vanquished emperor left behind him two children.The first battle was fought near Cibalis.As the crime was of a public kind.Instead of embracing such an active resolution.Chapter 159:309:2710:2910:1610:318:3810:0810:31Total time on CD 15: 79:34CD 16123456789The conquest of the land of Canaan.The history of the church of Jerusalem affords a lively.While the orthodox church preserved a just medium.In consequence of this opinion.The writings of Cicero represent in the most lively colours.When the promise of eternal happiness was proposed.The condemnation of the wisest and most virtuous.The miracles of the primitive church.IV: But the primitive Christian demonstrated his faith.7:507:3211:048:479:5510:318:567:156:53Total time on CD 16: 78:499

CD 17123456There are two very natural propensities.It was with the utmost difficulty.V: But the human character, however it may be.Such was the mild and equal constitution by which.The progress of the ecclesiastical authority.II: It is the undoubted right of every society to exclude.7:065:508:4610:2410:408:31Total time on CD 17: 51:23CD 1812345In the course of this important, though perhaps tedious.The rich provinces that extend from the Euphrates A perpetual stream of strangers and provincials From Edessa the principles of Christianity And yet these exceptions are either too few in number 10:068:059:467:398:09Total time on CD 18: 43:49Total time on CDs 1–18: 22:40:3010

Edward Gibbonthe Decline and Fall––––––––––––– of the –––––––––––––Roman EmpireVo lum eSUMMARY OF THE CONTENTSItreatment of slaves and their contributionto industry Architecture of the age, roadsChapter 1etc. Agriculture The internal prosperityThe legacy of the first emperor Augustus of the Age of the Antonines(27 BC 14 AD) in the age of Nerva (9698), Trajan (98-117), Hadrian (117-138) Chapter 3and the two Antonines (138-180) The The Constitution of the Roman Empire instate of the Empire, its extent, including the Age of the Antonines Development,the acquisition of Britain, and the originally by Augustus, of the power ofEmpire’s military strength, including the the senate, officers of state, control ofconstruction of the army and navythe army etc. Beneficial rule of MarcusAurelius Antoninus (161-180)Chapter 2The Roman Empire at a time of peace and Chapter 4security The inheritance of beneficial The seeds of decay as exemplified in thelaws, toleration of different religions, cruelty and follies of Commodus (180acceptance of foreigners in Rome to 192) His opposition to the senate Theencourage union with the provinces, the murder of Commodus The election of11

Corruption, vice and follies of Elagabalus Virtues of his cousin Alexander Severus(222-235) who is elected by Praetorianguard after the massacre of Elagabalus New emperor’s lenity leads tolicentiousness in the army The generalstate of the Roman financesPertinax as emperor (192-193) and hisattempts to reform the State Affectionof the people and disaffection of thePraetorian guard The assassination ofPertinax by the Praetorian GuardsChapter 5The Praetorian Guard abuse their powerand publicly sell off the Empire to DidiusJulianus (193) In Britain, the generalClodius Albinus plots to avenge Pertinaxand succeed to the throne himself Pescennius Niger in Syria, and SeptimiusSeverus in Pannonia, also declare againstthe murderers of Pertinax and seekelection Civil wars and victory of Severusover his rivals Severus declared emperor(193-211) His cruelty and scorn ofsenate The relaxation of discipline in thearmy leads to threat of military despotismChapter 7The elevation of the ambitious barbarianMaximinus by the army Death ofAlexander Severus (235) Maximinus’sbloody tyranny (235-238) Rebellion inAfrica and Italy, supported by Gordianusand the senate Civil Wars and Seditions The violent deaths of Maximinus andhis son (238) Deaths of Maximinus andBalbinus (238), and of the three Gordians(238) Usurpation of the Praetorian Philip(244) He revives and solemnises theSecular GamesChapter 6War in Britain (208) The declining healthand death of Severus The tyrannyof his son Caracalla (211-217) Theassassination of Caracalla and usurpationof Macrinus (217-218) Discontentedarmy supports Elagabalus (218-222) Chapter 8The State of Persia after the restorationof the Monarchy by Artaxerxes (240-254)after servitude under Macedonians andParthians The theology of Zoroaster andthe power of the Magi Artaxerxes seeks12

to expand Persia by conquest, challenging Chapter 11Reign of Claudius II (268-270), generalthe power of Romeand chief of the Illyrian frontier Hereforms the army His defeat of the GothsChapter 9The State of Germany till the invasion of Aurelian (270-275), a general, succeedsthe Barbarians, in the time of the emperor after premature death of Claudius II Decius (249-251) The geography and Treaty with the Goths Success againstclimate of Germany The ignorance and barbarian invasions Defeats domesticsavagery of the inhabitants Their warlike rival claimants Challenges and defeatsnature The resilience of their women Zenobia, Queen of the East His Triumph Death of AurelianTheir primitive religionChapter 12Conduct of the army and senate afterthe death of Aurelian The reluctant butproductive reign of Tacitus (275-276) Probus, General of the East, succeeds(276-282) He delivers Gaul fromthe barbarians, subdues the Germans,repatriates some of the barbarians andfalls victim to the discontent of the Romanarmy Carus, Praetorian prefect, electedby legions (282-283) His prematuredeath prevents attack on Persia Weakand luxurious reign of his sons, Carinusand Numerian (283 284) Description ofthe Circus entertainmentChapter 10Calamitous reigns of the emperors Decius(249-251), Gallus (251-253), Aemilianus(253), Valerian (253-259) and Gallienus(253-268) Decius encounters the firstattack of the Goths (250) Their history Gallus pays them tribute Civil warsinvolving rivals for the throne Valerianand Gallienus rule as father and son(253-268) The general eruption of theBarbarians against the Roman Empire The Persians attack Weakness ofGallienus encourages a crowd of usurpers,known as the Thirty Tyrants13

Chapter 15The Progress of the Christian Religion, itssuccess derived from:Chapter 13The reign of Diocletian (284-305) andhis three associates, Maximian (286305) Galerius, and Constantius (305) Diocletian’s prudent character Insurrection in Britain Revolt in Africa War with Persia, victory and triumph Armenia, Rome’s ally The new formof administration Reduction of powersof the senate Increase in ostentationof court Abdication and retirement ofDiocletian and Maximian1. The zeal derived from the Jewishreligion2. The appealing doctrine of a future lifeafter death3 The miraculous powers attributed tothe primitive church4. The pure and austere morals ofChristians5. The union of a Christian republicwithin the EmpireChapter 14Troubles after the abdication of Diocletian Contrasting characters of Constantius andGalerius Death of Constantius in Britain Elevation of Constantine (306 337) Hisorigins Maxentius elevated to rule withConstantine (306 311) Six emperorsat the same time Conflicts and deathof Maximian (305) and Galerius (311) Victories of Constantine over Maxentius(312) and Licinius (324) Reunion of theEmpire under the authority of ConstantineGradualseparationofindividualsects: Nazarenes, Ebionites, Gnostics,Manichaeans etc. The abjuring of paganidolatry by Christians The sentiments,manners, numbers and condition ofthe primitive Christians, including theseparation of laity and clergy Theintroduction of Synods The punishmentof apostasy by excommunication Thestructure of the Roman Empire facilitatesthe spread of Christianity14

EMPERORS OF ROMEMACRINUS: 217-218ELAGABALUS: 218-222ALEXANDER SEVERUS: 222-235MAXIMINUS THRAX : 235-238GORDIAN I & GORDIAN II: 238PUPIENUS & BALBINUS: 238GORDIAN III: 238-244PHILIP: 244-249DECIUS: 249-251TREBONIANUS GALLUS: 251-253AEMILIANUS: 253VALERIAN: 253 260With Gallienus: 253 260GALLIENUS: 260-268CLAUDIUS II: 268-270QUINTILLUS: 270AURELIAN: 270-275TACITUS: 275-276FLORIANUS: 276PROBUS: 276-282CARUS: 282-283CARINUS: 283-285With Numerian: 283-284DIOCLETIAN: 284-305With Maximian: 286 305With Galerius 293 305GALERIUS: 305-311With Constantius I: 305-306AUGUSTUS: 27 BC-14 ADTIBERIUS: 14-37CALIGULA: 37-41CLAUDIUS I: 41-54NERO: 54-68GALBA: 68-69OTHO: 69VITELLIUS: 69VESPASIAN: 69-79TITUS: 79-81DOMITIAN: 81-96NERVA: 96-98TRAJAN: 98-117HADRIAN: 117-138ANTONINIUS PIUS: 138-161MARCUS AURELIUS: 161-180With Lucius Verus: 161 169With Commodus: 177 180COMMODUS: 180-192PERTINAX: 193DIDIUS JULIANUS: 193SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS: 193-211With Caracalla: 198 209With Caracalla and Geta: 209 211CARACALLA: 211-217With Geta: 21115

Emperors of the Western Empire afterTheodosius IWith Constantine I: 306-311With Maxentius: 306-311With Licinius: 307-311With Maximinus II: 308-311CONSTANTINE I: 311-337With Maxentius: 311-312With Licinius: 311-324CONSTANTINE II, CONSTANTIUS II &CONSTANS: 337 340CONSTANTIUS II: 340 361With Constans: 340-350JULIAN: 361-363JOVIAN: 363-364VALENTINIAN I: 364-375With Valens: 364-375With Gratian: 367-375VALENS: 364-378 With Gratian and Valentinian II:375-378THEODOSIUS I: 379-395With Gratian: 379-383With Valentinian II: 379-392With Arcadius: 383-395With Honorius: 392-395HONORIUS: 394-423VALENTINIAN III: 423-455PETRONIUS MAXIMUS: 455AVITUS: 455-456MAJORIAN: 457-461LIBIUS SEVERUS: 461-465(No Emperor: 465-467)ANTHEMIUS: 467-472OLYBRIUS: 472GLYCERIUS: 473-474JULIUS NEPOS: 474-475ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS: 475-476End of the Western Empire:Odoacer, King of ItalyEMPERORS OF THE EASTERN ROMANEMPIRECONSTANTINE I: 306-337CONSTANTIUS II: 337-361 (sole emperorafter 350)JULIAN: 361-363 (sole emperor)16

Dynasty of HeracliusJOVIAN: 363-364 (sole emperor)VALENS: 364-378HERACLIUS: 610-641CONSTANTINE III: 641CONSTANS II: 641-668CONSTANTINE IV: 668-685JUSTINIAN II: 685-695 (banished)LEONTIUS: 695-698TIBERIUS III: 698-705JUSTINIAN II (restored): 705-711PHILIPPICUS: 711-713ANASTASIUS II: 713-715THEODOSIUS III: 715-717Dynasty of TheodosiusTHEODOSIUS I, the Great: 379-395(sole emperor after 392)ARCADIUS: 395-408THEODOSIUS II: 408-450 (Anthemius,regent: 408-414)MARCIAN: 450-457 (married toPulcheria, daughter of Arcadius)Dynasty of LeoSyrian or Isaurian Dynasty(the Iconoclasts)LEO I, the Thracian: 457-474LEO II: 474ZENO: 474-491ANASTASIUS I, Dicorus: 491-518LEO III, the Isaurian: 717-741CONSTANTINE V, Copronymus: 741-775LEO IV, the Khazar: 775-780CONSTANTINE VI: 780-797 (blinded andmurdered by mother Irene, wife of Leo IV)IRENE: 797-802NIKEPHOROS I: 802-811STAURACIUS: 811MICHAEL I, Rhangabe: 811-813LEO V, the Armenian: 813-820Dynasty of JustinianJUSTIN I: 518-527JUSTINIAN I: 527-565JUSTIN II: 565-574 (Sophia, regent)TIBERIUS II, Constantine: 574-582MAURICE: 582-602PHOCAS: 602-61017

Phrygian or Amorian DynastyISAAC I, Comnenus: 1057-1059(abdicated)CONSTANTINE X, Doukas: 1059-1067ROMANUS IV, Diogenes: 1068-1071MICHAEL VII, Doukas: 1071-1078NIKEPHOROS III, Botaneiates: 1078-1081MICHAEL II, the Amorian: 820-829THEOPHILUS: 829-842MICHAEL III: 842-867Macedonian DynastyDynasty of the ComneniBASIL I, the Macedonian: 867-886LEO VI, the Wise: 886-912ALEXANDER: 912-913CONSTANTINE VII, Porphyogenitus:913-959With Romanus I, Lekapenos: 920-944ROMANUS II: 959-963BASIL II: 963-1025With Nikephoros II: 963-969With John I Zimiskes: 969-976CONSTANTINE VIII: 1025-28ROMANUS III, Argyros: 1028-1034MICHAEL IV, the Paphlagonian:1034-1041MICHAEL V, Kalaphates: 1041-1042CONSTANTINE IX, Monomachus:1042-1055THEODORA: 1055-1056MICHAEL VI, Bringas: 1056-1057ALEXIOS I, Komnenos: 1081-1118JOHN II, Komnenos: 1118-1143MANUEL I, Komnenos: 1143-1180ALEXIUS II, Komnenos: 1180-1183ANDRONICUS I, Komnenos: 1183-1185Dynasty of the AngeliISAAC II, Angelos: 1185-1195(dethroned)ALEXIOS III, Angelos: 1195-1203ISAAC II (restored): 1203-1204With Alexios IV, Angelos: 1203-1204ALEXIOS V, Doukas: 1204Capture of Constantinople by the FourthCrusade and establishment of Latinemperors in the city18

Dynasty of the Palaiologi(Seven-year civil war: 1390, 1391-1425,1425-1448, 1449-1453, 1453)Latin Emperors of the EastBALDWIN I: 1204-1205HENRY: 1206-1216PETER OF COURTENAY: 1216-1217ROBERT: 1221-1228BALDWIN II: 1228-1261With John of Brienne: 1229-1237MICHAEL VIII, Palaiologos: 1261-1282ANDRONIKOS II, Palaiologos: 1282-1328With Michael IX: 1294-1320ANDRONICUS III, Palaiologos: 1328-1341JOHN V, Palaiologos: 1341-1376 With John VI, Kantakouzenos:1347-1354 With Andronikos IV, Palaiologos:1354-1373ANDRONIKOS IV, Palaiologos: 1376-1379JOHN V, Palaiologos (restored):1379-1390JOHN VII, Palaiologos: 1390JOHN V, Palaiologos (restored): 1391MANUEL II, Palaiologos: 1391-1425JOHN VIII, Palaiologos: 1425-1448CONSTANTINE XI, Palaiologos:1449-1453Eastern Emperors in NicaeaTHEODORE I, Laskaris: 1204-1222JOHN III, Doukas Vatatzes: 1222-1254THEODORE II, Laskaris: 1254-1258JOHN IV, Laskaris: 1258-1261 With Michael VIII, Palaiologos:1259-1261Recapture of Constantinople and reestablishment of the Eastern emperorsthereCapture of Constantinople by Mahomet IIEnd of the Roman Empire19

THE LIFE OF EDWARD GIBBONas to the true faith. His inclination wastowards the Roman Catholic

state of the Empire, its extent, including the acquisition of Britain, and the Empire’s military strength, including the construction of the army and navy Chapter 2 The Roman Empire at a time of peace and security The inheritance of beneficial laws, toleration of different religions, acceptance of foreigners in Rome to

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