FM 7-85 RANGER UNIT OPERATIONS - Survival School

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FIELD MANUALNo. 7-85HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYWashington, DC, 9 June 1987FM 7-85RANGER UNITOPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTSPrefaceCHAPTER urpose and FunctionFundamentals of Ranger OperationsCapabilities and LimitationsEmployment ConsiderationsCommand and ControlCommunicationsCHAPTER 2.Organization and Equipment2-1.2-2.2-3.2-4.2-5.CHAPTER 3.Headquarters and Headquarters CompanyRegimental HeadquartersRegimental Headquarters CompanyRanger BattalionSpecial Teams and ReadinessRanger Ready ForceN-Hour SequenceIntelligence and icsRemote Marshalling Base and Intermediate StagingBaseCHAPTER 4.Insertion, Extraction, Escape, and Evasion4-1.Intelligence

3.4-14.4-15.4-16.4-17.4-18.4-19.4-20.CHAPTER 5.5-1.5-2.5-3.5-4.CHAPTER APTER 7.DeceptionSpeed and MobilityStealthSuppressionSecurityNight Vision and Electronics DevicesRehearsalsSand Tables and Terrain ModelsCommunicationsPlanning InsertionsAir InsertionAirborne InsertionAir-Land Insertion (Fixed-Wing)Air Assault InsertionAmphibious InsertionLand InfiltrationStay-Behind TechniquesExtractionEscape and EvasionStrike OperationsApplicationRaid OperationsInterdiction OperationsPersonnel and Equipment Recovery OperationsSpecial Light Infantry OperationsMovementAmbush OperationsAntiarmor OperationsMilitary Operations on Urbanized TerrainPerimeter DefenseBreakout from EncirclementLinkup OperationsPassage of LinesReconnaissance Platoon OperationsReconnaissance PlanningExecution of InsertionCombat Support

7-1.7-2.7-3.7-4.7-5.7-6.CHAPTER 8.8-1.8-2.8-3.8-4.8-5.8-6.Intelligence SupportElectronic Warfare SupportCommunications SupportFire SupportAviation SupportEngineer SupportCombat Service SupportRanger Support ElementLogistics and PersonnelResupplyMilitary PoliceCounterintelligencePersonnel Service SupportAPPENDIX A.Organization and Equipment of theRanger RegimentAPPENDIX B.Composition and Equipment of RangerRegiment Liaison TeamsAPPENDIX C.Equipment DensityC-1.C-2.Communication EquipmentWeapons and Equipment Each BattalionAPPENDIX D.Standing Orders, Rogers' RangersAPPENDIX E.The Ranger CreedAPPENDIX F.Ranger HistoryAPPENDIX G.Training

.C-13.Application and GuidancePhilosophyMission AnalysisUnit TrainingIndividual TrainingCollective TrainingPerformance-Oriented TrainingEvaluationField TrainingProfessional DevelopmentPhysical TrainingEnvironmental and Specialized TrainingRanger Indoctrination ProgramGlossaryReferencesAuthorizationPREFACEThis publication contains doctrinal guidelines for the employment and training of rangerunits. The intended audience is intermediate and higher level commanders, staffs of thoseheadquarters, and newly assigned officers and NCOs of the ranger regiment. It is to beused with all other published US doctrine concerning NBC operations and the climatic orgeographic influences on combat. The fundamentals apply to the employment of rangerunits on worldwide operations and across the spectrum of conflict from low to highintensity warfare. This includes all aspects of the integrated battlefield: nuclear,biological, and chemical. It is not intended to apply to the employment of long-rangereconnaissance patrol (LRRP) companies, even though such units carry the designation"ranger." These LRRP companies, as well as the long-range surveillance company(LRSC) (corps level) and the long-range surveillance detachment (LRSD) (divisionlevel), are organized, trained, and equipped for long-range reconnaissance in enemyterritory.The scope of this publication addresses the mission, organization, equipment,capabilities, limitations, planning, training, operations, and logistical support of rangerunits. It describes how the ranger regiment and its subordinate battalions train, receivetaskings, plan missions, task-organize, deploy, and integrate supporting elements to

perform the mission. Once in combat, the ranger regiment maneuvers to accomplish themission in the manner of other light infantry units. Ranger units make full use ofpublished light infantry doctrinal guidance. This manual will repeat procedures ortechniques contained in other publications only if necessary for understanding orcontinuity.This publication does not contain everything the ranger needs to know to successfullyexecute a unit mission. Rather, it supplements unit training and the ranger unitcommander's guidance; it does not supersede it.The proponent of this publication is HQ, TRADOC. Submit changes for improving thispublication on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and BlankForms) and forward it to Commandant, US Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-B-ID,Fort Benning, GA 31905.Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included.CHAPTER 1IntroductionThe ranger regiment is a major component of the US Army's special operations forces. Itis a unique light infantry unit tasked to conduct special military operations in support ofnational policies and objectives. These operations require highly trained, well-disciplinedunits capable of employment in any environment, either alone or in concert with othermilitary forces. Within this publication, the term ranger force describes any size forceconsisting mainly of members of the ranger regiment and led by a member of the rangerregiment's chain of command. A ranger force may be a TOE unit or it may be a speciallyorganized task force for a specific mission.1-1. Mission.a. The mission of the ranger regiment is to plan and conduct special militaryoperations. These operations are conducted by specially trained, equipped, andorganized forces against strategic or tactical targets in pursuit of national military,political, economic, or psychological objectives. They may support conventionalmilitary operations or they may be performed independently when conventionalforces cannot be used. (See Figure 1-1.)

Figure 1-1. Spectrum of conflict.b. Special military operations conducted by the ranger regiment include strikeoperations, usually deep penetration, and special light infantry operations. Strikeoperations include raids, interdiction, and recovery operations. Special lightinfantry operations include many of the light infantry missions assigned toairborne, air assault, or light infantry battalions and brigades. These operations areconducted in support of the AirLand Battle at all levels of intensity.1-2. Purpose and function.The ranger regiment provides the national command authority (NCA) the ability to movea credible military force quickly to any region in the world. The regiment uses the entirespectrum of intelligence support, from national systems to organic assets. Ranger unitsmaintain a readiness posture that supports their immediate commitment to battle oncedeployed. They are often tailored for specific missions and may require augmentationfrom external sources. Tactical mobility may be augmented by USAF or Army specialoperations aviation (SOA) aircraft.a. The ranger regiment conducts light infantry operations on the integratedbattlefield as well as in low intensity conflicts. Special light infantry operationsare conducted to accomplish certain contingency missions during peacetime or aspart of the echelons above corps (EAC) battle.b. The regiment conducts both strategic and operational missions. Its efforts arecombined into an overall plan to destroy, delay, and disorganize the enemy, or tocause him to divert his attention and combat forces to rear area security. Thelimited number of ranger units and the diverse targets dictate a careful assignmentof missions.c. The mission, enemy, terrain, troops and time available (METT-T) factorsgovern the command and control arrangement under which the regiment operates.

The ranger regiment or separate ranger battalions are normally assigned to theheadquarters whose area of responsibility includes the regiment's operationalarea(s). The strategic or operational value of potential targets means that rangerunits are normally employed at no lower than corps level. Employment at EAC isroutine. The EAC headquarters employing ranger units could be the commanderin chief's (CINC's) special operations command or field army. The controllingheadquarters could also be that of a joint task force (JTF) or the Army componentcommand (ARFOR) of a JTF. The ranger regiment's organization,communications equipment density, and training programs do not supportoperational level reconnaissance missions.d. Ranger battalions are not oriented to a specific theater. Current force structure,contingency plans, and training needs (see Appendix G) preclude committingbattalions to one region.1-3. Fundamentals of ranger operations.a. The success of an operation by a ranger unit depends on the observance of thefundamentals of the US Army's AirLand Battle doctrine (see FM 100-5). Theranger regiment fights the enemy as a light infantry force. It follows infantrydoctrine and observes all the basic rules of infantry operations.b. Along with initiative, depth, agility, and synchronization, ranger operationsrequire-(1) Detailed planning and coordination that allow the ranger unit to discernand exploit the enemy's weaknesses while avoiding his strength. Bothpermit the evaluation and use of information gathered from all sources.Detailed coordination integrates all supporting units and services. Duringplanning, the ranger unit conducts pre-mission training, briefings, andrehearsals for all personnel. The use of special mission equipment ispracticed and perfected.(2) Decentralized execution IAW mission orders and the commander'sintent. Special operations forces must use individual and unit initiative.Mission-type orders give the ranger force commander the flexibility totake advantage of opportunities on the battlefield.(3) Surprise, achieved through the ranger unit's ability to move byuncommon means, along unexpected routes, and over rough terrain.Ranger units normally conduct operations during poor weather andreduced visibility, aided by night vision devices. This adds to theattainment of surprise.(4) Survivability, achieved by using the classic infantry combat techniquesof stealth and concealment. The ranger unit engages the enemy at the timeand place of its own choosing. It takes full advantage of terrain, anddestroys or suppresses enemy weapons. The ranger unit seeks to destroy orneutralize the enemy's command and control systems, his surveillanceassets, and his mobility assets. Survivability is enhanced by rapid mission

accomplishment and a prompt departure from the objective area.(5) Mobility, speed, and violence of execution that allow the ranger unit itto close quickly on the objective area and complete the mission before theenemy can react. The speed at which events take place confuses anddeceives the enemy as to the intent of the ranger unit. This forces theenemy to react rather than to take the initiative. Tactical mobility lets theranger unit break contact and withdraw from the objective area.(6) Shock effect, which is a psychological advantage achieved by thecombining of speed and violence with the precision of the ranger attack.The ranger unit strives to apply its full combat power at the decisive timeand place, and at the point of the greatest enemy weakness. The ranger unitstrives to achieve maximum physical and psychological effect on theenemy by exhibiting aggressiveness and reasoned audacity.(7) Multiple methods of insertion and attack, trying not to repeatoperations thus decreasing the chance the enemy will detect a pattern. Thisis achieved through imaginative training and planning.(8) Deception, practiced by the ranger unit during all phases of itsoperations, from deployment through the insertion phase, to the actions inthe objective area and extraction. The enemy is kept unaware of the rangerunit's intentions, is fed conflicting and wrong information, and is kept fromknowing the size or mission of the ranger force. The ranger forcecommander makes full use of ruses, feints, false insertions, electroniccountermeasures, and dummy transmissions. Concurrent militaryoperations by US or allied forces may be used as cover for rangeroperations. Ranger units are careful to hide every possible aspect of anoperation and to disguise those that cannot be hidden. While in theoperational area, or when departing any location, ranger units ensure thatno material is left that could provide the enemy with informationconcerning the ranger force.(9) Audacity, achieved by a willingness to accept risk. The ranger forcecommander considers what the enemy expects the unit to do and the actualranger abilities, He then chooses a course of action that may confuse theenemy, while remaining within the capability of the ranger unit. Thisfundamental is combined with deception and surprise to disrupt the enemycommand and control.c. Detailed planning and coordination finds the enemy. Surprise, mobility andspeed, variety, deception, and audacity combine to shock and disorient the enemy,fixing him in place. The violence and precision of the ranger attack finishes theenemy while ensuring the ranger force survives.1-4. Capabilities and limitations.a. The ranger regiment has the following capabilities:

(1) Deploying quickly to conduct operations on all types of terrain and inall kinds of weather.(2) Establishing a credible American presence in any part of the world toshow US interest or resolve.(3) Infiltrating and exfiltrating an area of operations, and assaulting anobjective by land, sea, or air.(4) Conducting strike operations to include raids, personnel and equipmentrecovery operations, and interdiction of key areas.(5) Conducting special light infantry operations to include seizing andsecuring airfields, communications centers, command and controlfacilities, and key bridges; and other special light infantry operations.(6) Performing short-duration reconnaissance of assigned ranger objectivesfor the ranger force commander.(7) Operating for up to three days without resupply, and for longer periodswhen provided with accompanying or airdropped supplies.(8) Providing liaison, communication, and coordination personnel andequipment to integrate the deployed ranger force into the logistical,intelligence, and operational system of the theater or joint task force (JTF)commander.(9) Assuming operational control, for a limited time, of other US militaryforces such as engineers or infantry, airborne, or air assault battalions.(10) Providing the focal point for all-source intelligence support toattached and assigned units of the regimental task force.(11) Conducting limited combat operations under conditions of chemical,nuclear, or biological contamination.b. The ranger regiment has the following limitations:(1) Limited capability against armored or motorized units in open terrain.(2) No organic transportation.(3) Limited sustained combat capability due to the shortage of organiccombat support and combat service support elements.(4) Limited organic air defense weapons.(5) Limited organic indirect fire support.(6) No casualty evacuation capability.(7) Reconstitution and retraining needed to replace combat losses.1-5. Employment considerations.a. Ranger units are characterized by the quality, motivation, training, and

individual skill of their members. This produces units with superb collectiveabilities, able to adapt well to changing, complex situations.b. Ranger units can conduct either deliberate or quick-response operations.(1) Deliberate operations rely on careful planning, reconnaissance andsurveillance of the target area, deception, secrecy, thorough preparationand rehearsals, and violent execution. A deliberate operation aims tocomplete the mission even though the enemy may have heavy forces on ornear the objective area. Deliberate operations allow for detailed planning,evaluation, rehearsal, and coordination before insertion. A deliberateoperation is likely to succeed against targets that the enemy has protectedin depth, that have strong natural defenses, or that need a detailed and longinsertion process.(2) Quick-response operations rely on the high level of training andreadiness of the ranger regiment to execute a mission before the enemy canreact. These operations are conducted when there is little time for long,detailed planning. They rely on set procedures set forth by the rangerregiment and its supporting elements. A quick-response operation aims tocomplete the mission before an enemy can react. This type of operationmay be chosen due to the time-sensitive nature of the target, political ormilitary goals, the time frame of other operations, or the increased chanceof enemy detection.(3) Whether an operation is to be deliberate or quick response is often adifficult and time-sensitive decision by a high-level command authority.Decision-makers must consider the enemy's strength in the area, hisintentions, his ability either to reinforce or to alter the target area, and theconsequences of success or failure of diplomatic or military initiatives inrelated areas. The ranger unit commander tries to use the existing time,manpower, and resources to complete a detailed and coordinated plan. Herefines that plan up to the insertion into the objective area.c. Ranger units train to operate in any environment or weather condition.They regularly perform operations during periods of limited visibility.Ranger units maintain a high state of physical fitness and often train inclose quarters combatives. In addition to completing advancedmarksmanship training with standard US weapons, each member of aranger unit trains with many foreign weapons. Ranger units are trained tooperate on urbanized terrain, becoming specialists in entry and clearingtechniques and quick-fire methods, especially during periods of limitedvisibility.d. Because ranger units have limited vehicles, logistics operations capability,indirect fire support, and heavy weapons systems, they are not designed forcontinuous operations. During all phases of operations and training, ranger unitsneed responsive external support.e. Ranger units are normally employed against targets and under conditions that

need their unique skills. Although targeting priority is set by the overallcommander, ranger units are not normally assigned missions that can be done byconventional aerial bombardment or by other units.f. Ranger units are oriented toward offensive operations. They are not normallyemployed as a rear area protection force. Although the ranger regiment has asmall reconnaissance unit, ranger units do not normally conduct long-rangereconnaissance missions. The structure, communications, and training of theranger unit do not prepare it for LRRP missions. Ranger units engaged in strikeand special light infantry operations have a secondary mission to collect andreport combat information.g. Ranger units can be deployed worldwide when US military presence orparticipation with a host national military activity would serve US interests. Thisdeployment shows a readiness to commit forces into a threatened area or provesUS national resolve. After the deployment, other activities include stagingoperations, rehearsing combat operations, securing base areas for use anddeployment of other forces, and so on that provide a clear signal of US intent.Ranger units are not trained or organized to provide mobile training teams (MTT)to train indigenous forces. The US Special Forces or other special operation forcesare trained to conduct such security assistance operations.h. Ranger units can serve as an example to a host country and provide limitedmilitary advice and training. They will normally be augmented with linguists andtechnicians to increase their abilities. The regiment would normally still functionas a unit. Most of its assistance would be through short-term, high-impact, unitoriented operations. They would not be long-term individual efforts associatedwith advisory-type activities.i. Ranger units may be deployed to engage in combined training exercises withallies. This enhances US national image by demonstrating the outstanding abilitiesof the American ranger. These activities may include ranger, light infantry,airborne, air assault, or amphibious operations.j. Ranger units use standard US nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) warning;detection; protection; and decontamination equipment and doctrine whenoperating on the integrated battlefield.1-6. Command and control.a. External.(1) The ranger regiment is a key component of the US Army's specialoperations forces. The other elements of special operations forces arespecial forces (SF), psychological operations (PSYOP), civil affairs (CA),and special operations aviation.(2) The 1st Special Operations Command (1st SOCOM) is responsible forcommand of all active component special operations forces elements, toinclude the ranger regiment, in peacetime. The 1st SOCOM has command

and control of all assigned special operations forces, less operationalcommand (OPCOM) of special operations forces units forward deployed.(See Figure 1-2.) The ranger regiment, while based in the continentalUnited States (CONUS), is under the control of 1st SOCOM. Duringpeacetime, the OPCOM of deployed ranger units is through channelschosen by the NCA through the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to the unifiedcommand.Figure 1-2. Command and control of Army Special operations forces duringpeacetime.(3) In support of national policy, the NCA may direct contingencyoperations involving US forces. These are politically sensitive militaryoperations normally characterized by the short-term rapid projection oremployment of forces in conditions short of conventional war. One aim ofthe NCA is to conclude them without going to war. The flexibility andeffectiveness of the ranger regiment make it possible to use military forcequickly to complete the mission and limit the spread of conflict. Commandand control of special operations forces in a contingency operation isusually by a special operations task force (SOTF). (See Figure 1-3.) TheSOTF and designated special operations forces are under the OPCOM of

the highest level of command responsible for the operation. This commandmay be the unified command responsible for the contingency area (OptionA), or a JTF designated by the NCA through the JCS (Option B). If noSOTF is formed, the ranger regiment could be OPCOM to the Armycomponent commander (Option C). The ranger regiment or its battalionsare not normally placed OPCOM to a division. A division's area ofinfluence rarely contains appropriate targets. The division also lacks theassets to adequately support ranger operations. Employment of a rangerunit by a corps-level command is normally on a case-by-case basis. Thetheater or JTF commander retains centralized control over the missionassigned to the ranger unit.Figure 1-3. Command and control of Army Special operations forces duringcontingency operations.(4) The 1st SOCOM is responsible for the deployment of the ranger forceto the theater area. The headquarters having OPCOM provides the allsource intelligence, secure communications, insertion and extractionassets, and logistical support needed. The responsible commander in chief,through the Army component commander, provides support during thecontingency operation.(5) During wartime, ranger units are deployed as strategic assets to thetheater of operations. Strategic mission support is provided to the unifiedcommander (CINC) from the NCA through the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Itmay involve the execution of sensitive operations. The employment ofranger units is controlled at the highest level of command directlyresponsible for the mission. Ranger units are assigned to a REMAB basedon mission, force protection, and OPSEC considerations. The employingcommand and other elements provide timely and accurate intelligence,communications, logistical, and administrative support. Command and

control of these units conforms to the provisions of JCS Pub 2. (See Figure1-4.)Figure 1-4. Command and control of Army Special operations forces duringwartime.(a) A theater joint special operations command (JSOC) issubordinate to the unified command to supervise the command andcontrol, employment, and support of all US and allied specialoperations forces. The JSOC is a key element in the command andcontrol of ranger units performing strike missions or special lightinfantry operations (Option A).(b) The JSOC may be placed on a lateral line with other in-theaterservice components (Option B). This can occur when ranger unitsare -employed far from conventional forces and against strategictargets. It can also occur when the JCS or a CINC forms a JTF toconduct a limited-duration operation in an area where ranger unitsand conventional forces may operate near each other, or whereoperations must be coordinated on a regional level.

(c) Under the Army special operations command (ARSOC)concept, 1st SOCOM deploys as a command and controlheadquarters within the theater. When this occurs, the commandrelationships will be as shown in Figure 1-5.Figure 1-5. Command and control of Army Special operations forces under theARSOC concept.(d) Recently passed legislation will modify existing high level SOFcommand and control arrangements. All US Army, USN, andUSAF special operations forces will be consolidated into jointcommands at both national and theater level. The ranger regimentwill continue to operate under the command of the 1st SOCOM,while increasing its ability to conduct joint operations.(6) Ranger units conducting strike or special light infantry missions are notnormally offered for transfer of authority (TOA) to allied forces. However,this will not preclude allied commands and US elements from combined

planning and targeting for ranger missions.(7) Requests for ranger units, from either US or allied commands, gothrough normal command channels to the CINC. The CINC, through theJSOC, is responsible for the employment of all special operations forces,including ranger units. This provides flexible response to JCS-directedmissions, ensures quick response to the CINC's needs, enhances the jointemployment of special operations forces, and lessens the chance ofovercommitting and degrading the ranger force.(8) Command and control of the ranger regiment and its battalions is IAWAirLand Battle doctrine. Before commitment to a mission, command andcontrol is kept at a level where the unit's unique skills can be appliedworldwide. Once committed, the ranger unit is placed under theoperational control of the command that is responsible for the mission.This normally corresponds to the command whose area of influenceincludes the target area. Ranger task forces may operate directly under theauthority of the senior American representative in the country. Commandand control arrangements may vary according to the theater involved andMETT-T considerations.(9) The command and control of special operations is centralized andbegins at the highest level of the military and civilian decision-makingprocess. The specific command relationships are normally based on themission.b. Internal.(1) The ranger regimental headquarters is organized to operate like that ofa brigade headquarters. In addition to commanding and controlling allthree ranger battalions, the regimental headquarters can assumeoperational control (OPCON) of conventional combat and combat supportunits, and other special operations forces for limited periods. It providesthe regimental commander with a well-balanced responsive staff. It isstructured as an operational headquarters that can deploy to the missionarea and act as the ground tactical headquarters.(a) The regimental headquarters prepares for combat by formingtwo small command and control groups. Each of these can deployto an objective area and control combat operations. Other elementsof the staff operate the tactical operations center (TOC) and thelogistical operations center (LOC). These may be collocateddepending on the situation. The TOC and LOC are normallylocated well behind the FEBA, at the REMAB or at theintermediate staging base (ISB). The ranger regiment also has twosmall liaison teams consisting of LNOS, staff representatives, andcommunications elements. (See Appendix B.)(b) When a single ranger battalion is committed to an operation, theregimental commander normally exercises control from the TOC.

A liaison and communications team is detached from theregimental headquarters to augment the ranger battalion. This teamis attached to the deployed battalion until the end of the mission.(c) If two or more ranger battalions are used in a single operation,the regimental commander normally deploys both command andcontrol groups. He commands from the objective area, The use oftwo small, mobile control elements makes up for the possible lossof the regimental commander and the primary control element.(d) Whenever the regimental commander is controlling anoperation from the REMAB or the objective area, he normallyprovides a liaison team with a communications element to thehigher headquarters exercising operational control. This cell canprovide ranger representation to the controlling staff, operationsinterface, logistics interface, fire support planning andcoordination, intelligence analysis and dissemination, andcommunications between the higher headquarters and the rangerbattalion.(2) The ranger regimental headquarters can serve as a ranger or specialoperations force task force headquarters. With augmentation, it canfunction as the Army special operations force command element. Theregimental headquarters can also function as the Army componentcommand of a JTF.1-7. Communications.a. Ranger missions

consisting mainly of members of the ranger regiment and led by a member of the ranger regiment's chain of command. A ranger force may be a TOE unit or it may be a specially organized task force for a specific mission. 1-1. Mission. a. The mission of the ranger regiment is to plan and conduct special military operations.

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