MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS
MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS ANDECONOMETRICSVI SEMESTERCORE COURSEBA ECONOMICS(2011 Admission)UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCalicut university P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 635.271
School of Distance EducationUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALCore CourseBA ECONOMICSVI SemesterMATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICSPrepared by:Scrutinized by:Layout:Module I & IISri.Krishnan Kutty .V,Assistant professor,Department of Economics,Government College, Malappuram.Module IIISri.Sajeev. U,Assistant professor,Department of Economics,Government College, Malappuram.Module IV & VDr. Bindu Balagopal,Head of the Department,Department of Economics,Government Victoria College,Palakkad.Dr. C. KrishnanAssociate Professor,PG Department of Economics,Government College, Kodanchery,Kozhikode – 673 580.Computer Section, SDE ReservedMathematical Economics and Econometrics2
School of Distance EducationCONTENTSPAGE NoMODULE IINTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS7MODULE IICONSTRAINT OPTIMIZATION, PRODUCTIONFUNCTION AND LINEAR PROGRAMMING39MODULE IIIMARKET EQUILIBRIUM66MODULE IVNATURE AND SCOPE OF ECONOMETRICS82MODULE VTHE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL94Mathematical Economics and Econometrics3
School of Distance EducationMathematical Economics and Econometrics4
School of Distance EducationMathematical Economics and Econometricsa. IntroductionMathematical economics is an approach to economic analysis where mathematical symbolsand theorems are used. Modern economics is analytical and mathematical in structure. Thus thelanguage of mathematics has deeply influenced the whole body of the science of economics. Everystudent of economics must possess a good proficiency in the fundamental methods of mathematicaleconomics. One of the significant developments in Economics is the increased application ofquantitative methods and econometrics. A reasonable understanding of econometric principles isindispensable for further studies in economics.b. ObjectivesThis course is aimed at introducing students to the most fundamental aspects ofmathematical economics and econometrics. The objective is to develop skills in these. It also aimsat developing critical thinking, and problem-solving, empirical research and model buildingcapabilities.c. Learning OutcomeThe students will acquire mathematical skills which will help them to build and test modelsin economics and related fields. The course will also assist them in higher studies in economics.d. SyllabusModule I: Introduction to Mathematical EconomicsMathematical Economics: Meaning and Importance- Mathematical Representation of EconomicModels- Economic functions: Demand function, Supply function, Utility function, Consumptionfunction, Production function, Cost function, Revenue function, Profit function, Saving function,Investment function Marginal Concepts: Marginal utility, Marginal propensity to Consume,Marginal propensity to Save, Marginal product, Marginal Cost, Marginal Revenue, Marginal Rateof Substitution, Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution Relationship between Average Revenueand Marginal Revenue- Relationship between Average Cost and Marginal Cost - Elasticity:Demand elasticity, Supply elasticity, Price elasticity, Income elasticity, Cross elasticity- Engelfunction.Module II: Constraint Optimization, Production Function and Linear ProgrammingConstraint optimization Methods: Substitution and Lagrange Methods-Economic applications:Utility Maximisation, Cost Minimisation, Profit Maximisation. Production Functions: Linear,Homogeneous, and Fixed production Functions- Cobb Douglas production function- Linearprogramming: Meaning, Formulation and Graphic Solution.Module III: Market EquilibriumMarket Equilibrium: Perfect Competition- Monopoly- Discriminating MonopolyModule IV: Nature and Scope of EconometricsMathematical Economics and Econometrics5
School of Distance EducationEconometrics: Meaning, Scope, and Limitations - Methodology of econometrics - Types of data:Time series, Cross section and panel data.Module V: The Linear Regression ModelOrigin and Modern interpretation- Significance of Stochastic Disturbance term- PopulationRegression Function and Sample Regression Function-Assumptions of Classical Linear regressionmodel-Estimation of linear Regression Model: Method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)- Test ofSignificance of Regression coefficients : t test- Coefficient of Determination.Reference:1. Chiang A.C. and K. Wainwright, Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics,Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.(cw)4th2. Dowling E.T, Introduction to Mathematical Economics, 2nd Edition, Schaum’s Series,McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003(ETD)3. R.G.D Allen, Mathematical Economics4. Mehta and Madnani -Mathematics for Economics5. Joshi and Agarwal- Mathematics for Economics6. Taro Yamane- Mathematics for Economics7. Damodar N.Gujarati, Basic Econometrics, McGraw-Hill, New York.8. Koutsoyiannis; Econometrics.Mathematical Economics and Econometrics6
School of Distance EducationMODULE 1INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICSMathematical Economics: Meaning and importance- Mathematical representation ofEconomic Models- Economic Function: Demand function, Supply function. Utility function,Consumption function, Production function, Cost function, Revenue function, Profit function,saving function, Investment function. Marginal Concepts: Marginal propensity to Consume,Marginal propensity to Save, Marginal product, Marginal Cost, Marginal revenue, Marginal Rate ofSubstitution, Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution. Relationship between Average revenue andMarginal revenue- Relationship between Average Cost and Marginal Cost- Elasticity: Demandelasticity, Supply elasticity, Price elasticity, Income elasticity Cross elasticity –Engel function.1.1 Mathematical EconomicsMathematical Economics is not a distinct branch of economics in the sense that publicfinance or international trade is. Rather, it is an approach to Economic analysis, in which theEconomist makes use of mathematical symbols in the statement of the problem and also drawn upon known mathematical theorem to aid in reasoning. Mathematical economics insofar asgeometrical methods are frequently utilized to derive theoretical results. Mathematical economics isreserved to describe cases employing mathematical techniques beyond simple geometry, such asmatrix algebra, differential and integral calculus, differential equations, difference equations etc .It is argued that mathematics allows economist to form meaningful, testable propositionsabout wide- range and complex subjects which could less easily be expressed informally. Further,the language of mathematics allows Economists to make specific, positive claims aboutcontroversial subjects that would be impossible without mathematics. Much of Economics theory iscurrently presented in terms of mathematical Economic models, a set of stylized and simplifiedmathematical relationship asserted to clarify assumptions and implications.1.2 The Nature of Mathematical EconomicsAs to the nature of mathematical economics, we should note that economics is uniqueamong the social sciences to deal more or less exclusively with metric concepts. Price, supply anddemand quantities, income, employment rates, interest rates, whatever studied in economics, arenaturally quantitative metric concepts, where other social sciences need contrived concepts in orderto apply any quantitative analysis. So, if one believes in systematic relations between metricconcepts in economic theory, mathematical is a natural language in which to express them.However, mathematical as a language is a slightly deceptive parable, as Allen points out in hispreface. If it were merely a language, such as English, a mathematical text should be possible totranslate in to verbal English. Schumpeter too is keen to point out that mere representation of factsby figures, as in Francois Quesnay’s “Tableau Economique “or Karl Marx’s “reproductionschemes” is not enough for establishing a Mathematical Economics.Mathematical Economics and Econometrics7
School of Distance Education1.3 Mathematical Versus Nonmathematical EconomicsSince Mathematical Economics is merely an approach to economic analysis, it should notand does not differ from the non mathematical approach to economic analysis in any fundamentalway. The purpose of any theoretical analysis, regardless of the approach, is always to derive a set ofconclusions or theorems from a given set of assumptions or postulates via a process of reasoning.The major difference between “mathematical economics” and “literary economics” lies principallyin the fact that, in the former the assumptions and conclusions are stated in mathematical symbolsrather than words and in equations rather than sentences; moreover, in place of literacy logic, use ismade of mathematical theorems- of which there exists an abundance to draw upon – in thereasoning process.The choice between literary logic and mathematical logic, again, is a matter of little import,but mathematics has the advantage of forcing analysts to make their assumptions explicit at everystage of reasoning. This is because mathematical theorems are usually stated in the “if then” form,so that in order to tap the ‘then” (result) part of the theorem for their use, they must first make surethat the “if” (condition) part does confirm to the explicit assumptions adopted. In short, that themathematical approach has claim to the following advantages:(a) The ‘language’ used is more concise and precise.(b) There exists a wealth of mathematical theorems at our services.(c) In forcing us to state explicitly all our assumptions as a prerequisite to the use of themathematical theorems.(d) It allows as treating the general n-variable case.1.4 Mathematical Economics versus EconometricsThe term Mathematical Economics is sometimes confused with a related term,Econometrics. As the ‘metric’ part of the latter term implies, Econometrics is concerned mainlywith the measurement of economic data. Hence, it deals with the study of empirical observationsusing statistical methods of estimation and hypothesis testing.Mathematical Economics, on the other hand, refers to the application of mathematical to thepurely theoretical aspects of economic analysis, with a little or no concern about such statisticalproblems as the errors of measurement of the variable under study. Econometrics is an amalgam ofeconomic theory, mathematical economics, economic statistics and mathematical statistics.The main concern of Mathematical Economics is to express economic theory inmathematical form (equations) without regard to measurability or empirical verification of thetheory. Econometrician is mainly interested in the empirical verification of economic theory. As weshall see, the Econometrician often uses the mathematical equations proposed by the mathematicaleconomist but puts these equations in such a form that they lend themselves to empirical testing.And this conversion of mathematical in to econometric equations requires a great deal of ingenuityand practical skill.Mathematical Economics and Econometrics8
School of Distance Education1.5 Mathematical Representation of Economic ModelsAs economic model is merely a theoretical frame work, and there is no inherent reason whyit must be mathematical. If the model is mathematical, however, it will usually consist of a set ofequations designed to describe the structure of the model. By relating a number of variables to oneanother in certain ways, these equations give mathematical form to the set of analytical assumptionsadopted. Then, through application of the relevant mathematical operations to these equations, wemay seek to derive a set of conclusions which logically follow from those assumptions.1.5 Variable, Constant, and ParametersA variable is something whose magnitude can change, ie something that can take ondifferent values. Variable frequently used in economics include price, profit, revenue, cost, nationalincome, consumption, investment, imports, and exports. Since each variable can assume variousvalues, it must be represented by a symbol instead of a specific number. For example, we mayrepresent price by P, profit by П, revenue by R, cost by C, national income by Y, and so forth.When we write P 3, or C 18, however, we are “freezing” these variable at specific values.Properly constructed, an economic model can be solved to give us the solution values of acertain set of variables, such as the market- clearing level of price, or the profit maximizing level ofoutput. Such variable, whose solution values we seek from the model, as known as endogenousvariable (originated from within). However, the model may also contain variables which areassumed to be determined by forces external to the model and whose magnitudes are accepted asgiven data only; such variable are called exogenous variable(originating from without). It should benoted that a variable that is endogenous to one model may very well be exogenous to another. In ananalysis of the market determination of wheat price (p), for instance, the variable P shoulddefinitely by endogenous; but in the frame work of a theory of consumer expenditure, p wouldbecome instead a datum to the individual consumer, and must therefore be considered exogenous.Variable frequently appear in combination with fixed numbers or constants, such as in theexpressions, 7 P or 0.5 RA constant is a magnitude that does not change and is therefore the antithesis of a variable.When a constant is joined to a variable; it is often referred to as the coefficient of that variable.However, a coefficient may be symbolic rather than numerical.As a matter of convention, parametric constants are normally represented by the symbolsa,b,c, or their counterpart in the Greek alphabet α , β and λ. But other symbols naturally are alsopermissible.1.6 Equation and IdentitiesVariable may exist independently, but they do not really become interesting until they arerelated to one another by equations or by inequalities. In economic equations, economist maydistinguish between three types of equation: definitional equations, behavioral equations andconditional equationsMathematical Economics and Econometrics9
School of Distance Education A definitional equation set up an identity between two alternate expressions that haveexactly the same meaning. For such an equation, the identical- equality sign Ξ read; “isidentically equal to “– is often employed in place of the regular equal sign , although thelatter is also acceptable. As an example, total profit is defined as the excess of total revenueover total cost; we can therefore write,Π R–C A behavioral equation specifies the manner in which a variable behaves in response tochanges in other variables. This may involve either human behavior (such as the aggregateconsumption pattern in relation to national income) or non human behavior (such as howtotal cost of a firm reacts to output changes.Broadly defined, behavioral equations can be used to describe the general institutionalsetting of a model, including the technological (eg: production function) and legal (eg: taxstructure aspects).Consider the two cost functionC 75 10Q (1)C 110 Q2 . . (2)Since the two equations have different forms, the production condition assumed ineach is obviously different from the others.In equation (1), the fixed cost (the value of C when Q 0) is 75, where as in (2), it is110. The variation in cost is also different in (1), for each unit increases in Q, there are aconstant increase of 10 in C. but in (2), as Q increase unit often unit, C will increase byprogressively larger amounts. A Conditional equation states a requirement to be satisfied, for example, in a modelinvolving the notion of equilibrium, we must up an equilibrium condition, which describethe prerequisite for the attainment of equilibrium. Two of the most familiar equilibriumconditions in Economics is:Qd Qs(Quantity demanded equal to quantity supplied)S I(Intended saving equal to intended investment)Which pertain respectively, to the equilibrium of a market model and the equilibrium of thenational income model in its simplest form?Mathematical Economics and Econometrics10
School of Distance Education1.7 Economic FunctionA function is a technical term used to symbolize relationship between variables. When twovariables are so related, that for any arbitrarily assigned value to one of them, there corresponddefinite values (or a set of definite values) for the other, the second variable is said to be thefunction of the first.1.8 Demand functionDemand function express the relationship between the price of the commodity (independentvariable) and quantity of the commodity demanded (dependent variable).It indicate how muchquantity of a commodity will be purchased at its different prices. Hence,represent the quantitydemanded of a commodity andis the price of that commodity. Then,Demand function f(The basic determinants of demand function f(Here,, Y, T, W, E)Qx: quantity demanded of a commodity XPx: price of commodity X, Pr: price of related good,Y: consumer’s income,T: Consumer/s tastes and preferences,W: Consumer’s wealth,E: Consumer’s expectations.For example, the consumer‘s ability and willingness to buy 4 ice creams at the price of Rs. 1per ice-cream is an instance of quantity demanded. Whereas the ability and willingness ofconsumer to buy 4 ice creams at Rs. 1, 3 ice creams at Rs. 2 and 2 ice creams at Rs. 3 per ice-creamis an instance of demand.Example: Given the following demand function 720 – 25P1.9 Supply functionSupply function express the relationship between the price of the commodity (independentvariable) and quantity of the commodity supplied (dependent variable).It indicate how muchquantity of a commodity that the seller offers at the different prices. Hence,represent thequantity supplied of a commodity andis the price of that commodity. Then,Supply function f(Mathematical Economics and Econometrics11
School of Distance EducationThe basic determinants of supply function f(Here,P, I, T,, E,)Qs: quantity supplied,Gf: Goal of the firm,P: Product’s own price,I: Prices of inputs,T: Technology,Pr: Prices of related goods,E: Expectation of producer’s,Gp: government policy).Example: Given the following supply function 720 – 25P1.10 Utility functionPeople demand goods because they satisfy the wants of the people .The utility means wantssatisfying power of a commodity. It is also defined as property of the commodity which satisfiesthe wants of the consumers. Utility is a subjective entity and resides in the minds of men. Beingsubjective it varies with different persons, that is, different persons derive different amounts ofutility from a given good. Thus the utility function shows the relation between utility derived fromthe quantity of different commodity consumed. A utility function for a consumer consumingdifferent goods may be represented:U f (X1, X₂, X₃ )Example: For the utility unction of two commoditiesU f (x1 -2)²(x2 1)³, find the marginal utility of x1 and x2. 2(x1 - 2) (x2 1)³ is the MU function of the first commodity, 3(x2 1)²(x1 - 2)² is the MU function of the second commodity1.11 Consumption FunctionThe consumption function or propensity to consume denotes the relationship that existsbetween income and consumption. In other words, as income increases, consumers will spend partbut not all of the increase, choosing instead to save some part of it. Therefore, the total increase inMathematical Economics and Econometrics12
School of Distance Educationincome will be accounted for by the sum of the increase in consumption expenditure and theincrease in personal saving. This law is known as propensity to consume or consumption function.Keynes contention is that consumption expenditure is a function of absolute current income, ie:C f (Yt)The linear consumption
2. Dowling E.T, Introduction to Mathematical Economics, 2nd Edition, Schaum’s Series, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003(E TD) 3. R.G.D Allen, Mathematical Economics 4. Mehta and Madnani -Mathematics for Economics 5. Joshi and Agarwal-Mathematics for Economics 6. Taro Yamane-Mathematics for Economics 7. Damodar N.Gujarati, Basic Econometrics, McGraw .
Econometrics is the branch of economics concerned with the use of mathematical methods (especially statistics) in describing economic systems. Econometrics is a set of quantitative techniques that are useful for making "economic decisions" Econometrics is a set of statistical tools that allows economists to test hypotheses using
Labor Economics, Public Economics, Applied Econometrics, and Economics of Education Tia Hilmer, Professor O ce: NH-317, Email: chilmer@sdsu.edu Econometrics, Natural Resources, Environmental Economics . Mathematical Economics (3) Prerequisite: Mathematics 124 or 150. Recommended: Economics 320 or 321. .
Warsaw School of Economics Institute of Econometrics Department of Applied Econometrics Department of Applied Econometrics Working Papers Warsaw School of Economics Al. Niepodleglosci 164 02-554 Warszawa, Poland Working Paper No. 3-10 Empirical power of the Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin test Ewa M. Syczewska Warsaw School of Economics
Harmless Econometrics is more advanced. 2. Introduction to Econometrics by Stock and Watson. This textbook is at a slightly lower level to Introductory Econometrics by Wooldridge. STATA 3. Microeconometrics Using Stata: Revised Edition by Cameron and Trivedi. An in-depth overview of econometrics with STATA. 4. Statistics with STATA by Hamilton .
Nov 14, 2016 · Econ 612 Time Series Econometrics (Masters Level) Econ 613 Applied Econometrics: Micro (Masters Level) MA students who want to go on to a Ph.D. in Economics or a related field are encouraged to take the required Ph.D. Econometrics sequence (
Economics with Econometrics / Economics with Econometrics and a Year in Industry . ECON5850 Mathematical Economics 15 Autumn 5 EC585 ECON6310 Applied Environmental Economics 15 Spring 5 EC631 If you took a language at Stage 1, you can opt to continue it at Stage 2 in place of the options listed above, subject to .
What is Econometrics? (cont'd) Introductory Econometrics Jan Zouhar 7 econometrics is not concerned with the numbers themselves (the concrete information in the previous example), but rather with the methods used to obtain the information crucial role of statistics textbook definitions of econometrics: "application of mathematical statistics to economic data to lend
Engineering Mechanics Rigid-body Mechanics a basic requirement for the study of the mechanics of deformable bodies and the mechanics of fluids (advanced courses). essential for the design and analysis of many types of structural members, mechanical components, electrical devices, etc, encountered in engineering.
