Historical And Contemporary Aspects Of ICUMSA
International Commissionfor Uniform Methodsof Sugar AnalysisHistorical and Contemporary Aspects ofICUMSAA British National Committee PerspectiveNick Bourne & Karen Pardoe
Your presenters Dr Nick Bourne Former president, secretaryand member of BNC 20 years in the sugarindustry, working for Tateand Lyle Retired but providingconsultancy services ICUMSA Associate Refereefor GS3, Specialty Sugars Karen Pardoe Current president, formersecretary and member ofBNC 20 years in the sugarindustry, working for BritishSugar ICUMSA Referee for GS2,White sugar Associate Referee for S5(Chemical Methods) andS7 (Indirect methods andnew technologies
What is ICUMSA?International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis The only organisation solely concerned with the production of methods ofanalysis to aid sugar manufacture and the trade in sugar International organisation with members from over 20 countries from allaround the world (both beet and cane sugar) Conference (Session) every two years 100 methods in the ICUMSA Methods Book Methods adopted in specifications by EU, Codex Alimentarius, EuropeanPharmacopoeia, US Food Chemicals Codex, OIML, ISBT, SAL/RSA
Trading Sugar – The Pol Problem“The exact determination of the value of goods is essential tothe promotion of their international exchange.”Sugar sold by appearance (colour) 1839: Use of reference sugars (later, colour tables) 1847: Eilhard Mitscherlich developed the first usablepolarimeter 1871: “It is now scarcely any longer possible to buy sugarwithout polarisation.” 1897: Herzfeld founds ICUMSA (for authentication ofquartz plates)
The Birth of ICUMSA“took place without special formalities, without statute, andofficial registration.” Assumed to be short lived, however Pol is the never endingstory. First meeting in Hamburg 1897. 9 Germans 1 Austrian at the meeting. The “International”in ICUMSA came from pledges of support from America, Belgium, France,Holland, and Italy.
“Fog in Channel. Continent Isolated”UK late to the party, finally joins ICUMSA in 1903 (6 yearsafter founding) 1909: Meeting in London. One reporter optimistic that “asit had raised hopes that the English chemists, who untilnow had not taken a great part in international decisions,would cooperate in larger numbers and vote for theimportant resolutions.” 1932: Formation of National Committees. 1936: Meeting in London. Held at Institute of Chemistry. 80members from 20 countries.
The de WhalleyPresidency1954 - 1962 Promoted use of ICUMSA as ahandy acronym5 Methods for invertdetermination adoptedConcept of total waterMA/CV for particle size
The CarruthersPresidency1970 - 1978 “Somebody talked of tea!” Albert “Ace” Carrutherscreated and led the ResearchDept for British SugarCorporation First “Official” method forpolarisation of raw sugarDrive for ICUMSA to adopt morecontemporary analytical methodsNew format for publishing theProceedings of the internationalmeetingsWork with Codex Committee andEuropean Community onmethods for sugar analysis
The ParkinPresidency2007 - PresentGeoff Parkin has worked forBritish Sugar and Sudzucker Strategic planning committeeGrowth of proficiency testingscheme2012 Cambridge meetingChanges to subject groupings2014 ICUMSA registered as“Company Limited by Guarantee”,just 110 years after establishment
ICUMSA Methods - BasicsGeneral Subject, SPecifications & Standards 9 GS – organised on product lines Raw Sugar to Plantation White Sugar 5 SPS – applicable over the whole range of sugarindustry analysis Method numbering unique to each method Sequencing under product heading from Pol tomicrobiological methods Unique to each method; first number is product of primaryimportance E.g. GS2/1/3/9-15
ICUMSA Methods - Development Methods developed by Referees and Associate Referees Validation by international collaborative study Follow IUPAC protocol Study results determine whether Referee recommendsmethod adoption Through reporting of work at ICUMSA Plenary Session Three classes of method status Official Official (Reference) – defined in 2010 Accepted Tentative
ICUMSA Method - Standardisation Different methods may give different results for the same sample Codex type 1 methods It is important to understand how well each method performs(accuracy and precision) Codex criteria approach The most appropriate methods can then be selected and adoptedwithin sugar specifications Where more than one Official Method exists for the same sampletype and scope, there is a sub-category of Official (Reference) Recommended to use methods with this status in case of any disputes
ICUMSA Method - ColourTo many people, ICUMSA Sugar Colour 4 ICUMSA methods for Sugar Colour GS1/3-7, GS2/3-9, GS2/3-10, GS9/1/2/3-8 Various collaborative tests Sample types from white to raw cane sugar Samples and participants from across the globe Concern about effect pH has on the measurement
ICUMSA Method - Colour Solution colour measuredat ‘natural’ pH of sugarprovides no betterprecision than for thatdetermined at pH 7.0GS1/3-7GS1-8GS2/3-9GS2/3-10600.0500.0Colour (IU) 2002 collaborative testshowed clear relationshipbetween pH and colour Conclusion of workreported at 2012 session400.0300.0200.0White Sugar100.00.012345678Samples91011121314
Proficiency Testing SchemeSUgar analytes Proficiency Scheme Managed and operated by LGC (Standards PT) Technical advice provided by SUPS Advisory Group Includes ICUMSA representatives Scheme operated Jan-Dec each year White sugar - 15 chemical/physical analytes and 8microbiological tests Raw sugar – 7 chemical/physical analytes Molasses – 5 chemical/physical analytes
ICUMSA Methods - Change Work on re-numbering of the methods The ICUMSA system of numbering is confusing to Work on complete standardisation of nomenclatureand format of methods Terminology will be harmonised and set for futuremethods Alternative formats for the Methods Book Option for on-line access Further harmonisation with global standards Link to Codex/ISO standards
ICUMSA FutureInvest in the future! ICUMSA work underlies much that is done in theinternational sugar trade and related areas ICUMSA work done by members is done on avoluntary basis Need support for this work from employers Continued support by sugar companies, traders, etc.is an absolute requirement for the future of ICUMSA Even in challenging commercial times
ICUMSA Methods - Development Different methods may give different results for the same sample Codex type 1 methods It is important to understand how well each method performs (accuracy and precision) Codex criteria approach The most appropriate methods can then be selected and adopted
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SEABROOK STATION UFSAR LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Revision: 16 Sheet: 5 of 30 Page No. Rev. No. Page No. Rev. No. Page No. Rev. No. 2J - Historical Only, Not Revised 2K - Historical Only, Not Revised 2L - Historical Only, Not Revised 2M - Historical Only, Not Revised 2N - Historical Only, Not Revised 2O - Historical Only, Not Revised
additional historical data from study participants. Finally, we describe how our in-home study was structured to leverage historical awareness. 3.1 Historical Analysis A history is an account of some past event or combination of events. Historical analysis is, therefore, a method of discovering, from records and accounts, what
Historical literacy does not require an encyclopedic knowledge of historical facts from every era or global location (Wineburg, 2004) Historical literacy requires the use of historians’ strategies for working with historical evidence. c July 2013 DIGITAL AGE LITERACIES 7 L.G.STAMBLER, Ph.D.
Entering a Retroactive Pay Historical Edit 12. Click the Save button to save this historical edit. After clicking the Save button, the timecard will appear. An additional row will have been added by CalTime on the date with the historical edit. In this example that is Friday 8/29. The line that is the historical edit will have a gray background .
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