Social Movements And Organization Theory: Toward A New .

2y ago
24 Views
2 Downloads
1.76 MB
10 Pages
Last View : 1m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Hayden Brunner
Transcription

Organization theory and social movements:Twins separated at birth? Organizations are “systems of interdependentactivities linking shifting coalitions of participants; thesystems are embedded in the environments inwhich they operate” (Scott) Social movements are “collective challenges bypeople with common purposes and solidarity insustained interaction with elite opponents andauthorities” (Tarrow) Both are forms of collective action with commonconcerns (strategy, human resource management,technology, alliances )Social movementsand organizationtheory: toward anew synthesisJerry DavisGroup ESC RouenFebruary 24, 2009 2009 by The Regents of The University of Michigan All Rights Reserved2Early efforts at rapprochementSigns of cross-fertilization in the 1990s Neo-institutional explanations of changingrepertoires in women’s political organizations(Clemens) Social movement explanations of struggles forcorporate control (Davis and Thompson) Ecological explanations of feminist social movementorganizations (Minkoff) Resource mobilization explanations of employeerights movements (Creed and Scully) Industry emergence as a social movement (Wade,Swaminathan, Powell) Zald and Berger (1978), “Social Movements inOrganizations: Coup d'etat, BureaucraticInsurgency and Mass Rebellions” Then: twenty years of silence.34

Why now?Then: intrusions from the real world Social movements aimed at organizations Economic globalization: shifting boundaries ofeconomy and polity What firms and movements do: post-industrialismand the society of the spectacle How they do it: information technologies and thetransaction costs of collective action Who/what they do it to: changing centers of powerfrom states to corporations– Shell and Brent Spar; Shell and Nigeria– Nike and the “no brand” movement Social movements in and among organizations– Spread of domestic partner benefits– Organizational change as social movement Organizations that look like movements– Fluid, permeable, project-based coalitions– Networks and coordinated action5The field of play has shifted for states,corporations, and social movements.Organization theory has yet to catchup.6Shift 1: Globalization has changed theshape of corporations and socialmovements78

Corporations as “rootless cosmopolitans”Headquarters:Hong KongIncorporation:British Virgin IslandsPartyGaming.com, aGibraltar companyfounded by Americanpornographers, operatedInternet gamblingoperations for US clientson Canadian serverswhile listing its shares onthe London StockExchangeAnnual meeting: BarbadosManufacturing: Mexico and ChinaStock listing:New York Stock Exchange9Poisonous pet foodcontaining melaminefrom China was made bya Canadian manufacturerbut sold under dozens ofdifferent brand names inthe US.The global “OEM model”is not just for Nikeanymore.1110Multinational corporations are increasingly“boundaryless,” “stateless,” and network-like, yetthey are held responsible by social movements foractions of their associates– Nike and Wal-Mart: accountability for laborpractices in their supply chains– Unocal: accountability for the human rightsabuses of the government of Burma12

15 Fevrier 2003: “The World Says No to War”For post-industrial collective actors, the “output”is often an image or perceptionUp to 10 millioncitizens on everycontinent(includingAntarctica)marched inprotest on thesame dayagainst theimminent USinvasion of Iraq– Corporations: brand management and investorrelations– Movements: perceptions of WUNC (we’re worthy,unified, numerous, and committed)131418 Brumaire de Joseph Estrada? February 1986: “People Power” results in the ousterof Ferdinand Marcos after 17 years of autocratic ruleand 3 years of popular struggleShift 2: Information andcommunication technologies (ICTs)enable changing repertoires ofcollective action January 2001: “People Power II” results in the ousterof Joseph “Erap” Estrada after 2.5 years ofdemocratic rule and 4 days of popular struggle1516

Why People Power II?How to organize a mass demonstration, ca. 2008 Put out a call on e-mail listservs with defining principlesand directions to a website; hope for massive forwarding Build coalition of sponsors Educate participants in tactics, consensus-baseddecision making Set up a convergence center Enable flexible tactics on the ground via cell phones, textmessaging, Blackberry Provide alternative channels for independent mediacoverage (e.g., streaming video) Evidence of presidential corruption and declines inforeign investor sentiment create perception of threatamong business elite, which revives anti-MarcosKompil coalition and sponsors “popular” uprising ICT-enabled repertoire of contention:– E-petition with global catchment area– Web gives 2-way access to global information andcommentary, allowing expatriate engagement– 700,000 street protestors at EDSA mobilized by cellphonetext messages (obliged by mobile cellsites)1718How to win the American presidency, ca. 2008The characteristic forms of collectiveaction for corporations and movementsnow are temporary coalitions—networksof collaboration for particularperformances1920

What would states that emulated postindustrialcorporations look like? Shift 3: Post-industrial states emulatepost-industrial corporationsFinancially drivenAttentive to their brandFocused on their core competenceSkilled at outsourcingTies to place are provisional21Tuvalu receives 2.2Mper year (about 15% ofGDP) from VeriSignfor the use of itsInternet domain name“.tv”22Placebrands helps create“brand equity” for stateclients includingBotswana, Croatia, andMalaysia[Note: “brand equity” formerlyknown as “imagined community”]2324

How is the US government like Nike? The Federal ActivitiesInventory Reform Act of1998 (“FAIR Act”)encourages all Federalagencies to hire privatecontractors for tasks not“inherently governmental” The number of Federalemployees declined by350K under Clinton The definition of “inherentlygovernmental” has provedflexible Delaware allowsanonymousincorporation over theInternet for Russianmoney launderers,making it theAmazon.com offinancial crime25Government tasks that can be (and have been)outsourced26But what about “brand America”? Operating prisons Collecting taxes Hiring other contractors and investigatingcharges of contractor fraud Interrogating prisoners at Abu Ghraib “Aggressively” protecting diplomats:“We cannot operate without private security firmsin Iraq. If the contractors were removed, wewould have to leave Iraq.” US foreign policy turnsout to have spillovereffects on foreign sales Consumers in the Groupof 8 nations are avoidingMarlboro, Barbie, andMcDonald’s (amongothers) because of theirassociation with “brandAmerica”-Patrick F. Kennedy, Under-Secretary of State for Management2728

Kofi Annan’s call at the US Chamber of Commerce“HIV/AIDS is a global problem of catastrophic proportions. And so today I come to you, the leaders of Americanbusiness: representatives of one of the greatest forcesin the world, but one which has yet to be fully utilized inthe campaign against HIV/AIDS. It is high time wetapped your strengths to the full Business is used toacting decisively and quickly. The same cannot alwaysbe said of the community of sovereign States. We needyour help -- right now.”-Kofi Annan, June 1, 2001Shift 4: Corporations may be called onto participate in social movements—to take the place of states in solvingsocial problems29Milton Friedman’s response30Why should corporations care?One may argue that “the problems are too urgent to wait on theslow course of political processes, that the exercise of socialresponsibility by businessmen is a quicker and surer way tosolve pressing current problems What [this] amounts to is an assertion that those who favorthe taxes and expenditures in question have failed topersuade a majority of their fellow citizens to be of like mindand that they are seeking to attain by undemocraticprocedures what they cannot attain by democraticprocedures.”-Friedman, “The social responsibility of business ”, 1970 AIDS is a “predictable surprise” for business (“a problem that,if left unattended, will get worse, eventually creating a farbigger problem, yet the organization ignores the problem”-Bazerman) A simple cost and benefit calculation:– Treating TB can greatly extend the lives of those withAIDS– Administering TB treatment is best done by someone whohas daily contact with the sufferer (e.g., one’s employer)– Effective treatment for TB costs 11 in total– On average, live employees are more productive thannon-live employees3132

Business cares about AIDS, but Who joins the movement?World Economic Forum 2003 Executive OpinionSurvey found:– 47% of firm leaders feel HIV/AIDS is having/will have animpact on their business– 16% provide employees with HIV info; 5% provide antiretrovirals to staff; 6% have formal policies– “ firms are not particularly active in combatingHIV/AIDS, even when they expect the epidemic to causeserious problems for their business”3334Among the Fortune 500, what distinguishes the 23 GBCmember companies from the other 477?Why would companies join? Because their size and profitability give them visibility and/orslack (sales, employees, market/book ratio, from CompactDisclosure) Because their global presence increases their exposure tothe problem (% sales outside the US calculated fromgeographic segment data, from Compustat) Because they are a pharmaceutical company, and this istheir business (industry, from Disclosure) Because they are in the vanguard of HR policies arounddiversity (KLD rating for diversity) Because all their friends are doing it (board interlocks withGBC members, from GBC and corporate proxy statements)Variable35Multiplier (est)t# employees1-0.04Market/book1.110.95% foreign sales1.042.24*Pharmaceutical6.272.05*Diversity policies7.932.89*Board tie to GBCmember4.061.91*Sig?36

Shared directors among membersof the “Global Business CoalitionPLACER DOME INCon HIV/AIDS”VIACOM INCPLACER DOME INCVIACOM INCLAFARGE CORPLAFARGE CORPTOTAL FINA ELF SATOTAL FINA ELF SAABBOTT LABORATORIESAMERICAN EXPRESS CODAIMLERCHRYSLER AGUNILEVER PLCCOCA COLA COBRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB COBP AMOCO PLCMERCK & CO INCMERCK & CO INCSBC COMMUNICATIONS INCHEWLETT PACKARD COEXXON MOBIL CORPCHEVRON CORPFEDEX CORPMICROSOFT CORPTIME WARNER INC NEWTIME WARNER INC NEWCITIGROUP INCNIKE INCFANNIE MAEGLAXO WELLCOME PLCCITIGROUP INCNIKE INCGLAXO WELLCOME PLCESTEE LAUDER COS INCESTEE LAUDER COS INCPFIZER INCMERRILL LYNCH & CO INCPFIZER INCMERRILL LYNCH & CO INCJOHNSON & JOHNSONUK French German Canadian PharmaPLACER DOME INCVIACOM INCDIAGEO PLCPHILIP MORRIS COS INCPEPSICO INCRIO TINTO PLCRIO TINTO PLCFANNIE MAEFEDEX CORPDIAGEO PLCPHILIP MORRIS COS INCPEPSICO INCMICROSOFT CORPCOCA COLA COBRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB COBP AMOCO PLCSBC COMMUNICATIONS INCEXXON MOBIL CORPCHEVRON CORPABBOTT LABORATORIESAMERICAN EXPRESS CODAIMLERCHRYSLER AGUNILEVER PLCHEWLETT PACKARD COCompany has “ProgressiveGay/Lesbian EmploymentPractices”JOHNSON & JOHNSON37Company has diverse boardand/or minority CEO38What does this all mean for research and theory?LAFARGE CORPTOTAL FINA ELF SA Times of upheaval and transition are opportunitiesfor theory building How to study social structures that look like polymergoo: the field approach to organizational andmovement analysis The centrality of mechanisms of explanationABBOTT LABORATORIESAMERICAN EXPRESS CODAIMLERCHRYSLER AGUNILEVER PLCMERCK & CO INCHEWLETT PACKARD COCOCA COLA COBRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB COBP AMOCO PLCSBC COMMUNICATIONS INCEXXON MOBIL CORPCHEVRON CORPFEDEX CORPMICROSOFT CORPDIAGEO PLCPHILIP MORRIS COS INCPEPSICO INCRIO TINTO PLCTIME WARNER INC NEWFANNIE MAECITIGROUP INCNIKE INCGLAXO WELLCOME PLCESTEE LAUDER COS INCPFIZER INCMERRILL LYNCH & CO INCJOHNSON & JOHNSON3940

pfizer inc merrill lynch & co inc total fina elf sa placer dome inc lafarge corp nike inc glaxo wellcome plc microsoft corp rio tinto plc fedex corp unilever plc philip morris cos inc pepsico inc johnson & johnson fannie mae estee lauder cos inc citigroup inc time warner inc new hewlett packard co chevron corp exxon mobil corp coca cola co .

Related Documents:

Social movements and the state 2 Old and new social movements 4 Demand making and the language of rights 5 Institutional engagement 6 Democratic Transition 7 Cycles of protest 7 The projection of grassroots movements into political society 8 Transition, neoliberalism and the decline of grassroots movements 8 The Democratic Regimes 9

3 Social Movements Across Latin 1 America Paul Almeida and Allen Cordero Ulate P. Almeida, A. Cordero Ulate (eds.), Handbook of Social Movements across Latin America, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9912-6_1,

help studying social structure, social processes, culture, economic structure, and the inter-relationships between them all. Some of the social movements in post-independence India have their antecedents in the colonial period, and they cannot be delinked from movements that took place in the last century or early in the twentieth century.

Old & New Social Movements Major 19-20th c. social movements were national struggles for independence from colonial rule (Norway, India, Algeria) and working-class movements for union collective bargaining rights. U.S. Civil Rights Movement of 1950-60s was a new type of movement based on social-group identities. Deprived minorities

theory and models / theory and practice / viewing the theory / types of theory / value of theory for social work / theoretical perspective of social work The ecological systems theory perspective 91 human ecology / systems theory

Voyage of the Solar Temple 208 Jean-François Mayer VII Sex and Gender Issues and New Religious Movements 227 14 Women in New Religious Movements 230 Elizabeth Puttick 15 Women’s “Cocoon Work” in New Religious Movements: Sexual Experimentation and Feminine Rites of Passage 245 Susan

collective action and political change. To more fully understand the protests and social movements that continue to emerge across the globe, scholars must study their outcomes in both the institutional and non-institutional arenas. Keywords: social movements, political chang

Labor and Social Movements I all 2018 ork, Labor and Social Movements is a project of the Amherst, Boston, Dartmouth, fort providing training, education The extension programs work in close partnership with the academic labor programs on each campus, enriching and supporting one another through service learning, ganizations. BOARD: es, UMass .